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PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
ALGORITHMS Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) Diffie-hellman Digital Signature Standard (DSA) Eliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC)
Most Widely used algorithms are RSA
and Diffie-Hellman. RSA Public-key Encryption Algorithm • The RSA algorithm was invented by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman in 1977.
1. Let p and q be two distinct large random primes.
The modulus n is the product of these two primes, n=pxq Euler’s totient function of n is given by (n)= (pxq) = (p-1)(q-1) Now, let us select a number 1<e< (n) such that gcd(e, (n))=1 and compute d with d=e-1(mod (n)) or de 1 mod (n) using the extended Euclid's algorithm. Under this scheme, e is the public exponent and d is the private exponent. The modulus n and the public exponent e are published. The value of d and the prime numbers p and q are kept secret. RSA Algorithm RSA Example 1. Select two primes, p = 17 and q = 11 2. Calculate n = pq = 17 11 = 187 3. Calculate (n) = (p-1)(q-1) = 16 10 = 160 4. Select e s.t. e is relatively prime to (n) and less than (n); in this case, e = 7 5. Determine d s.t. de 1 mod 160 and d < 160. The correct value is d = 23 (7 23 = 161 = 160 + 1) 6. PU = {7, 187}, PR = {23, 187} RSA 2ND EXAMPLE
M C M
e d
5 DIFFIE-HELLMAN KEY EXCHANGE A number of commercial products employ this key exchange technique. The purpose of this algorithm is to enable two users to exchange a secret key securely that can be used for subsequent encryption of messages. The algorithm itself is limited to the exchange of the keys. DIGITAL SIGNATURE STANDARD Digital Signature Standard (DSS) – makes use of SHA-1 and presents a new digital signature algorithm (DSA) Was originally proposed in 1991 and then revised in 1993 for security concerns. Further minor revision was made in 1996. It is only used for Digital Signature function. Unlike RSA it cannot be used for Encryption and Decryption. ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHY Bit length for secure RSA use has increased over recent years thus increased the load in processing. The principal attraction of ECC compared to RSA is that it appears to offer security for a far smaller bit size, therefore reducing processing overhead. Still confidence level is not that much high as compare to RSA.
Abstracts Source: College Literature, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Summer, 2005), Pp. V-Vii Published By: The Johns Hopkins University Press Accessed: 04-07-2017 18:40 UTC
Abstracts Source: College Literature, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Summer, 2005), Pp. V-Vii Published By: The Johns Hopkins University Press Accessed: 04-07-2017 18:40 UTC
