A

Industrial Training Report

On
FRONT-END WEB DESIGNING
Submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree Of

Bachelor of Technology
In

Computer Science
Engineering

(4th year CSE )

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Sanjay Tiwari Gaurav Singh
VII Sem CSE
HOD CSE
21EAOCS023

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management,
Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
(2024-25)
 ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
F-29, Ajmer Rd, Omaxe City, Bhambhoriya, , Rajasthan 302026

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

(4th Year CSE)

Certific
ate

This is to certify that the work, which is being presented in the

Practical training seminar report for practical training taken at
“Indeses Business Ventures Pvt.Ltd” entitled “Front-End Web
Designing” submitted by Mr. Surendra Singh Bhati, a student of 4th
year ( 7th Sem) B.Tech. in Computer Science Engineering as a
partial fulfillment for the award of degree of bachelor of technology
is a record of student’s work carried out and found satisfactory for
submission.

Mr. Avinash Kothari Sanjay Tiwari

Training Coordinator
Head of Department

i
Training
Certificate

ii
 Candidate’s
Declaration

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Industrial
Training report, entitled “Front-End Web Designing” in partial fulfillment for
the award of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Department of Computer
Science & Engineering with Specialization in Computer Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, is a record of my
own investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr. Sanjay Tiwari Sir,
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering.

(Signature of Candidate)

Gaurav Singh
Roll No.: 21EAOCS023

iii
 Abstract
Web development using HTML and CSS forms the foundation of modern web design and
user interface development. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading
Style Sheets) are essential technologies that enable developers to create visually appealing,
responsive, and interactive websites. This abstract provides an overview of the role of
HTML and CSS in web development, their key features, and their significance in shaping
the online user experience.

HTML, as a markup language, serves as the backbone of web pages. It provides the
structural framework for content, defining elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists,
links, and images. HTML5, the latest version of HTML, introduced numerous
enhancements, including native support for multimedia elements like audio and video, as
well as semantic tags that provide more meaningful and accessible page structure. These
improvements have made HTML5 a powerful tool for creating dynamic web content.

CSS complements HTML by controlling the presentation and styling of web content. CSS
separates the design from the structure, allowing developers to apply styles consistently
across a website. CSS properties dictate how elements are displayed, specifying attributes
like colors, fonts, margins, padding, and layout. With CSS3, developers gained access to
advanced features such as animations, transitions, and responsive design capabilities,
enabling the creation of visually engaging and adaptable web interfaces.

The combination of HTML and CSS plays a crucial role in responsive web design.
Responsive design ensures that websites adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes and
devices, providing an optimal user experience on desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones. Media queries, a CSS feature, enable developers to apply different styles
based on screen characteristics, allowing content to reflow and rearrange dynamically.
This approach is essential in today's mobile-centric digital landscape.

Web development using HTML and CSS also emphasizes web accessibility. Developers
must adhere to web accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG), to ensure that websites are usable by people with disabilities.
Semantic HTML elements and proper labeling, along with CSS techniques like high-
contrast text and resizable layouts, contribute to a more inclusive online experience.

iv
The significance of HTML and CSS extends beyond their technical capabilities. They are
integral to creating user-friendly interfaces that enhance usability and engagement. Well-
structured HTML ensures content is organized and easy to navigate, while CSS styling
improves readability and aesthetics. Additionally, CSS can be used to create interactive
elements like hover effects and transitions, enhancing user interactions.

The development process typically involves a combination of HTML and CSS, alongside
other technologies such as JavaScript for interactivity and server-side languages like PHP
or Python for backend functionality. Version control systems like Git and development
environments like Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) facilitate collaborative
web development projects.

In conclusion, web development using HTML and CSS is the cornerstone of creating
visually appealing, responsive, and accessible websites. These technologies provide the
essential framework for structuring content and defining its presentation. The synergy
between HTML and CSS enables developers to craft engaging user interfaces that adapt to
various devices, meeting the demands of the modern web landscape. By adhering to best
practices and accessibility standards, web developers ensure that their creations are
inclusive and user-centric, ultimately enhancing the online experience for all users. As web
technologies continue to evolve, HTML and CSS will remain fundamental tools for web
development, shaping the future of the digital world.

v
 Acknowledgement
On the completion of the industrial training on Front-End Web Designing.

I would like to thanks the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arya Institute of
Engineering Technology and Management, Head of Department Mr. Sanjay Tiwari Sir for
providing us the opportunity to have such a training where we could get the exposure of
competing and performing with students from other colleges and universities.

I would also like to express my heartful gratitude to Mrs. Subhi Mam under whose guidance I
have been able to complete this training successfully and gain experience and knowledge about
the various topics.

I would also like to thank all the teaching assistants at Indeses Business Venture Pvt.Ltd.
Jaipur, they have been very helpful throughout the process both in solving our doubts and
motivating us to complete our tasks and assignments and helping us learn.

I would also like to express my deepest appreciation for Mr. Prem Prakash Rajpal (CEO of
Indeses Business Venture Pvt.Ltd.) for guiding me throughout
the training and all the people who have directly or indirectly helped me to successfully
complete the training.

Gaurav Singh
Roll No. 21EAOCS023

vi
 Learning/Internship Objectives
• Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students looking
to gain experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can
benefit from Training Internships in order to receive real world experience and
develop their skills.
• An objective for this position should emphasize the skills you already possess
in the area and your interest in learning more.
• Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields, including
architecture, engineering, healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.
• Some internships are used to allow individuals to perform scientific research
while others are specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand
experience working.
• Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills that
can be emphasized in your resume for future jobs. When you are applying for a
Training Internship, make sure to highlight any special skills or talents that
can make you stand apart from the rest of the applicants so that you have an
improved chance of landing the position.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Cover Page
Department Certificate i
Training Certificate ii
Candidate’s Declaration iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgement v
Learning/Internship Objectives vi
List of Tables vii-
viii

1 Chapter 1: Significance of Training 1

2 Chapter 2: Introduction to Company 2

3 Chapter 3: History of Web Development 3

4 Chapter 4: Definition 5
5 Chapter 5: HTML The Web Language 6

6 Chapter 6: Introduction and History of CSS 10

7 Chapter 7: Introduction and History of JavaScript 13

8 Chapter 8: Responsive Web Design using Bootstrap 17

9 Chapter 9: Tools Used 19

10 Chapter 10: Project Description 21

11 Chapter 11: Project Snapshot 23

12 Chapter 12: Source Code 26

13 Chapter 13: Conclusion 28

14 Chapter 14: Reference 29

viii
 Chapter 1
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRAINING

Industrial training is a part of our academic session which is designed to give us an analysis of
the Industrial environment in our profession. Industrial training refers to work proficiency that is
applicable to professional advancement prior to graduation. In industrial training, students join a
company that is related to their profession and subject and they complete their industrial training
in a particular time (45 days, 2 months, 3 months, etc.) Industrial training is a program that offers
good practical training for a certain time period. It is offered by private companies as well as by
government organizations.

Industrial training provides students with skills and practical knowledge significantly that help
the students to become successful professionals. Industrial Training is a doorway for aspirants to
achieve their professional goals by allowing them to obtain an in-depth understanding of their
theoretical curriculum while also allowing them to watch and gain personal experience of the
industry, job execution, and work environment. Theoretical and practical knowledge are both
essential components of learning, and they go hand in hand. While theory educates us about the
skills, practice allows us to put them into practice.

Furthermore, it aids in the development of a student's feeling of responsibility, self-confidence,

excellent work habits, and the ability to work as part of a team to achieve a common goal. The
quickly changing professional and competitive world needs job-ready professionals, therefore
educational institutions prioritize industrial training and internships to familiarize their students
with the industry before they graduate. There are many components of Industrial Training that
aim to enhance students' abilities and create a better skilled and sophisticated workforce for
today's world and the future.

It improves students' capacity to strengthen their creative abilities and shape their ideas in
addition to providing them with critical skill sets, experiences, and information. A prospective
professional learns how to communicate effectively with co-workers and how to do business in
the industrial sector, which makes it much simpler for a student to break into the industry. One
becomes used to the real work environment after being acquainted with it and being exposed to
it during the course

1
 Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY

Indeses is Software Development Company is pioneer in offering technology solutions by creating business-
driven strategies across a wide variety of industry verticals. We are a full-service B2B digitalization arm
providing Services for Customized software solutions & services. The company is built up from housing
handpicked professionals from different area of expertise each striving towards making your digital dream
come true.

1. What Indeses Offer

1. Software Solution
For business dealing with a large number of clients, the task of keeping track of them all to maintain
a healthy and profitable relation remains. One of the greatest software development companies in
Jaipur is Indeses. We always give our customers the best services. In order to meet our clients' needs,
we are always working. Indeses creates a comprehensive brand strategy and assists firms in staying
competitive. We are professionals at boosting the growth and revenues of your company.
Unlike others, we provide you scalable solutions that are simple, quick, and cost-effective. Your web
presence will be elevated as a result. They concentrate on enhancing every aspect of your website,
including the copywriting, keywords, social media presence, and everything else.

2. Ecommerce Solution
Entrust full-cycle implementation of your software product to our experienced BAs, UI/UX
designers, developers.

3. Mobile App Development

As mobile solutions take the center stage in terms of customer-outreach and engagment the
fragmentation of the platforms makes it increasingly

4. Web Development
When it comes to software solutions for specific business requirements, there is no such thing as
one-size fits all and customized software.

2
 Chapter 3
HISTORY OF WEB DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Evolution of Web Development

The journey of web development is a captivating narrative that has transformed the way we
communicate, conduct business, and share information on a global scale. From its humble
beginnings in the early 1990s to the dynamic landscape we see today, web development has evolved
in leaps and bounds, ushering in revolutionary changes and innovations.

The Early Web (1990s)

In the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist,
laid the foundation by creating the first web browser and web server. The first web pages were
simple, consisting mainly of text and hyperlinks. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) was
introduced, and it remains a fundamental building block of web development even today.

The Rise of Dynamic Content (Late 1990s - Early 2000s)

The late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed the proliferation of dynamic websites. Technologies like
JavaScript allowed for client-side scripting, enabling interactivity and better user experiences.
Content management systems (CMS) emerged, simplifying the process of website creation and
management.

Web 2.0 and the Social Web (Mid-2000s)

The mid-2000s saw the dawn of Web 2.0, a paradigm shift that emphasized user-generated content
and collaboration. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube emerged, changing
the way people interacted online. Web development evolved to support rich multimedia content,
social integration, and responsive design to accommodate a variety of devices.

Mobile-First and Responsive Design (2010s)

With the explosive growth of smartphones and tablets, web developers had to adapt. The concept of
responsive web design gained prominence, ensuring that websites could seamlessly adjust to various
screen sizes. Technologies like CSS3 and HTML5 offered enhanced capabilities for multimedia,
animation, and user interface design.

Web Development Today

Today, web development is a multifaceted discipline. Full-stack developers work on both the front-
end (user interface) and back-end (server-side logic) of websites. Frameworks and libraries like
React, Angular, and Vue.js have revolutionized front-end development. On the back end, Node.js
and Python are among the popular choices. Cloud computing and serverless architecture have made
hosting and scaling websites more accessible. 3
Emerging Trends

The evolution of web development continues, with several trends shaping its future. Progressive
Web Apps (PWAs) are blurring the lines between web and native mobile apps. Web Assembly
enables high-performance computing in web browsers. Accessibility and inclusivity are gaining
prominence, ensuring web content is available to all.

The Era of Full-Stack Development

As web development became more complex, the concept of full-stack development gained
popularity. Full-stack developers are proficient in both front-end and back-end technologies,
allowing them to create end-to-end solutions. Frameworks like MEAN (MongoDB, Express.js,
Angular, Node.js) and MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) exemplify this comprehensive
approach.

Artificial Intelligence and Web Development:

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into web development is a
contemporary trend. AI-powered chatbots, recommendation engines, and automated testing tools are
becoming increasingly common. These technologies enhance user experiences and streamline
development processes.

In conclusion, the evolution of web development is a testament to human innovation and the power
of technology. What began as a basic system for sharing text has evolved into a dynamic, interactive,
and diverse ecosystem that empowers businesses, connects people across the globe, and transforms
our digital world. The future of web development promises even more exciting developments, and
it's an industry that remains at the forefront of technological progress

4
 Chapter 4
DEFINITION

Web development, a dynamic and multifaceted discipline, is the process of creating and maintaining
websites and web applications that form the backbone of the modern digital landscape. It
encompasses a wide array of skills, technologies, and methodologies aimed at constructing
compelling online experiences. From the early days of static web pages to the sophisticated web
applications of today, the field has evolved significantly, mirroring the rapid advancements in
technology and the ever-changing needs of users

At its core, web development involves the collaboration of various technologies to bring a digital
idea to life. This process is initiated with the creation of the foundational structure, or the 'front end,'
of a website, which is the visible part that users interact with directly. Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML), the structural language of the web, serves as the canvas upon which the content is
presented. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are then applied to define the visual style and layout,
ensuring a harmonious and user-friendly interface.

The next layer in the web development stack is the 'back end,' which operates behind the scenes to
power the functionality and data processing of a website. Back-end development involves server-side
scripting, databases, and server management. Programming languages like JavaScript (Node.js),
Python (Django, Flask), Ruby (Ruby on Rails), and PHP are commonly employed to create dynamic
and interactive web applications.

Web development is not confined to the creation of static web pages; it has evolved to meet the
demands of the modern, interconnected world. The advent of dynamic websites, where content
changes based on user interactions, marked a significant shift. This dynamic nature is often achieved
through the use of JavaScript frameworks and libraries such as React, Angular, and Vue.js, which
enable the creation of Single Page Applications (SPAs) and responsive web design.

The rise of mobile devices necessitated a paradigm shift in web development. Responsive web
design emerged as a crucial concept, ensuring that websites adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes.
This shift was further fueled by the importance of mobile-first development, acknowledging the
prevalence of mobile browsing and the need for a consistent user experience across devices.

In conclusion, web development is a dynamic and ever-evolving discipline that shapes the digital
landscape we navigate daily. From the fundamental building blocks of HTML and CSS to the
sophisticated frameworks and technologies driving modern web applications, the journey of web
development reflects the ingenuity and adaptability of the global developer community

5
 Chapter 5
HTML THE WEB LANGUAGE

5.1 History of HTML:

The story begins in the late 1980s when the internet was in its infancy. It was primarily used by
researchers and academics for sharing text-based information. A visionary British scientist, Tim
Berners-Lee, was working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland.
In 1989, Berners-Lee created a proposal for what he initially called the "Information Mesh." This
proposal laid the foundation for the World Wide Web.

At the heart of Berners-Lee's vision was a system that could facilitate the sharing of information
across the globe. He introduced the concept of HTML as a simple markup language to format and
link documents within this information-sharing system. In 1990, the first web browser, known as
World Wide Web, and web server were developed at CERN, marking the beginning of the web as
we know it.

HTML 1.0:

The first official HTML specification, HTML 1.0, was published in 1993. This specification
introduced basic tags such as <h1>, <p>, and <a>, allowing for text formatting and the creation of
hyperlinks. HTML's role as the structural language of the web had been established, and the web
began to grow.

HTML 2.0:

In 1995, HTML 2.0 was released, adding more features like forms and tables. These additions made
web documents more interactive and allowed for more complex layouts. HTML was evolving
rapidly to meet the growing demands of the emerging web.

HTML 3.2:

HTML 3.2, published in 1997, marked a significant milestone in the evolution of HTML. It
introduced more advanced formatting and layout capabilities, including the use of frames and style
sheets. The web was becoming a more visually appealing and dynamic place.

The Browser Wars and Proprietary Technologies:

The late 1990s were marked by a period of intense competition between browser companies,
particularly Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape's Navigator. Each introduced its own
proprietary technologies, such as JavaScript and Dynamic HTML, which threatened to fragment the
web.

To address this growing issue of incompatibility, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was
founded in 1994. The W3C's mission was to develop open standards for the web, ensuring its
interoperability and long-term stability. 6
HTML 4.0:

In 1998, the W3C released HTML 4.0, aimed at unifying the various HTML dialects and
consolidating the evolving web standards. HTML 4.0 introduced features for multimedia embedding,
interactive forms, and improved styling through Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It provided the tools
for web developers to create more sophisticated and interactive web content.

HTML 4.01:

HTML 4.01, a minor revision, was published in 1999. It further refined the standards and
specifications, becoming the de facto standard for web development and design for many years.

XHTML:

At the turn of the century, the web community began to explore the possibilities of extending
HTML's capabilities by aligning it with the rules of XML, resulting in XHTML (eXtensible
Hypertext Markup Language). XHTML was designed to be stricter and cleaner, aiming to facilitate
compatibility with other data formats and adhere to the principles of well-formed XML documents.

XHTML 1.0 was published in 2000, and XHTML 1.1 followed in 2001. While XHTML was a
significant step toward making the web more structured and interoperable, its transition was not
without challenges. Web developers found it difficult to adhere to the stricter syntax rules and were
often faced with compatibility issues.

The Emergence of HTML5:

Amid the challenges presented by XHTML, a more lenient approach to web development, often
referred to as "HTML5," began to gain momentum. HTML5 was not an official specification but a
term coined by Opera Software in 2004 to describe the evolving set of features and practices that
extended HTML.

HTML5 aimed to address the evolving needs of web developers and users. It introduced elements
like <video>, <audio>, and <canvas> for multimedia and graphics. It also emphasized compatibility
with mobile devices, fostering the concept of responsive design. HTML5 brought improvements in
accessibility and semantic markup, making it easier for search engines to understand web content.

HTML5 gained rapid adoption as browser vendors recognized its potential and began implementing
its features. This adoption of HTML5 marked a significant turning point in the history of HTML. It
signaled a shift towards a more robust, versatile, and mobile-friendly web.

HTML5 Becomes a W3C Recommendation:

In 2014, HTML5 was officially published a W3C Recommendation, solidifying its status as the
modern web standard. The web had evolved from its text-based origins to a multimedia-rich,
interactive platform, and HTML5 was at the forefront of this transformation.

7
The HTML Living Standard:
HTML5 continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of the internet. Work on the
HTML Living Standard is ongoing, with the web community and organizations like the W3C and
WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) contributing to its
development.

Today, HTML remains the foundation of the web, and its rich history reflects the growth and
adaptability of the internet. From its humble beginnings as a simple markup language to its current
role as a versatile tool for creating and interacting with digital content, HTML has played a central
role in shaping the digital world we live in. The history of HTML is a testament to the web's
continuous evolution and innovation.

5.2 Introduction to HTML

In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) remains the
foundation upon which the World Wide Web is built. HTML is the language that empowers web
developers and designers to create the web pages and applications that form the backbone of the
internet. In this comprehensive introduction, we will explore the origins, structure, and fundamental
concepts of HTML, shedding light on its pivotal role in shaping the online world as we know it
today.

HTML is often referred to as a "markup language," which is a type of language that uses tags or
codes to annotate text and define its structure. These tags are not displayed on the web page but
rather provide instructions to web browsers on how to render and present the content to users. In
essence, HTML markup is a set of instructions that dictate how web browsers should format and
display the content of a web page.

HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets (< >) and come in pairs, consisting of an opening tag and
a closing tag. The opening tag signifies the beginning of an element, and the closing tag marks its
end. For example, the most basic HTML document structure consists of an opening <html> tag and a
closing </html> tag, like this:

It's essential to understand that HTML is case-insensitive, meaning you can use uppercase or
lowercase letters for tags. However, it is considered best practice to use lowercase for tags and
attribute names to maintain consistency and improve code readability.

Headings are essential for structuring content hierarchically. HTML provides six levels of headings,
from <h1> (the highest importance) to <h6>. Paragraphs, marked by the <p> tag, are used to
separate blocks of text, making content more readable

8
First html program is -

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>First Program</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>FIRST PAGE</h1>
<p>Hello world this is my first page and this is paragraph made by Surendra Singh Bhati
</p>
</body>
</html

9
 Chapter 6
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF CSS

Cascading Style Sheets, commonly known as CSS, is a crucial technology that revolutionized web
design. It provides web developers with the means to control the visual presentation of web pages,
allowing for beautiful and consistent designs across different browsers and devices. The history of
CSS is a journey that spans several decades, with significant innovations and standardization efforts
that have shaped the web's appearance and functionality.

The Pre-CSS Era:

Before the introduction of CSS, web design was a challenging and limited endeavor. Early websites
were primarily text-based, often devoid of any visual appeal or interactivity. Design elements like
fonts, colors, and layout were controlled directly within the HTML code, making it difficult to create
consistent, visually appealing web pages. This inline styling led to tangled and hard-to-maintain
code.

The Need for Separation of Style:

In the mid-1990s, web developers recognized the need for a more efficient way to manage the visual
aspects of web pages. Håkon Wium Lie, a Norwegian web pioneer, and Bert Bos, a Belgian
computer scientist, introduced the concept of Cascading HTML Style Sheets in 1994. Their proposal
aimed to separate the content (HTML) from the presentation (style), making web pages more
maintainable and adaptable.

CSS1 - The First Step:

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) took an interest in Lie and Bos's proposal and initiated
work on standardizing CSS. In 1996, CSS1 was introduced as the first official CSS specification.
CSS1 provided a simple set of styling rules that allowed web designers to control font styles, colors,
margins, and more. However, its capabilities were limited compared to what modern CSS offers.

The Browser Wars:

The late 1990s saw the rise of the "Browser Wars," a fierce competition between Microsoft's Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Both browsers added proprietary CSS features, leading to
compatibility issues and inconsistency in web design. Web developers had to write different code for
each browser to ensure their designs looked consistent.

10
CSS2 - Expanding Capabilities:
In 1998, CSS2 was introduced as the next step in standardizing CSS. CSS2 brought more
advanced styling options, such as positioning and improved layout control. It aimed to address
the shortcomings of CSS1, making it easier for designers to create sophisticated web layouts
and designs. However, CSS2 did not achieve widespread adoption due to the browser wars and
compatibility issues.

CSS2.1 - A Step Toward Standardization:

To mitigate the fragmentation caused by the browser wars, the W3C released CSS2.1 in 2004.
CSS2.1 was a revised version of CSS2 that aimed to resolve inconsistencies and make the
specification more stable and predictable. It emphasized the importance of adhering to web
standards, promoting a more reliable and consistent web design experience.

CSS3 - A Modular Approach:

The need for further CSS development became evident as web design requirements continued to
evolve. In the early 2000s, the W3C adopted a modular approach to CSS3. Instead of releasing a
monolithic specification, CSS3 was divided into smaller, separate modules, each addressing specific
aspects of web design.

These modules included features like rounded corners, gradients, flexible box layout, and
animations. The modular approach allowed browser vendors to implement new features gradually,
promoting quicker adoption and more consistent rendering across different browsers.

CSS3 modules were developed incrementally, and some, like the Selectors module and the Box
Model module, were finalized and widely adopted. Other modules, such as Flexbox and Grid Layout,
provided advanced layout capabilities and were welcomed by web designers.

Web Standards and Compatibility:

In the early 2000s, there was a growing recognition of the importance of adhering to web standards.
The Web Standards Project (WaSP) and organizations like the W3C played significant roles in
advocating for standardized web development practices. The web development community
increasingly emphasized writing clean, semantically rich HTML and using CSS to control
presentation, fostering a more accessible and user-friendly web.

Responsive Web Design:

The proliferation of smartphones and tablets in the 2010s led to a paradigm shift in web design. Web
designers began adopting responsive web design techniques to create websites that adapt gracefully
to various screen sizes and devices. This approach relied heavily on CSS media queries, enabling
flexible and fluid layouts that revolutionized web design.

11
CSS Preprocessors:
In the mid-2000s, CSS preprocessors like Sass and Less gained popularity among web developers.
These preprocessors introduced advanced features such as variables, mixing, and nesting, making
CSS code more maintainable and efficient. They allowed developers to write cleaner, DRY (Don't
Repeat Yourself) code and compile it into standard CSS for browser compatibility.

CSS Frameworks:
The popularity of CSS frameworks like Bootstrap and Foundation also surged during this period.
These frameworks provided pre-designed, responsive components and layouts, allowing web
developers to create professional-looking websites more rapidly. CSS frameworks became essential
tools for building modern, mobile-friendly web applications.

CSS-in-JS and Component-Based Styling:

In the late 2010s, CSS-in-JS libraries gained traction in the JavaScript community. Libraries like
Styled-Components and Emotion allowed web developers to encapsulate CSS within JavaScript
components, making it easier to manage styles for individual components and ensuring that styles
remain scoped and isolated.

The Future of CSS:

CSS continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of web developers and designers. CSS Grid
Layout and CSS Custom Properties (variables) have become essential tools for building flexible and
responsive layouts. CSS4, in development at the time of writing, promises further advancements,
including new selectors and features to enhance web design capabilities.

In conclusion, the history of CSS is a story of evolution and standardization. From its humble
beginnings as a concept to separate content from presentation, CSS has become a fundamental
technology in web design. It has gone through various versions and modules, addressing the
challenges posed by the Browser Wars and the demands of modern web design. CSS's journey
reflects the continuous improvement and innovation in web development, enabling web designers to
create beautiful, responsive, and accessible websites that reach audiences across the globe.

12
 Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY JAVASCRIPT

Introduction to JavaScript:

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, stands as a cornerstone in the world of web development,
providing the means to create dynamic and interactive content within web browsers.
Developed initially as a scripting language to enhance the user experience on static web pages,
JavaScript has evolved into a versatile programming language that runs on various platforms
beyond web browsers. Its flexibility and compatibility have made it an essential tool for both
front-end and back-end development, contributing to the creation of modern, feature-rich
websites and web applications.

7.1 History of JavaScript:

The inception of JavaScript dates back to the early 1990s when the World Wide Web was still
in its infancy. Netscape Communications Corporation, a prominent player in the web browser
market during that era, recognized the limitations of static HTML pages. To address this,
Netscape aimed to empower web developers with a tool that could add dynamic elements to
their websites. This led to the creation of JavaScript by Brendan Eich, a Netscape engineer.

In 1995, Netscape Navigator 2.0, the second major version of the Netscape web browser, was
released with JavaScript as a core component. This marked a pivotal moment in web
development as it introduced a scripting language that could be executed on the client-side,
allowing for real-time manipulation of web page content. The introduction of JavaScript
brought about a paradigm shift, enabling developers to create more engaging and interactive
user interfaces.

However, as JavaScript gained popularity, browser compatibility issues arose. Different

browsers implemented JavaScript in their own ways, leading to inconsistencies and challenges
for developers. This prompted the need for standardization, and in November 1996, Netscape
submitted JavaScript to the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) for
standardization. The standardization effort resulted in ECMAScript, with the first edition
published in June 1997. ECMAScript serves as the formal specification for the scripting
language, while the term JavaScript is often used colloquially to refer to implementations that
adhere to the ECMAScript standard.

With the release of ECMAScript, other browsers, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, also
started supporting JavaScript. This convergence towards a standardized specification laid the
foundation for the widespread adoption of JavaScript as a universal scripting language for the
web.

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As the new millennium dawned, web development became more sophisticated, and the demand
for dynamic and interactive web applications surged. JavaScript evolved to meet these
demands, and frameworks and libraries like jQuery, Dojo, and Prototype emerged to simplify
and streamline the development process. These tools provided pre-built functions and
abstractions, making it easier for developers to create complex applications without starting
from scratch.

The mid-2000s saw the rise of AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), a technique that
allowed web pages to retrieve and send data asynchronously to the server without requiring a
full page reload. This innovation significantly enhanced the user experience by enabling
smoother and more responsive web applications.

In 2009, a major development in the JavaScript landscape occurred with the introduction of
Node.js by Ryan Dahl. Node.js extended JavaScript beyond the browser, allowing developers
to use it for server-side programming. This expansion into server-side development marked
JavaScript as a full-stack language, capable of handling both client-side and server-side tasks.
The asynchronous, event-driven nature of Node.js contributed to its efficiency in handling
concurrent connections, making it especially suitable for building scalable and high-
performance applications.

The evolution of JavaScript continued with the advent of modern web development
frameworks and libraries, including Angular, React, and Vue.js. These tools provided efficient
ways to manage complex user interfaces, allowing developers to build interactive, single-page
applications (SPAs) with ease. JavaScript had transitioned from being a language primarily
associated with enhancing static web pages to a powerful and versatile tool for building
complex, dynamic applications.

In recent years, JavaScript has solidified its position as one of the most widely used
programming languages. It is supported by all major browsers and has a vast and active
developer community. The ECMAScript standard continues to evolve, with regular updates
introducing new features and improvements to the language.

In conclusion, JavaScript has come a long way from its humble beginnings as a scripting
language for Netscape Navigator to becoming a ubiquitous and essential part of web
development. Its journey is marked by continuous evolution, adapting to the changing
landscape of technology and user expectations. As we delve deeper into the 21st century,
JavaScript remains a pivotal force in shaping the future of web development and digital
experiences.

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2. Evolution of JavaScript

The evaluation of JavaScript involves considering its strengths, weaknesses, use cases, and
overall impact on web development. JavaScript has become a fundamental programming
language in the realm of web development, and its versatility has allowed it to extend beyond
the client-side to server-side development with the advent of platforms like Node.js. Below is
an evaluation of JavaScript based on various criteria:

1. Strengths:

1.Versatility: JavaScript is a versatile language that runs on the client side in web
browsers and the server side with the help of platforms like Node.js. This versatility allows
developers to use a single language throughout the entire web application stack.

2.Wide Adoption: JavaScript is supported by all major browsers, making it a de

facto standard for client-side scripting. Its widespread adoption has resulted in a large and
active community, fostering the creation of numerous libraries, frameworks, and tools.

3.Asynchronous Programming: JavaScript's asynchronous programming model,

facilitated by features like callbacks, promises, and async/await, enables the development of
responsive and efficient applications. Asynchronous operations are crucial for handling
tasks such as fetching data from servers without blocking the user interface.

4.Rich Ecosystem: The JavaScript ecosystem is rich and diverse, with a plethora of
libraries and frameworks that cater to various needs. Popular libraries like React, Angular, and
Vue.js facilitate the development of sophisticated user interfaces, while Node.js provides a
robust platform for server-side development.

5.Community Support: The large and active JavaScript community contributes to

the language's growth and improvement. Developers can find extensive documentation,
tutorials, and community forums, making it easier to troubleshoot issues and stay updated
on best practices.

7.2.2 Weaknesses:

6.Browser Compatibility: Although significant strides have been made in

standardizing JavaScript through ECMAScript, differences in how browsers implement certain
features can still lead to compatibility issues. Developers often need to account for these
variations when writing cross-browser code.

7.Security Concerns: As a client-side language, JavaScript is susceptible to

security vulnerabilities, such as cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. Developers need to
implement security best practices, such as input validation and output encoding, to mitigate these
risks.

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 3.Single-threaded Nature: JavaScript is inherently single-threaded, meaning it processes
one task at a time. While asynchronous programming can mitigate this limitation,
computationally intensive tasks may still impact performance. Web Workers can be used
to introduce parallelism but come with additional complexity.

4.Callback Hell (Pyramid of Doom): In complex asynchronous code, developers

may encounter callback hell, where nested callbacks create a pyramid-shaped structure that
can be challenging to read and maintain. Promises and async/await have alleviated this issue to
some extent, but it still requires careful coding practices.

7.2.3 Use Cases:

5.Web Development: JavaScript is a cornerstone of web development, enabling the

creation of interactive and dynamic user interfaces. It is used for handling events,
manipulating the DOM (Document Object Model), and making asynchronous requests.

6.Server-Side Development: With the rise of Node.js, JavaScript has become a

prominent language for server-side development. It allows developers to use a consistent
language across the entire stack, fostering code reuse and simplifying the development process.

7.Mobile App Development: JavaScript, in conjunction with frameworks like React

Native and frameworks like Ionic, allows developers to build cross-platform mobile
applications. This approach can save time and resources compared to developing separate
native apps for different platforms.

8.Desktop Applications: JavaScript can be employed for desktop application

development using frameworks like Electron, which enables the creation of cross-platform
applications using web technologies.

7.2.4 Overall Impact:

JavaScript has had a transformative impact on web development, ushering in an era of dynamic
and interactive websites. Its continuous evolution, coupled with the support of a vibrant
community, has made it a go-to language for a wide range of applications. The rise of Node.js
has extended its reach to server-side development, further solidifying its role in modern
software engineering.

In conclusion, JavaScript's strengths in versatility, wide adoption, asynchronous programming,

a rich ecosystem, and strong community support outweigh its weaknesses. However,
developers need to be mindful of browser compatibility issues, security concerns, and the
language's single-threaded nature. As technology advances, JavaScript is likely to remain a
pivotal language, shaping the future of web and application development.

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 Chapter 8
RESPONSIVE WEB DESIGN USING BOOTSTRAP

Responsive Web Design:

Responsive web design is a critical approach to web development that ensures optimal user
experience across various devices and screen sizes. With the proliferation of smartphones,
tablets, and an array of other devices, creating websites that adapt seamlessly to different
screen resolutions and orientations has become essential. Responsive design aims to provide a
consistent and engaging user experience by adjusting the layout, content, and functionality
based on the device being used.

One of the most widely used tools for implementing responsive design is Bootstrap. Bootstrap
is an open-source front-end framework developed by Twitter, and it has gained immense
popularity due to its ease of use, extensive documentation, and robust set of pre-designed
components. In this discussion, we will explore the principles of responsive design and delve
into how Bootstrap simplifies and accelerates the process of creating responsive web
applications.

8.1 Principles of Responsive Design:

1.Fluid Grid Layout: Traditional web layouts were often designed with fixed pixel
values, which worked well on desktop monitors but struggled to adapt to smaller screens.
Responsive design introduces the concept of a fluid grid layout. Instead of using fixed units
like pixels, percentages are employed to define the width of elements, allowing them
to scale proportionally with the screen size.

2.Flexible Images: Images can pose a challenge in responsive design. To ensure images
resize appropriately, the max-width: 100%; CSS property is commonly applied, preventing
images from exceeding the width of their containing elements. This ensures that images scale
down proportionally on smaller screens while maintaining their aspect ratio.

3.Media Queries: Media queries are a crucial component of responsive design,

enabling developers to apply specific styles based on the characteristics of the device, such
as screen width, height, or orientation. By defining breakpoints in the CSS code, developers
can create customized layouts and adapt the design to different device sizes.

4.Viewport Meta Tag: The viewport meta tag is essential for controlling the initial scale
and dimensions of a webpage on mobile devices. By setting the viewport to the device's width
and specifying the initial scale, developers ensure that the content is displayed properly and
that users can zoom in as needed.

17
5. Mobile-First Approach: Adopting a mobile-first approach in responsive design involves
designing the mobile version of a website first and then progressively enhancing the layout for
larger screens. This approach ensures a solid foundation for smaller screens and prevents the
need for drastic redesigns as the screen size increases

8.2 Introduction to Bootstrap:

Bootstrap, originally developed by Twitter engineers Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton, is a front-
end framework that streamlines the process of building responsive and visually appealing web
applications. Released as an open-source project in 2011, Bootstrap quickly gained popularity
for its ease of use, extensive documentation, and a collection of pre-built components and
styles.

The key features of Bootstrap include:

1.Grid System: Bootstrap employs a 12-column grid system, which simplifies the creation
of responsive layouts. Developers can define the layout for different screen sizes by
specifying the number of columns a particular element should occupy. The grid system is
flexible and adapts to various screen resolutions.

2.Responsive Utilities: Bootstrap provides a set of responsive utility classes that can
be applied to elements to control their visibility or behavior based on the screen size. For
example, classes like d-none and d-md-block can be used to hide or display elements on
specific devices or screen sizes.

3.Pre-designed Components: Bootstrap comes with a comprehensive set of pre-

designed components such as navigation bars, buttons, forms, modals, and more. These
components follow a consistent design language, making it easy to create visually cohesive
interfaces.

4.JavaScript Plugins: Bootstrap includes JavaScript plugins that enhance the

functionality and interactivity of a webpage. These plugins cover features like carousels,
modals, tooltips, and more. By incorporating these plugins, developers can add advanced
functionality without having to write extensive custom code.

5.Theming and Customization: Bootstrap allows for easy theming and

customization. Developers can leverage the default Bootstrap styles or create their own by
customizing variables like colors, fonts, and spacing. This flexibility enables the creation of
unique and branded designs while still benefiting from Bootstrap's structure and components.

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 Chapter 9
TOOLS USED

Introduction to Visual Studio Code (VS Code):

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a free and open-source source code editor developed
by Microsoft. It is designed to be highly customizable, lightweight, and versatile, with built-
in support for a wide range of programming languages and frameworks. VS Code is
available on Windows, Linux, and macOS, and is widely used by developers across
different industries and domains.

One of the key features of VS Code is its extensive set of extensions and plugins, which
allow developers to customize their workflow and integrate with different tools and
services. VS Code also includes built-in support for source control, debugging, testing, and
other essential features of amodern code editor.

In addition to its powerful features, VS Code is highly customizable, with a simple and
intuitiveuser interface that can be adapted to different preferences and needs. It includes a
range of themes, icons, and fonts, and can be extended with custom key bindings,
snippets, and configuration settings.

Overall, Visual Studio Code is a versatile and highly customizable code editor that
provides a powerful and efficient development environment for a wide range of
programming languages and frameworks. Its popularity and wide adoption have made it a
popular choice among developers andteams of all sizes, from startups to large enterprises.

VISUAL STUDIO CODE PLATFORM

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a cross-platform source code editor developed
by Microsoft. Itis available on multiple platforms including:

1.Windows: VS Code can be installed from Window 7 or later version ,

including Window 10 and Window 11.

2. macOS: VS Code can be installed on macOS10.10 or later version.

3.Linux: VS Code can be installed on popular Linux distribution such as

ubuntu, Debian etc.

The availability of Visual Studio Code on multiple platforms makes it a popular choice
among developers who use different operating systems and prefer a consistent development
environment across all platforms. The code editor also supports various programming
languages and frameworks, making it a versatile tool for developers who work on different
types of projects.

19
VISUAL STUDIO CODE INTERGRATED MODULE

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a highly customizable source code editor with a wide
range of integrated modules that can be extended using plugins and extensions. Some of
the most commonintegrated modules in VS Code include:

1. Editor: The editor module is the core of VS Code and provides basic editing
functionalitysuch as syntax highlighting, code completion, and code folding.

2. Integrated Terminal: VS Code includes a built-in terminal module that allows

developers to run commands directly within the editor, without the need for a
separate terminal application.

3. Debugger: The debugger module in VS Code allows developers to debug their code
using breakpoints, watch expressions, and other debugging tools. It supports
multiple programming languages and frameworks, including JavaScript, Python, and
PHP.

4. Source Control: VS Code includes built-in support for source control management
using Git and other popular version control systems. It provides a range of features for
managing code repositories, including branch management, commit history, and
merge conflict resolution.

5. Live Server: The Live Server module allows developers to preview their web
applicationsin real-time as they make changes to the code. It supports HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript filesand automatically updates the browser window as changes are
made.

6. Extensions: VS Code includes a vast library of extensions and plugins that

developers canuse to customize their development environment and extend the
functionality of the editor.These extensions range from code snippets and formatting
tools to language- specific support and development frameworks.

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 Chapter 10
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project Title: Food & Recipe Website:

Overview:
The Food & Recipe Website is a comprehensive showcase designed to emulate the web
presence of a Recipies and different foods. This project aims to utilize a combination of HTML,
CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap to create a visually appealing and responsive website that
effectively communicates essential information about the Recipe.

Key Features:

1.Homepage:
1.Welcoming landing page introducing the Food & Recipe
2.Prominent navigation elements for easy access to different sections.
3.A visually appealing banner featuring a high-quality image or slideshow of popular dishes,
along with a catchy tagline and a call-to-action (e.g., “Explore Recipes”).

2.About Us:
1.Team Profiles: Introductions to the creators or chefs involved, including their backgrounds
and expertise.
2.Mission Statement: A brief description of the website’s purpose and the team behind it.

3.Review & Rating Section:

1.Star Rating System: Allows users to rate recipes from 1 to 5 stars.
2.Comment Section: Users can leave comments or tips based on their cooking experience.
3.Sorting Options: Ability to sort reviews by newest, highest rating, or most helpful.

4.Blog Section:
1.Articles and Tips: Features posts about cooking tips, food trends, or nutrition advice.
2.Search Functionality: Allows users to search for specific topics or keywords within the
blog.

21
 1.Footer:
2.Contact Information: Links to customer service, email addresses, and social media profiles.
3.Newsletter Signup: An option for users to subscribe to updates, recipes, and tips via email.
4.Privacy Policy and Terms of Use: Links to legal information regarding user data and
website usage.

5.Community Forum:
1.Discussion Threads: A space for users to share tips, ask questions, and discuss various
food-related topics.
2.Recipe Sharing: Users can post their own recipes and get feedback from the community.

Conclusion:
Designing a food website involves several key frontend technologies to ensure an engaging user
experience and functionality .Here’s a breakdown of commonly used technologies:
HTML5,
CSS3,
JAVASCRIPT,
BOOTSTRAP(Frontend Frameworks),
Responsive Design,
Image Optimization Tools
SEO Best Practices
These technologies work together to create a visually appealing, functional, and user-friendly
food website
These sections combine to create a comprehensive and user-friendly food website that encourages
engagement, exploration, and community interaction.

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 Chapter 11
PROJECT SNAPSHOT

23
24
Chapter 12
SOURCE CODE

26
27
 Chapter 13
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the University Demo Website stands as a testament to the effective integration
of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap in creating a sophisticated and user-friendly online
platform. The combination of these technologies not only provides a seamless and visually
appealing experience but also ensures that the website is accessible across various devices.

The project successfully captures the essence of a university's online presence, offering a well-
structured and informative interface. The homepage welcomes visitors with an engaging hero
section, setting the tone for an exploration into the institution's history, academic offerings,
admissions process, campus life, and upcoming events.

The responsive design, facilitated by Bootstrap, guarantees a consistent and optimized user
experience on devices ranging from desktops to smartphones. This adaptability is crucial in
reaching a diverse audience, including prospective students, parents, and the broader
community.

The inclusion of interactive elements, implemented through JavaScript, adds a layer of

dynamism to the website. From dynamic search functionalities for academic programs to
online inquiry forms for admissions and general queries, these features enhance user
engagement and streamline information access.

Moreover, the project emphasizes the importance of a visually cohesive and professionally
designed website. Bootstrap's pre-designed components and responsive grid system contribute
to the overall aesthetic appeal, creating an inviting and trustworthy online presence for the
university.

As educational institutions continue to rely on their online platforms for communication and
outreach, the University Demo Website serves as an exemplary model for leveraging web
technologies to create a robust, informative, and accessible digital space. The project not only
showcases technical proficiency but also underscores the significance of a well-crafted online
presence in today's digital landscape. Whether navigating through academic catalogs, exploring
campus life galleries, or staying updated on the latest news and events, users can seamlessly
interact with the website, fostering a positive and lasting impression of the university

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 Chapter 14
REFERENCES

 W3Schools
 Wikipedia
 Chat GPT
 Stack Overflow

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