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    CH 7 Piezo-Electric Materials

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    Gayatri Nagarkar

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    CH 7 Piezo-Electric Materials

    Uploaded by

    Gayatri Nagarkar
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    CH 7 Piezo-Electric Materials

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    Gayatri Nagarkar

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    of 12

    Piezoelectric Materials &

    Applications

    Mukund Ramani
    Introducti

    on
    Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an electric
    charge
    in response to applied mechanical Stress.
    The piezoelectric effect is reversible.
    Direct piezoelectric effect: charge
    Click to addseparation
    text due to stress.
    Click to add text
    converse piezoelectric effect: occurens of stress and strain when electric
    field is applied.
    Happens in insulating materials, Insulating Ferroelectrica and materials
    with a permanent dipol,In crystals(only crystals without symmetry centre)
    Working Principle
     The positive and negative charges are symmetrically
    distributed in crystals.
     Piezoelectric ceramics are not piezoelectric until the random
    ferroelectric domains are aligned by a process known as
    poling.
     Poling consists of inducing DC voltage across the material.
     When pressure is applied to an object, a negative charge is
    produced on the
    expanded side and a positive charge on the compressed side.
     Once the pressure is relieved electrical current flows through
    the material.
    The Process is based on fundamental structure of
    a crystal lattice. Crystals generally have a
    charge balance where negative and positive
    charges precisely nullify each other out along
    the rigid planes of the crystal lattice. When this
    charge balance is disrupted by an external force,
    such as, applying physical stress to a crystal, the
    energy is transferred by electric charge carriers,
    creating a surface charge density, which can be
    collected via electrodes.
    Some Piezoelectric materials
     Naturally occuring:
    -Quarz -Cane sugar -Collagen
    -Topaz -DNA
    -Rochelle salt -Wood
    -many many others -Tendon
     Man-made crystals:
    -Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), a quartz analogic crystal
    -Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), a quartz analogic crystal
     Man-made ceramics
    Barium titanate(BaTiO3)-Barium titanate was the first petzoelectric ceramic
    discovered.
    -Lead zirconatetitanate (Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3 0<x<1)—more commonly known as
    PZT, lead zirconatetitanate is the most common piezoelectric ceramic in use
     Today
    -Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
    Impact of Piezoelectric Materials
    Applications
     Sensor
    Force
    -Microphones, Pick-ups sensor
    -Pressure sensor
    -Force sensor
    -Strain gauge
     Actuators
    -Loudspeaker
    -Piezoelectric motors
    -Nanopositioning in AFM or
    STM
    -Acuosto-optic modulators
    -Valves
     High voltage and power
    source
    -Cigarette lighter
    -Energy harvesting
    -AC voltage multiplier AFM or
    STM
    Implementation of Piezoelectricity
    in practical life
     Energy Harvesting: Vibrations from industrial machinery can also be
    harvested by piezoelectric materials to charge batteries for backup supplies or
    to power. Eg. low-power microprocessors and wireless radios.
     Piezoelectric elements are also used in the detection and generation of sonar
    waves.
     Inkjet printers: On many inkjet printers, piezoelectric crystals are used to
    drive the ejection of ink from the inkjet print head towards the paper.
     Diesel engines: High-performance common rail diesel engines use piezoelectric
    fuel injectors, first developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, instead of the more common
    solenoid valve devices.
    •Piezoelectric motors: Piezoelectric elements apply a directional force to
    an axle, causing it to rotate. Due to the extremely small distances
    involved, the piezo motor is viewed as a high-precision replacement for
    the stepper motor.
    •A recent application of piezoelectric element in surgery, also known as
    piezosurgery. Piezosurgery is a minimally invasive technique that aims to
    cut a target tissue with little damage to neighboring tissues. It has the
    ability to cut mineralized tissue without cutting neurovascular tissue and
    other soft tissue, thereby maintaining a blood-free operating area, better
    visibility and greater precision.
    • Ultrasonic piezo sensors are used in the detection of acoustic emissions in
    acoustic emission testing.
    Advantages & Disadvantages
    Conclusion
    • Piezoelectricity is a revolutionary source for
    “GREEN ENERGY”
    • Flexible piezoelectric materials are
    attractive for power harvesting applications
    because of their ability to withstand large
    amounts of strain.
    • Convert the ambient vibration energy
    surrounding them into electrical energy.
    • Electrical energy can then be used to
    power other devices or stored for later
    use.

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