Q2_LESSON-5 (2)

C O M PA R E A N D
CONTRAST
PROCESS IN
PLANTS AND
ANIMALS:
R E G U L AT I O N O F
B O DY F LU I D S
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROCESS
IN PL ANTS AND ANIMAL S:
REGU LATION OF BODY FLU IDS
• The process of regulating body

fluids plays a very important
function in maintaining the
balance or homeostasis in the
physiology of plants and
animals.
• Living cells contain water, and are
surrounded by water, and constantly
exchange water with their
environment.
• some harmful by-products that are
being formed referred to as
METABOLIC WASTES.
• EXAMPLES ARE:
Excess water
Excess salts
Carbon dioxide
these are the compounds resulted from
metabolic reactions of proteins and nucleic acids.
These include:
NITROGEN
OUS a. Ammonia- the primary nitrogenous waste for
aquatic invertebrates. It is also the most toxic
WASTES nitrogen-containing compounds.
b. Urea- it is commonly produced by terrestrial
animals. It is also formed by combining ammonia
and bicarbonate ion. It is less toxic than
ammonia.
c. Uric Acid- excreted by birds, insects, and
terrestrial reptiles. It is relatively nontoxic but
more energetically expensive to produce than
urea
EXCRETION
These products must be

eliminated in the body
This process also helps in

the regulation of water
and ion balance.
HOW ANIMALS
EXCRETE WASTE?
• Cell surface or cell membrane – allows

passage of wastes in unicellular organisms.
• Contractile vacuole – a specialized
cytoplasmic organelle in many freshwater
protists (e.g.
Paramecium) that expels excess water out of
the cell to prevent lysis.
• Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System –
a network of tubules that lack internal
openings but have external openings at the
body surface called nephridiopores.
Examples of such are the Platyhelminthes
(Planaria), rotifers, and some annelids.
HOW ANIMALS EXCRETE WASTE?
The tubular network

has a funnel-like
Metanephridia – the internal opening Malpighian Tubules arthropods attached
excretory tubule of called a nephrostome – the excretory to their digestive
most annelids and that collects body tubules of insects and tract (midgut). They
adult mollusks. fluids. One popular other terrestrial do not filter body
example is the
earthworm.
vertebrates have
various organs
fluids; instead, they body. Examples are
accountable for the
employ secretion to the cockroaches,
excretion process like
generate the fluid for ants, and other
the liver, skin, lungs
release from the insects.
and the principal
organ is the kidney.
OSMOREGULATION
• process by which an organism or a cell balances its uptake and

loss of water and dissolved solutes such as sodium ions, chlorine
ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, bicarbonate ions, and proteins.
• there are two types of animals based on the osmolarity (solute
concentration):
• a. Osmoconformers- allow the osmolarity of their body fluids to
match that of the environment. These include most marine
invertebrates because their body fluids are isosmotic to seawater,
they expend little or no energy on maintaining water balance.
CONT…
• b. Osmoregulators – keep the osmolarity of body

fluids different from that of the environment through
discharging water in a hypotonic environment or they
take in water in a hypertonic environment.
• These include most marine vertebrates, birds,
mammals in which they must expend more energy.
KIDNEY
• principal main organs perform a crucial role in the osmoregulation

and excretion process as part of the mammalian urinary system.
• Structure of the Kidney
• 1. Renal capsule – the outer coat of connective tissue.
• 2. Cortex – the zone near the capsule consisting of blood vessels
and nephrons.
• 3. Medulla – inner zone also consisting of blood vessels and
nephrons.
4. Nephrons – the functional units of the kidney responsible for
filtering and
retaining water solutes, leaving concentrated urine to be collected in
the
central renal pelvis. These have the following components:
a. Bowman’s capsule – an in folded region that encloses a ball of
blood capillaries called glomerulus where initial filtration of the
blood plasma occurs.
b. Renal tubules – receive and modify the glomerular filtrate.
c. Peritubular capillaries – bring substances to and take substances
away from the renal tubules.
d. Collecting duct – receives the urine from the renal tubule leading
to the renal pelvis.
C O N T.
• 5. Renal pelvis –
a central cavity in
the kidney where
urine coming from
the
• nephrons is
channeled before
going to the
ureter.
I. Filtration –the phase in
URINE which blood pressure
FORMATIO forces filtrate (water and
N small solutes) out of the
INVOLVES glomerular capillaries.
THREE -blood cells, proteins,
PROCESSE and other large solutes
S: cannot pass the
capillary wall, and they
remain in the blood.
THESE ARE a. diameter of arterioles existing
in the glomerulus.
THE
SEVERAL b. glomerular capillaries are
FACTORS highly ‘leaky’ to water and small
INFLUENCI
NG solutes.
FILTRATION
:
c. volume of blood flow.
II. Tubular Reabsorption- useful
URINE materials such as salts, water, glucose, and
amino acids move out from the renal
FORMATIO tubules and into adjacent peritubular
capillaries.
N III. Tubular Secretion- results in the
INVOLVES movement of surplus hydrogen and
potassium ions, uric acid, toxins, and other
THREE drugs from the blood into the renal tubules.
These are then secreted, forming urine.
PROCESSE After these three processes, the filtrate or
S: urine passes through the collecting ducts in
each kidney that lead to the ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra which is being
held close by the sphincter muscle that
controls the flow of urine.
FACTORS REGULATING THE
MAMMALIAN KIDNEY FUNCTION
1. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus function in

the kidney’s autoregulation system.
- trigger constriction or dilation of the afferent arteriole to
keep blood flow and filtration.
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water
conservation.
-it is secreted from the hypothalamus via the pituitary when
osmoreceptors detect an increase in the osmolarity of body
fluids.
CONT
3. Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption.
A. When too much sodium is lost, the kidney secretes an

enzyme, renin, which indirectly stimulates the adrenal cortex
to secrete aldosterone, which in turn stimulates reabsorption
in the distal tubule and collecting ducts.
4. Cells in the hypothalamus thirst center inhibit saliva
production and stimulate the urge to drink when there is an
increase in the solute concentration in extracellular fluid.
ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS IN THE BODY’S
ACID-BASE BALANCE
a. Over-all acid-base balance is maintained by

controlling hydrogen ions through buffer
systems, respiration, and excretion by the
kidneys.
b. Only the urinary system can eliminate
excess hydrogen ions, permanently, and
restore the bicarbonate buffering ions to the
blood.
HOW PLANTS EXCRETE
WASTE?
• Plants as a living organism are known for their

production of relatively little waste because they
have less active metabolism as compared to
animals.
• Stomata are the tiny openings found at the back
portion of the leaf to allow the entrance of
• water and carbon dioxide into the plant, and light
can combine with both molecules
• making photosynthesis to happen. At the same
time, the waste products, oxygen, can escape
through the stomata.
CONT…
As you may observe, there are instances that

the leaves are drying out then die because the
stomata are open too long.
To prevent extreme water losses, each stoma
has two guard cells controlling its opening and
closing.
This process keeps the transpiration- the
flowing in of carbon dioxide ad flowing out of
oxygen.
GENERALIZATION
EVALUATION

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C O M PA R E A N D

• The process of regulating body

These products must be

This process also helps in

• Cell surface or cell membrane – allows

The tubular network

• process by which an organism or a cell balances its uptake and

• b. Osmoregulators – keep the osmolarity of body

• principal main organs perform a crucial role in the osmoregulation

1. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus function in

3. Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption.

A. When too much sodium is lost, the kidney secretes an

a. Over-all acid-base balance is maintained by

• Plants as a living organism are known for their

As you may observe, there are instances that

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