TRANSDUCER

PRESENTED
JOIE
BY:L.
DELARMENTE
BSIT-ELX
What is a
TRANSDUCER?
A transducer is a device that converts
energy from one form to another. Usually
a transducer converts a signal in one
form of energy to a signal in another.
Transducers often employed at the
boundaries of automation, measurement,
and control systems, where electrical
signals are converted to and from other
physical quantities (energy, force, torque,
light, motion,position, etc.). The process
of converting one form of energy to
another is known as transduction.
 TRANSDUCER as Sensor's and
Actuators
Transducers can be categorized by which direction information passes through
them:
A sensor is a transducer that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus
from a physical system. It produces a signal, which represents information
about the system, which is used by some type of telemetry, information or
control system.
An actuator is a device that is responsible for moving or controlling a
mechanism or system. It is controlled by a signal from a control system or
manual control. It is operated by a source of energy, which can be mechanical
force, electrical current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure, and
converts that energy into motion. An actuator is the mechanism by which a
control system acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple (a
fixed mechanical or electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver,
robot control system), a human, or any other input.
Bidirectional transducers convert physical phenomena
to electrical signals and
also convert electrical signals into physical
phenomena. An example of an inherently bidirectional
transducer is an antenna, which can convert radio
waves (electromagnetic waves) into an electrical signal
to be processed by a radio receiver, or translate an
electrical signal from a transmitter into radio waves.
Another example is voice coils, which are used in
loudspeakers to translate an electrical audio signal into
sound and in dynamic microphonesto translate sound
waves into an audio signal.
 EXAMPLE OF
TRANSDUCER as Sensor's
and Actuators
CONTENT

Active vs Passive
01 Sensor's

02 Characteristics

03 Ty p e s o f Tr a n s d u c e r s

04 Applications
 Active vs Passive
Part 01 Sensor's
• Active sensors require an external power source to operate, which is called an
excitation signal. The signal is modulated by the sensor to produce an output
signal. For example, a thermistor does not generate any electrical signal, but by
passing an electric current through it, its resistance can be measured by
detecting variations in the current or voltage across the thermistor.
• Passive sensors, in contrast, generate an electric current in response to an
external stimulus which serves as the output signal without the need of an
additional energy source. Such examples are a photodiode, and a piezoelectric
sensor, thermocouple.
Part 02 Characteristics
Some specifications that are used to rate transducers
1 Dynamic range: This is the ratio between the largest amplitude signal
and the smallest amplitude signal the transducer can effectively
translate.[2] Transducers with larger dynamic range are more
"sensitive" and precise.
4 Repeatability: This is the ability of the transducer to produce an
identical output when stimulated by the same input.
4 Noise: All transducers add some random noise to their output. In
electrical transducers this may be electrical noise due to thermal
motion of charges in circuits. Noise corrupts small signals more than
large ones.
5 Hysteresis: This is a property in which the output of the transducer
depends on not only its current input but also its past input. For
example, an actuator which uses a gear trainmay have some backlash,
which means that if the direction of motion of the actuator reverses,
there will be a dead zone before the output of the actuator reverses,
caused by play between the gear teeth.
 Ty p e s o f
Part 03 Tr a n s d u c e r s
1. Mechanical Transducers
>> Transducers that convert
physical quantities into
mechanical ones.
2. Electrical Transducers.
>> Transducers that convert
physical quantities into electrical
ones.
Part 04 Applications
Electromagnetic:
1. Antennae - converts propagating
electromagnetic waves to and from
conducted electrical signals
2. magnetic cartridges - converts relative physical
motion to and from
electrical signals
3. Tape head, disk read-and-write heads- converts
magnetic fields on
a magnetic medium to and from electrical signals
4 Hall effect sensors - converts a magnetic field
level into an electrical
signal.
Electrochemical:
1. Ph probes
2. Electro-galvanic oxygen sensors
3. Hydrogen sensors
4. Electromechanical (electromechanical output devices are generically
5. called actuators):
6. Accelerometers
7. Air flow sensors
8. Electroactive polymers
9. Rotary motors, linear motors
10. Galvanometers
11. Linear variable differential transformers or rotary variably differential transformers
12. Load cells - converts force to mV/V electrical signal using strain gauges
13. Microelectromechanical systems
14. 13 Potentiometers (when used for measuring position)
15. Pressure sensors
16. String potentiometers
17. Tactile sensors
18. Vibration powered generators
19. Vibrating structure gyroscopes
Electroacoustic:
1. Loudspeakers, earphones - converts electrical signals into sound (amplified signal →
magnetic field motion air pressure)
2. Microphones - converts sound into an electrical signal (air pressure → motion of
conductor/coil magnetic field → electrical signal)[2]
3. Pickup (music technology) - converts motion of metal strings into an electrical signal
(magnetism electrical signal)
4. Tactile transducers - converts electrical signal into vibration (electrical signal →
vibration)
5. Piezoelectric crystals - converts deformations of solid-state crystals
(vibrations) to and from electrical signals
6. Geophones - converts a ground movement (displacement) into voltage
(vibrations → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field signal)
7. Gramophone pickups - (air pressure → motion → magnetic field →electrical signal)
8. Hydrophones - converts changes in water pressure into an electrical signal
9. Sonar transponders (water pressure → motion of conductor/coil -> magnetic field →
electrical signal)
10. Ultrasonic transceivers, transmitting ultrasound (transduced from electricity) as well
as receiving it after sound reflection from target objects, availing for imaging of those
objects.
Electro-optical(Photoelectric):
1. Fluorescent lamps - converts electrical power into incoherent
light
2. Incandescent lamps - converts electrical power into incoherent
light
3. Light-emitting diodes - converts electrical power into
incoherent light
4. Laser diodes - converts electrical power into coherent light
5. Photodiodes, photoresistors, phototransistors,
photomultipliers - converts changing light levels into electrical
signals
6. Photodetector or photoresistor or light dependent resistor
(LDR) - converts changes in light levels into changes in electrical
resistance
7. Cathode-ray tubes (CRT) - converts electrical signals into visual
signals
Electrostatic:
1. Electrometers
Thermoelectric:
1. Resistance temperature detectors (RTD) - converts
temperature into an electrical resistance signal
2. Thermocouples - converts relative temperatures of
metallic junctions to electrical voltage
3. Thermistors (includes PTC resistor and NTC
resistor)
Radioacoustic:
1. Geiger-Müller tubes - converts incident ionizing
radiation to an electrical impulse signal
2. Radio receivers converts electromagnetic
THANKS