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    Class Xii Cs

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    sourabku143

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    Class Xii Cs

    Uploaded by

    sourabku143
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    1 views14 pages

    Class Xii Cs

    Uploaded by

    sourabku143

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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     DBMS CONSTRAINTS

    BY- HENA FATMA


    PGT CS
    Database Constraints
    Constraints are used to specify rules
    for the data in a table.

     It enforces limits to the data or type


    of data that can be
    inserted/updated/deleted from a table.
    Purpose

     The main purpose of constraints


    is to maintain the data
    integrity during database
    operations (update/delete/insert)
    into a table.

     The term data integrity simply


    means that the data stored in the
    table is valid.
    Levels of Constraints
     There are two levels where a
    constraint can be defined:
    1. Column Level- A column level
    constraint references a single
    column and is defined along with
    the definition of the column.
    2. Table Level- A table level
    constraint references one or
    more columns and is defined
    separately from the definitions
    of the columns. Normally, it is
    Types of constraints

     NOT NULL
     UNIQUE
     CHECK
     DEFAULT
     Key Constraints – PRIMARY KEY
    NOT NULL Constraint
    NOT NULL constraint makes sure that a column
    does not hold NULL value. Normally, when we
    don’t provide value for a particular column
    while inserting a record into a table, it takes
    NULL value by default. But, by specifying NOT
    NULL constraint, we can be sure that a
    particular column(s) cannot have NULL values.
    Ex:
    CREATE TABLE STUDENT
    (
    ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL,
    STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL,
    STU_AGE INT NOT NULL,
    STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (235),
    PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO)
    );
    UNIQUE Constraint
    UNIQUE Constraint enforces a column or set
    of columns to have unique values. If a
    column has a UNIQUE constraint, it means
    that particular column cannot have duplicate
    values in a table.
    Ex:
    CREATE TABLE STUDENT
    (
    ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL,
    STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    STU_AGE INT NOT NULL,
    STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) UNIQUE,
    PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO)
    );
    CHECK Constraint
    CHECK constraint is used to restrict the
    value of a column between a range. It
    performs check on the values, before storing
    them into the database. Its like condition
    checking before saving data into a column.
    Ex:
    CREATE TABLE STUDENT
    ( ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL CHECK(ROLL_NO >1000) ,
    STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL,
    STU_AGE INT NOT NULL,
    EXAM_FEE INT DEFAULT 10000,
    STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35)
    PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO);
    DEFAULT Constraint
    The DEFAULT constraint provides a
    default value to a column when there
    is no value provided while inserting a
    record into a table.
    Ex:
    CREATE TABLE STUDENT
    (
    ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL,
    STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL,
    STU_AGE INT NOT NULL,
    EXAM_FEE INT DEFAULT 10000,
    STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) ,
    PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO)
    );
    Key Constraints

    1. PRIMARY KEY:
     Uniquely identifies each record in a table. It must
    have unique values and cannot contain nulls.
     In the below example the ROLL_NO field is
    marked as primary key, that means the ROLL_NO
    field cannot have duplicate and null values.
    Ex:
    CREATE TABLE STUDENT
    (
    ROLL_NO INT NOT NULL,
    STU_NAME VARCHAR (35) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    STU_AGE INT NOT NULL,
    STU_ADDRESS VARCHAR (35) UNIQUE,
    PRIMARY KEY (ROLL_NO)
    );
    constraints ensures that a
    column cannot have NULL
    values?
    a) UNIQUE b) NOT
    NULL
    c) PRIMARY KEY d) DEFAULT
    Which of these constraints
    automatically enforces both
    uniqueness and NOT NULL conditions?
    a) UNIQUE b) PRIMARY
    KEY
    c) FOREIGN KEY d) CHECK
    You are a think tank!!! Answer
    the following:
    1. You have a table Products with a Price
    column. Write a SQL statement to
    ensure that the price cannot be less
    than 0.
    2. A table Orders contains the columns
    OrderID, CustomerID, and OrderDate.
    Which constraints would you apply to
    ensure:
     OrderID is unique and cannot be NULL.
     OrderDate always has a valid date by
    default as today's date.
    THANK YOU

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