Geography Portfolio

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Geography

Portfolio
•Topic: Landslides
•Made By: Archit Kendre
•Grade 8A
•Roll No.:20
What are
Landslides
?
• A landslide is the movement downslope of a mass of
rock, earth, or soil under the influence of gravity.
• Landslides can be classified by type of
movement (slides, flows, spreads, topples, or falls)
and type of material (rock, debris, or earth).
• Landslides can be caused by various factors, such
as heavy rain, deforestation, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, slope instability, and human activity.
• Landslides can have various effects, such as loss of
life, damage to property, disruption of
transportation, environmental degradation, and soil
erosion.
• Landslides can be prevented or mitigated by various
measures, such as slope stabilization, drainage
improvement, vegetation restoration, hazard
mapping, early warning systems, and public
awareness.
Causes of
Landslides
• Rain can cause landslides by saturating the soil, increasing its
weight and reducing its friction. Rain can also erode the base or
toe of a slope, making it more unstable.

Rain • Earthquakes can cause landslides by shaking the ground and


triggering the movement of soil or rock. Earthquakes can also Earthquakes
generate cracks or fissures in the slope, weakening its structure.

• Volcanoes can cause landslides by producing ash, lava, or


pyroclastic flows that can overwhelm or destabilize
slopes. Volcanoes can also cause earthquakes or melting of snow
or ice that can trigger landslides.

• Slope instability can cause landslides by reducing the shear


strength or increasing the shear stress of the slope
material. Slope instability can result from natural factors such as
weathering, erosion, slope angle, or groundwater level, or
human factors such as deforestation, mining, construction, or
irrigation.

• Human activity can cause landslides by altering the natural


environment, such as removing vegetation, changing water flow,
or weakening the soil. Human activity can also increase the
exposure or vulnerability of people and property to landslide
hazards.

Human Activities Volcanic Activity


Consequences Of
Landslides
• Positive consequences of landslides include creating new habitats for wildlife,
such as ponds, wetlands, or cliffs, where different species can thrive. Landslides
can also expose new rocks and minerals, which can provide valuable information
about the geology and history of the area.

• Landslides can enrich the soil with organic matter, which can improve its fertility
and productivity. Landslides can also create scenic landscapes, such as waterfalls,
gorges, or valleys, which can attract tourists and visitors.

• Negative consequences of landslides include damaging or destroying ecosystems,


such as forests, grasslands, or coral reefs, which can affect the biodiversity and
ecological functions of the area. Landslides can harm agriculture, by burying or
washing away crops, livestock, or irrigation systems, which can reduce food
security and income for farmers.

• Landslides can damage built infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, buildings, or


power lines, which can disrupt transportation, communication, or electricity
services for people and businesses. Landslides can lead to economic losses, by
reducing the value of land and property, increasing the cost of repair and
reconstruction, or affecting the tourism and mining industries.

• Landslides can cause deaths and injuries to people and animals, by crushing,
burying, or trapping them under the debris. Landslides can cause social disruption,
by displacing people from their homes and communities, affecting their mental
health and well-being, or creating conflicts over scarce resources.

• Landslides can trigger other hazards, such as floods, tsunamis, or fires, by blocking
or diverting rivers or streams, generating large waves or splashes in water bodies,
or igniting flammable materials.
Preventive Measures
for Landslides

Some preventive measures are:

• Afforestation or planting trees and shrubs on the slope to increase


the soil cohesion and reduce the soil erosion by roots and leaves.

• Terrace farming or creating horizontal steps on the slope to reduce


the slope angle and increase the water infiltration by crops and soil.

• Retaining walls or building rigid structures at the base or along the


slope to support or resist the soil movement by friction and weight.

• Grouting or injecting cement or chemical agents into the cracks or


fissures of the slope to strengthen or seal the rock mass by bonding
and filling.

• Drainage pipes or installing perforated pipes along the slope to collect


and divert excess water from the soil by gravity and pressure.

• Hazard mapping or identifying and assessing the areas that are


susceptible or exposed to landslides by using geographic information
systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques.

• Early warning systems or monitoring and forecasting the potential


landslide events by using sensors, models, and communication
networks.
Some Statistics
• India is prone to landslides, with more than 400,000 sq. km., or around 13%, of
its land being susceptible to landslides (excluding snow-covered areas).

• According to a report from 2018, which examined the years 2004-2016 and
more than 5,000 landslides, India registered the most deaths in the world
caused by human-triggered landslides, with 10,900 deaths across 829
landslides.

• Between 2015 and 2022, there were a total of 3,782 landslides in India, with
the highest number of landslides reported in Kerala (2,239), followed by West
Bengal (376), Tamil Nadu (196), Karnataka (194) and Jammu & Kashmir (184).

• The Northwest Himalayas contribute 66.5% of landslides in India, followed by


the Northeast Himalayas (18.8%) and the Western Ghats (14.7%).

• Some of the major or recent landslide events in India are:


• The Varnavat landslide in Uttarkashi district in 2003, which killed
more than 100 people and buried an entire village.
• The Malpa landslide in Pithoragarh district in 1999, which killed
more than 250 people and destroyed a Hindu pilgrimage site.
• The Okhimath landslide in Chamoli district in 2012, which formed a
lake in Madhyamaheshwerganga river and affected more than 40
villages.
• The Paglajhora landslide in Darjeeling district in 2010, which
damaged a national highway and disrupted transportation and
communication.
• The Aizawl sports complex landslide in Mizoram in 2017, which
killed more than 10 people and destroyed several buildings.
• The Talai village landslide in Maharashtra in 2021, which killed
more than 50 people and buried several houses due to heavy rain.
Bibliography:
• The Swaddle. (2021, October 13). Most Landslides in India Are
Caused by Human Activity. Retrieved from
https://theswaddle.com/most-landslides-in-india-are-caused-by-h
umans/
• Statista. (2023, June 28). India: number of deaths due to
landslides. Retrieved from

Biblography
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1007663/india-number-of-dea
ths-due-to-landslides/
• HomeQuicks. (n.d.). How to Prevent Landslides - Acquaint Yourself

And
With These Methods. Retrieved from
https://homequicks.com/how-to-prevent-landslides
• Kumar, K., Sajinkumar, K.S., & Rani, V.R. (2021). Geospatial

Acknowledgem
landslide inventory of India—an insight into distribution, exposure
and pattern of landslide occurrences. Landslides, 18, 3879–3890.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01645-1

ent
• National Disaster Management Authority. (n.d.). Landslide.
Retrieved from
http://www.ndma.gov.in/Natural-Hazards/Landslide

Acknowledgement:
• I would like to thank my teacher, Ms. Ashwinii, for giving me this
opportunity to learn about landslides in India. My teacher guided
me with the objectives and structure of this ppt. My teacher also
provided me with valuable feedback and suggestions to improve
my work. I am grateful for my teacher’s support and
encouragement throughout this project.
Thank You

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