Lesson

25

GLOBAL
HEALTH
By Group 2
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
When you finish this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Define global health;

2. Explain the relationship of globalization as it impacts health of the

individual, the family, and the community;

3. Enumerate the social determinants of health in the Philippines; and

4. Identify the sustainable development goals related to health care.

 Definition of Terms

Health - as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Global health - an area for study, research, and practice that places a
priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people
worldwide

Social determinants of health - Health is shaped by conditions like

where people live and work, influenced by how money, power, and
resources are distributed. This often leads to health inequalities.
 Definition of Terms
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - a universal call to action
to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity
for all. There are 17 goals, building on the progress of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), and covering areas like climate change,
economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace, and
justice. The goals are interconnected, meaning progress on one often
supports progress on others.

Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) - are long-term illnesses

caused by a mix of genetic, physical, environmental, and lifestyle
factors. The main types include cardiovascular diseases (like heart
attacks and strokes), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as
COPD and asthma), and diabetes.
What is Global Health?
 Global Health

Global health is an evolving field focused on

improving health and achieving health equity
worldwide. It emphasizes collaborative research
and actions to promote "health for all." Unlike
national public health, which often focuses on
population-wide strategies, global health includes
both population-based and individual health
actions across all sectors, not just healthcare.
Global health is better understood by integrating the
following key concepts (as highlighted by Koplan, et al.):

• "Collaborative" emphasizes the essential role of working

together to tackle health issues, especially global ones that have
complex causes and involve many organizations.

• "Transnational" refers to health issues that cross national

borders, affecting multiple countries. Addressing these issues
typically requires strong national public health institutions and the
involvement of multiple countries.
• "Research" highlights the need for evidence-based policies
that are multidisciplinary, focusing on the impact of health
factors that cross national borders.

• "Action" emphasizes using evidence-based information to

enhance health quality and equity across all countries.

• "Promoting" or "improving" highlights the importance of

using various public health and health promotion strategies to
enhance health. This includes addressing the social, economic,
environmental, and political factors that affect health.
Globalization and Health
 Globalization and Health
Globalization is a social, cultural, and economic
phenomenon that involves the spread of ideas, languages,
foods, and popular culture. It is influenced by the internet
and media, particularly from Western (American) and
Eastern (Korean) cultures. These influences can have both
positive and negative impacts. A notable effect of
globalization is the widespread presence of fast food outlets,
which has changed the lifestyle of Filipino families,
especially among the youth.
Philippine Health Profile
 Philippine Health Profile
The Philippines has made strides in health due to economic
growth, leading to longer lives for many. However, vulnerable
groups have not fully benefited, and the fragmented health
system continues to affect marginalized communities.

Some positive developments in the healthcare of Filipinos

are the following:

1. Health insurance now covers 92 percent of the

population.
 Philippine Health Profile
2. Maternal and child health services have improved

a. more children living beyond infancy

b. increasing number of women delivering at health facilities and more

births being attended by professional service providers than ever
before

3. Access to and provision of preventive, diagnostic, and treatment

services for communicable or infectious diseases have improved.

4. Several initiatives to reduce illness and death due to non-

communicable diseases (NCDs)
Despite substantial progress in improving the lives and health of
people in the Philippines, achievements have not been constant and
challenges remain. There is still persistent disparities and inequities
between regions, rich and the poor, and different population groups.
Many Filipinos continue to die or suffer from illnesses that have well-
proven, cost-effective litti ventuuris, Such as tuberculosis, HIV, and
dengue, or diseases affecting mothers and children. Many people lack
sufficient knowledge to make informed decisions about their own
health. Rapid economic development, urbanization, escalating climate
change, and widening exposure to diseases and pathogens in an
increasingly globat world increase the risks associated with disasters,
environmental threats, and emerging and re-emerging infections.
Social Determinants of Health
 Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people
are born, grow, live, work, and age, influenced by the distribution of
money, power, and resources. These factors contribute to health
inequities, such as unfair differences in health within and between
countries. Key social causes of ill health include poverty, social
exclusion, poor housing, and weak health systems.
 Social Determinants of Health

The Philippine Health Agenda for 2016 to 2022

emphasizes that an individual's health is influenced
by various factors, including their social, economic,
and physical environments, as well as personal
characteristics and behaviors. Structural
determinants, such as income, education,
occupation, social class, gender, and ethnicity,
contribute to social stratification and impact health
outcomes.
Sustainable Development Goals
on Health
 Sustainable Development Goals on
Health
The Philippine Health Agenda for 2016 to 2022 highlights that an
individual's health is shaped by factors like their social, economic, and
physical environments, along with personal behaviors. Structural
determinants such as income, education, occupation, social class,
gender, and ethnicity create social stratification, influencing health
outcomes.
As stated by the World Health Organization (2019), SDG 3 aims to "ensure
healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages" by 2030. The
targets include:

1. Reducing the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live
births.

2. Ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five, with neonatal
deaths reduced to no more than 12 per 1,000 live births and under-five mortality to
no more than 25 per 1,000 live births.

3. Halting the spread of communicable diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria,

neglected tropical diseases, and combating hepatitis and water-borne diseases.

4. Reducing premature mortality by a third through the prevention of non-

communicable diseases.
5. Promoting mental health and well-being, and strengthening the
prevention and management of substance abuse, such as narcotic drug
and alcohol abuse.

6. Reducing global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by

50%.

7. Ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare

services, including family planning, information, and education.

8. Achieving universal health coverage (UHC), with financial risk

protection, access to quality healthcare services, essential medicines,
vaccines, and safety from hazardous chemicals and pollution.
To address SDG 3 in the Philippines, the Universal Health
Care (UHC) Act, or "Kalusugan Pangkalahatan," was
enacted as Republic Act 11223 on February 20, 2019. This
law aims to provide all Filipinos with accessible, efficient,
equitable, and high-quality healthcare services, supported
by proper funding and fair financing. It ensures that all
Filipinos have access to necessary health services without
facing health threats or financial hardship. The success of
the law is measured by the country's health service
coverage and financial protection.
 SUMMARY
Health is a crucial aspect of human development, influencing
many areas of life. In this lesson, we explored the meaning of
health, which is not just the absence of disease but the presence
of well-being. We also examined health's role in the broader
context of globalization, focusing on its impact on sustainable
development. We provided examples of how globalization affects
the health of individuals, families, and communities, and
discussed the social determinants of health in the Philippines.
Finally, we reviewed the sustainable development goals related
to healthcare. By reflecting on this lesson, we hope you'll be
more mindful of your choices as students and individuals,
striving for a healthy and meaningful life.
Thank You