Chapter Two Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) (2)

Chapter 2: Hyper Text Markup
Language (HTML)
HTML CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION OF HTML
• OBJECTIVE OF HTML
• WORLD WIDE WEB
• HTML TOOLS
• HTML TERMINOLGY
• HOW TO CREATE AN HTML DOCUMENT
• S A V I N G A N D V I E W I N G A H T M L DOCUMENT
• TEXT TEGS
• SPECIAL CHARTACTER
• ADVANTAGES OF HTML
• DISADVANTAGES OF HTML
INTRODUCTION OF HTML
• HTML is a language for describing web pages.
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is not a programming language, it is
a markup language
• A markup language is a set of markup tags
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web
pages
INTRODUCTION OF HTML
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used to create document on the
World Wide Web. It is simply a collection of certain key words called
‘Tags’ that are helpful in writing the document to be displayed using a
browser on Internet.
It is a platform independent language that can be
used on any platform such as Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and so on. To
display a document in web it is essential to mark-up the different e l eme
nts (headings, paragraphs, tables, and so on) of
t h e document with the HTML tags. To view a mark-up document u s e r
has to open the document in a browser. A brows
e r understands and interpret the HTML tags, identifies the structure of
the document (which part are which) and makes decision about
presentation (how the parts look) of the document.
HTML also provides tags to make the document look
attractive using graphics, font size and colors. User can make a link to the
other document or the different section of the same document by
creating Hypertext Links also known as Hyperlinks
OBJECTIVE OF HTML
• create, save and view a HTML document

• format a web page using section heading tags
• describe Ordered and Unordered lists
• explain graphics in HTML document
• describe hypertext links and making
text/image link
WORLD WIDE WEB
• The World Wide Web (abbreviated

as WWW or W3 and commonly known as the
Web)is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via
the Internet. With a web browser, one can
view web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia and
navigate between them via hyperlinks.
HTML TOOLS
• There are two tools of HTML.

a) HTML Editor: it is the program that one uses to
create and save HTML documents. They fall into two
categories:
- Text based or code based which allows one to see the
HTML code as one is creating a document.e.g.
Notepad.
- Netscape composer
HTML TOOLS
b) Web Browser: it is the program that one uses
to view and test the HTML documents. They
translate Html encoded files into
text,image,sounds and other features user
see. Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape,
Mosaic and Chrome are examples of
browsers that enables user to view text and
images and many more other World Wide
Web featueres.They are software that must
be installed on user computer.
HTML TERMINOLGY
• Some commonly used terms in HTML are:

• a)Tag: Tags are always written within angles brackets. it is a
piece of text is used to identify an element so that the
browser realizes how to display its contents.e.g.<HTML>
tag indicates the start of an HTML document .HTML tag can
be two types. They are:-
• -Paired Tags :A tag is said to be a paired tag if text is placed
between a tag and its companions tag.In paired tag ,the
first tag is referred to as opening tag and the second tag is
referred to as closing tag.
• -Unpaired Tags: An unpaired tag does not have a
companion tag .unpaired tag also known as singular or
Stand-Alone tags.e.g: ,<hr> etc.
HTML TERMINOLGY
b) Attribute: Attribute is the property of an tag that specified in the opening angle
brackets. It supplies additional information like color,size,home font-style etc to
the browser about a tag. E.g. most of the common attributes are height,
color,width,src,border,align etc.
c) DTD: Document Type Definition is a collection of rules written in standard
Generalized Markup Language(SGML).HTML is define in terms of its DTDS. All the
details of HTML tags, entities and related document structure are defined in the
DTDS.
d) ELEMENT: Element is the component of a document’s structure such as a title, a
paragraph or a list. It can include an opening and a closing tag and the contents
within it.
HOW TO CREATE AN HTML DOCUMENT
• The essential tags that are required to create

a HTML document are:
• <HTML>.............</HTML>
• <HEAD>.............</HEAD>
• <BODY>.............</BODY>
HTML Tag <HTML>
• The <HTML> tag encloses all other HTML tags and associated text
within your document. It is an optional tag. You can create an
HTML document that omits these tags, and your browser can still
read it and display it. But it is always a good form to include the
start and stop tags. The format is:
• <HTML>
Your Title and Document (contains text with HTML tags) goes here
• </HTML>
Most HTML tags have two parts, an opening tag and closing tag. The
closing tag is the same as the opening tag, except for the slash
mark e.g. </HTML>. The slash mark is always used in closing tags.
An HTML document has two distinct parts HEAD and
BODY
• <HTML>
• <HEAD>
• .............
• .............
• .............
• </HEAD>
• <BODY>
• .............
• .............
• .............
• </BODY>
• </HTML>
HEAD Tag <HEAD>
• HEAD tag comes after the HTML start tag. It
contains TITLE tag to give the document a title
that displays on the browsers title bar at the top.
The Format is:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Your title goes here
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
BODY Tag <BODY>
• The BODY tag contains all the text and graphics of the document
with all the HTML tags that are used for control and formatting of
the page. The Format is:
<BODY>
Your Document goes here
</BODY>
An HTML document, web page can be created using a text editor,

Notepad or WordPad. All the HTML documents should have the
extension .htm or html. It require a web browser like Internet
Explorer or Netscape Navigator/Communicator to view the
document.
Attributes used with <BODY>
• BGCOLOR: u s e d t o s e t t h e b a c k g r o u n d c o l o
r f o r t h e document Example:
<BODY BGCOLOR="yellow">
Your document text goes here.
</BODY>
• TEXT: used to set the color of the text of the document
Example:
<BODY TEXT="red">Introduction to HTML:: 77
Document text changed to red color
</BODY>
Document text changed to red color
• MARGINS: set the left hand/right hand margin of the document
LEFTMARGIN: set the left hand margin of the document Example:
<BODY LEFTMARGIN="60">
This document is indented 60 pixels from the left hand side
of the page.
</BODY>
• TOPMARGIN: set the left hand margin of the document Example:
<BODY TOPMARGIN="60">
This document is indented 60 pixels from the top of the page.
</BODY>
• BACKGROUND: It is used to point to an image file
(the files with an extension .gif, .jpeg) that will be
used as the background of the document. The image
file will be tiled across the document. Example:
<BODY BACKGROUND="filename. if">
Your document text goes here
</BODY>
TEXT TEGS
• Text tag are dividing into two categories as:

-Character-level tags and attributes which
applies to formatting of individual letters or
words.
-Paragraph level tags and attributes which apply
=To formatting of sections of text.
Character Formatting Tag
• The character formatting tags are used to
specify how a particular text should be
displayed on the screen to distinguish certain
characters within the document.
The most common character
formatting tags are
• Boldface : displays text in BOLD
Example: Welcome to the Internet World 
Output: Welcome to the Internet World
• Italics : displays text in Italic
Example: Welcome to the Internet World 
Output: Welcome to the Internet World
• Subscript : displays text in Subscript
• Superscript : displays text in Superscript
• Small : displays text in smaller font as compared to normal font
• Big <BIG>: displays text in larger font as compared to normal font
• Underlinespecifies that the enclosed text be underline
Example: hello
Output: hello
Font Colors and Size:
• By using Tag one can specify the colors,
size of the text. Example:
 Your text goes here 
Attributes of are:
- COLOR: Sets the color of the text that will appear
on the
screen. It can be set by giving the value as #rr0000
for red (in RGB hexadecimal format), or by name.
Example: Your text goes
here 
Font Colors and Size:<FONT
• SIZE: Sets the size of the text, takes value between 1 and
7, default is 3. Size can also be set relative to default size
for example; SIZE=+X, where X is any integer value and it
will add with the default size.
• Example:
 Font Size changes to 5 
• FACE: Sets the normal font type, provided it is installed on
the user’s machine.
• Example:
• the text will be displayed in
Arial
An HTML document formatText.html shows the use of
Character Formatting Tags.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Use of Character Formatting Text Tags
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1> Welcome to the world of Internet</H1>
It is a

Network of Networks

</BODY>
</HTML>
OUTPUT
Welcome to the world of Internet
It is a Network of Networks
MARQUEE TAG
• This tag is used text horizontally across the
screen.it is mainly used to deliver a specfic
message to the visitor or to scroll Ads on a
page.
• Example: <marquee> hello
world></marquee>
Attributes of marquee tag
• Bgcolor : Sets the background color of the

marquee.
• Direction :Sets the direction of the marquee box
to either left-to-right, right-to-left, up-to-down
and down-to-up.
• Width: This sets how wide the marquee should
be.
• Loop: This sets how many times the marquee
should 'Loop' its text. Each trip counts as one
loop.
paragraph Formatting Tag
• Paragraph level formatting applies to
formatting of an entire portion of text unlike
character level tags where only individual
letters or words are formatted.
The most common paragraph
formatting tags are
• Using paragraph tag: 
T h i s t a g i n d i c a t e s a p a r a g r a p h ,u s e d
t o s e p a r a t e two paragraphs with a blank line.
• Example:
 Welcome to the world of HTML 
 First paragraph. Text of First paragraph goes
here
• Output:
Welcome to the world of HTML
First paragraph. Text of First paragraph goes her
Using Line Break Tag: 
• The empty tag is used, where the text needs to start
from a new line and not continue on the same line. To get
every sentence on a new line, it is necessary to use a line
break.
• Example:
<BODY>National Institute of Open Schooling 
B-31B, Calipash Colony 
New Delhi-110048</BODY>
• Output:
National Institute of Open Schooling
B-31B, Calipash Colony
New Delhi-11004
Using Preformatted Text Tag: <PRE>
• <PRE> tag can be used, where it requires total control over s p a c i
ng and line breaks such as typing a poem. Br
o w s e r preserves your space and line break in the text written
inside the tag.
• Example:
<PRE>
B-31B, Kailash Colony
New Delhi-110048
</PRE>
• Output:
B-31B, Kailash Colony
New Delhi-11004
An HTML document control.html shows the use of ,
 and <PRE>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Use of Paragraph, Line break and preformatted text Tag
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
HTML Tutorial

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language
It is used for creating web page. It is very simple
and easy to learn.
An HTML document control.html shows the use of ,
 and <PRE>


HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. 
It is used for creating web page. It is very simple 
and easy to learn. 

<PRE>
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language
and easy to learn.
</PRE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
OUTPUT
• HTML Tutorial
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is used for
creating web page. It is very simple and easy to learn.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

and easy to learn.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

and easy to learn.
Using Horizontal Rule Tag: <HR>
• An empty tag <HR> basically used to draw lines and
horizontal rules. It can be used to separate two sections of
text.
• Example:
<BODY>
Your horizontal rule goes here. <HR>
The rest of the text goes here.
</BODY>
• Output:
Your horizontal rule goes here.
The rest of the text goes her

<HR> accepts following attributes
• SIZE: Determines the thickness of the horizontal rule. The value is given as a pixel
value.
Example: <HR SIZE="3">
• WIDTH: Specifies an exact width of HR in pixels, or arelative width as percentage
of the document width.
Example: <HR WIDTH="50%">, horizontal rule a width a 50 percent of the page width.
• ALIGN: Set the alignment of the rule to LEFT, RIGHT and CENTER. It is applicable if
it is not equal to width of the page.
• NOSHADE: If a solid bar is required, this attribute is used; it specifies that the
horizontal rule should not be shaded at all.
• COLOR: Set the color of the Horizontal rule.
Example: <HR COLOR="BLUE“>
Example of <HR> with its attribute:
<HR ALIGN=' 'CENTER' ' WIDTH=' '50%' ' SIZE=' '3" NOSHADE
COLOR="BLUE“>
HEADING: <H1>.............<H6>tags
HTML has six header tags <H1>,
<H2>...........<H6> used to specify section
headings. Text with header tags is displayed in
larger and bolder fonts than the normal body
text by a web browser. Every .header leaves a
blank line above and below it when displayed
in browse.
Example: An HTML document, headings.html shows the
different section headings
.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Section Heading
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1> This is Section Heading 1 </H1>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Viewing output of HTML document
headings.html in browse
This is Section Heading 1
SPECIAL CHARTACTER
• There are certain special characters that can be used

while creating document.Following are some special
character:
• Symbols Entity
©, ® &copy, &reg
¼, ½, ¾ &frac14, &frac12, &frac34
÷, <, >, ≤,≥ &divide, &lt, &gt, &le, &ge
& &amp
♣♠♥ &spades, &clubs, &hearts
All these special character must be ended with a
semicolon;
Example:
<PRE>
The copyright symbol is: &COPY;
The registered rank is: &REG;
</PRE>
• Output:
The copyright symbol is:©
The registered rank is:®
ADVANTAGES OF HTML
• Easy to use
• Loose syntax (although, being too flexible will not
comply with standards).
• Supported on almost every browser, if not all
browsers.
• Widely used; established on almost every website, if
not all websites.
• Very similar to XML syntax, which is increasingly used
for data storage.
• Free - You need not buy any software.
• Easy to learn & code even for novice programmers.
DISADVANTAGES OF HTML
• It cannot produce dynamic output alone, since it is a static

language
• Sometimes, the structuring of HTML documents is hard to
grasp
• You have to keep up with deprecated tags, and make sure not
to use them
• Deprecated tags appear because another language that works
with HTML has replaced the original work of the tag; thus the
other language needs to be learned (most of the time, it is
CSS)
• Security features offered by HTML are limited

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Chapter 2: Hyper Text Markup

• create, save and view a HTML document

• The World Wide Web (abbreviated

• There are two tools of HTML.

• Some commonly used terms in HTML are:

• The essential tags that are required to create

An HTML document, web page can be created using a text editor,

• Text tag are dividing into two categories as:

• Bgcolor : Sets the background color of the

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

The rest of the text goes her

• There are certain special characters that can be used

• It cannot produce dynamic output alone, since it is a static

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