2 Basic Laboratory Equipments (1)

2.
Basic Laboratory Equipments

Learning Objectives
• Upon completion of this lesson the student
will be able to:
• Know and list the Basic Laboratory
Equipments
• Define microscope
• Know the types of microscope and it’s parts
• Describe the working principle of microscope
• Describe centrifuge and glass wares
Outline of the lesson
• Basic Laboratory Equipments
• microscope
• types of microscope
• Parts of microscope
• working principle of microscope
• centrifuge
• glass wares
2.1 GENERAL OVER VIEW
• Medical laboratory is a place which equipped with many
instruments (materials, equipments, machines,
reagents ,e.tc).
• The following are some of equipments essentially found in
clinical laboratory:
 Microscope
 Laboratory centrifuges
 Glass wares
 Refrigerators
 laboratory autoclaves, ovens
 Equipment for weighing
 Incubator, water bath, heat block
 Equipment for purifying water etc…
Basic Laboratory Equipments…
 Microscope:
– is a magnifying instrument.
– used to visualize minute objects that can not seen
by our naked eye.
– It was invented by Anton van Leeuwenhoek –
founder of microscope.
Types of microscope
1. Light field microscope

- the group of microscope use light to produce the
magnified image
- It includes:
a. Compound light(bright) field:
– Compound microscope is a light microscope,
which is routinely used in medical laboratories of
hospitals and/or health centers.
B. Dark field microscope or dark ground illumination
– Makes some living micro-organisms visible which
can not be seen by ordinary transmitted lighting.
Dark field microscope…
Principle
– The light enters a special condenser which has a
central blacked-out area so that the light cannot
pass directly to enter the objective.
– The only light entering the eye comes from the
micro-organisms themselves, no light entering
the eye directly from light source.
– In the way small micro-organisms are seen
brightly illuminated against a black background,
like stars in a night sky.
Dark field microscope…
Importance of Dark field microscope
• Used for examining:
• Treponema palladium
• Borreliae in blood
• Microfilaria in blood
c) Phase contrast microscope
Makes use of this ability of waves to help or hinder each
other to produce variations increase the contrast
achieved by placing annulus in condenser and phase
plate in the objective.
Phase contrast microscope..
– Used for examination of

» Unstained bacteria
» Urine sediments
» Haemoparasites
» Amoebae in faecal preparations
» Trypanosomes in blood, cerebrospinal
fluid, lymph gland fluid
d) Fluorescence microscope
• widely used in the immunodiagnosis

Principle:
– UV light may be used to illuminate particles or micro-organisms
which have been previously stained with fluorescing dyes.
– These dyes transform the invisible ultraviolet light to visible
light.
– Value of fluorescence microscope
• Examination of sputum and c.s.f for acid fast bacilli (AFB)
using an auramine staining technique.
• Examination of acridine orange stained Trichomonas
virginals flagellates.
2. Electron Microscope
Electron Microscope: - as the name suggests, employ
a beam of electrons produced by an electron gun to
produce the magnified image.
Mainly used in
– Negative staining (back ground staining )
– sample stained with potassium phosphotungestate
– Examination of viruses
Parts of microscope
1,Frame work of the microscope
 Arm : -The basic frame of the microscope to which
the base, body and stage are attached.
 Stage : - the table of the microscope where the slide
or specimen is placed.
 Base : - is the rectangular part up on which the whole
instruments rest.
Parts of microscope…
2, illumination system
o Light source &intensity control
o Iris diaphragm – is a mechanical device mounted
underneath the Condenser and controls the
amount of light entering the condenser.
o Condenser:-is a large lens with an iris diaphragm.
• The condenser lens receives a beam from the
light source and passes it into the objective.
3,magnification system
 Ocular lens :- Eyepiece is the upper optical
component that further magnifies the primary
image and brings the light rays to a focus at the
eye point.
 Objective lens : - Objectives are components
that magnify the image of the specimen to form
the primary image.
For most routine laboratory work 10x, 40x and
100x (oil immersion) objectives are adequate.
4,focusing system(adjustment system)
 Coarse adjustment : - The course focusing
adjustment is controlled by a pair of large knobs
positioned one on each side of the body. Give
rough image.
 Fine adjustment : - it moves the stage so slowly
that give clear image.
Working principle of the microscope
– The magnified image of the object (specimen) is first

produced by a lens close to the object called the objective.
– This collects light from the specimen and forms the
primary image.
– A second lens near the eye called the eyepiece (ocular)
enlarges the primary image converting it into one that can
enter the pupil of the eye.
– The magnification of the objective multiplied by that of
the eyepiece gives the total magnification of the image
seen in the microscope.
– Resolution: ability of the microscope to produce distinct
images of two adjacent objects.
centrifuge
• It is used to separate solid materials from liquid
suspension by means of centrifugal force.
• They sediment particles (cells, bacteria, casts,
parasites, etc.) suspended in fluid by exerting a force
greater than that of gravity.
Types
• Micro centrifuges
• Medium size centrifuges
• large centrifuges
Centrifuge…
Centrifuge can be classified as :-
A.Hand centrifuges
B.Electrical centrifuges
Hand
centrifuge
Electrical
centrifuges
Glass wares
Are apparatus used for measurement and transfer of
liquids.
 Common glass wares used in clinical laboratory:
 Pipettes
 Test tubes
 Graduated measuring cylinders
 Volumetric flasks
 Beakers
 petridishes
Glass wares…
Volumetric
flasks

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2.

Basic Laboratory Equipments

1. Light field microscope

– Used for examination of

• widely used in the immunodiagnosis

– The magnified image of the object (specimen) is first

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