UNIT I

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EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING
Faculty Name :A.JAIBUNISHA

Faculty Code : EE 58
Designation : LECTURER
Department : EEE
UNIT - I
OVER VOLTAGES IN ELECTRICAL

POWER SYSTEMS
LIGHTING
 Causes of over voltage

 Lightning phenomenon
 Charge formation of Lightning
 Rate of Charging of thunder cloud
 Mechanism of lightning strokes
 Characteristics of Lightning strokes
3
LIGHTING
 Factors contributing to good line
design
 Protection afforded by ground
wires.
 Tower footing resistance
 Interaction between lightning and
power system
 Mathematical model of Lightning
4
Causes of Lightning
 Lightning phenomenon
- peak discharge in which charge
accumulated in the cloud into
neighbouring cloud or to the
ground
 Electrode separation – cloud to

cloud or cloud to ground is about
10 km or more
5
CHARGE FORMATION OF
CLOUD
 Positive and negative charges
become separated by heavy air
current with ice crystals in the
upper part and rain in the lower
region.
 Charge separation depends on
height of cloud (200 – 10,000m).
 Charge centers at a distance
about 300 – 2km
6
CHARGE FORMATION OF
CLOUD
 Charge inside the cloud – 1 to 100
C
 Cloud potential – 107 to 108 V
 Gradient within a cloud – 100 V/cm
 Gradient at initial discharge point –
10kV/cm
 Energy at discharge – 250 kWhr
7
CHARGE FORMATION OF
CLOUD
8
MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING
FLASH
 Pilot streamer and Stepped

leader
 Ground streamer and return

stroke
 Subsequent strokes
9
PILOT STREAMER AND STEPPED
LEADER
10
GROUND STREAMER AND RETURN
STROKE
11
CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIGHTNING STROKES
 Current-time characteristics
 Time to peak or Rate of rise
 Probability distribution of current
and time
 Wave shapes of lightning
voltage and current
12
LIGHTNING CURRENT
 Short front time - 10µs

 Tail time – several ms.
13
RATE OF RISE
 50% lightning stroke current –
greater than 7.5kA/µs.
 10% lightning strokes current –
exceeds 25 kA/µs.
 Stroke current above half value
– more than 30µs.
14
SURGE VOLTAGE
 Maximum surge voltage in

transmission line – 5MV
 Most of the surge voltage is less
than 1000 kV on line.
 Front time – 2 to 10 µs
 Tail time – 20 to 100 µs
 Rate of rise of voltage – 1MV/ µs
15
LIGHTNING STROKES
 Direct stroke
directly discharges on to
transmission line or line wires
 Induced stroke
cloud generates negative
charge at its base, the earth
object develop induced positive
charge
16
OVER VOLTAGE DUE TO SWITCHING
SURGES
INTRODUCTION
 In switching, the over voltage thus
generated last for longer durations

and therefore are severe and more
dangerous to the system
 The switching over voltages depends
on the normal voltage of the system

and hence increase with increased
system voltage
17
ORIGIN OF SWITCHING
SURGES
 Making and breaking of electric
circuits with switchgear may
results in abnormal over voltages
in power systems having large
inductances and capacitances.
 over voltages may go as high as 6
times the normal power frequency
voltage.
18
ORIGIN OF SWITCHING
SURGES
 In circuit breaking operation switching
surges with a high rate of rise of
voltage may cause repeated
restriking of the arc between the
contacts of a circuit breaker, thereby
causing destruction of the circuit
breaker contacts.
 Switching surges may include high
natural frequencies of the system, a
damped normal frequency voltage
component, or restriking and recovery
voltage of the system with successive
reflected waves from terminations.
19
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SWITCHING SURGES
 De-energizing of transmission lines,
cables, shunt capacitor, banks, etc.
 Disconnection of unloaded
transformers, reactors, etc.
 Energization or reclosing of lines and
reactive loads.
 Sudden switching off of loads.
 Short circuit and fault clearances.
 Resonance phenomenon like ferro-
resonance, arcing grounds, etc.
20
CONTROL OF
OVERVOLTAGES DUE TO
SWITCHING
 Energization of transmission lines in
one or more steps by inserting
resistances and withdrawing them
afterwards.
 Phase controlled closing of circuit
breakers.
 Drainage of trapped charges before
reclosing
 Use of shunt reactors.
 Limiting switching surges by suitable
surge diverters.
21
PROTECTION AGAINST
OVERVOLTAGS
 Minimizing the lightning
overvoltages are done by
suitable line designs,
 Providing guard and ground
wires,
 Using surge diverters.
22
PROTECTION AGAINST
OVERVOLTAGS
 Shielding the overhead lines by
using ground wires above the phase
wires,
 Using ground rods and counter-
poise wires,
 Including protective devices like
explosion gaps, protector tubes on
the lines, and surge diverters at the
line terminations and sudstations
23

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www.Vidyarthiplus.

EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

Faculty Name :A.JAIBUNISHA

OVER VOLTAGES IN ELECTRICAL

 Causes of over voltage

 Electrode separation – cloud to

 Pilot streamer and Stepped

 Ground streamer and return

 Short front time - 10µs

 Maximum surge voltage in

generated last for longer durations

on the normal voltage of the system

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