Hot Water Supply Revised

Hot water supply systems…
Ar. Akanksha Chavan (asst. professor)

Abca,sangli
Localised/individual hot Centralised hot water
water supply supply system
Gas geasers
At the bottom of these geysers is provided a drain outlet
which is kept close with a threaded brass
plug which can be opened whenever draining of geyser is
required and the plug re-fixed after the use.
It is recommended to provide cold water connection to the
geyser from overhead water storage tank
for better water pressure. They operate with the help of
electricity and therefore while fixing their
position especially within wedding or our areas the
electrical outlets and switches should not be e
within the position where the water reading from showers
may come in contact with them hence it is
recommended to locate the geysers in a safe corner of the
building areas. The bottom part of the
desert should also be so placed that it leaves sufficient
headroom below it.
II. Centralized hot water system
Individual geysers prove useful in small installations.
When the supply points are many and the
demand constant, a large number of individual geysers
present serious limitations in usage and
require more power load and maintenance. In such
cases centralized hot water system is more
beneficial and economical.
Main features
Centralized system has the following advantages:
1.supplies enough hot water on demand at any point of
use.
2. eliminates individual geysers avoiding replacement of
heating elements and overloading of power
supply system
3.It is able to meet the peak hot water demand and use
the diversity of demand at different points
efficiently.
4. Can prove economical in terms of capital,
maintenance and fuel cost depending on equipments.
Temperature of hot water -The design of hot water supply system and its appliance shall be based
upon the following temperatures in accordance with IS 7558 – 1974.
• Scalding -65 degree Celsius

• supply to sink -60 degree Celsius
• supply to washbasin- 55 degree Celsius
• supply to hot bath 43 degrees celsius as run and for use at 41 degrees celsius
• supply for warm bath 37 degree Celsius
• Hot water storage temperature 60 degree Celsius.
• This may be increased to 65 degree Celsius when soft water is used.
• The temperature of the supply to wash basins and for baths including supply to bath tubs and for
• showers is preferably controlled by the use of a mixing valve.
The efficiency in a water heating system depends upon the measures taken to minimise heat losses
which occur from the storage vessel and from the distributing pipework and associated accessories.
Hot water storage capacity-The size of the storage vessel is governed by the maximum short time
demand of the domestic or industrial premises depending on local conditions this shall be 50 to 75
litres at 60 degrees celsius in a dwelling with a bathtub and 25 litres at 60 degree Celsius for a shower
or at tap.
The capacity of the storage vessel shall not be less than 20% in excess of the required maximum short
time demand.
Location of storage vessel -The loss of heat increases in proportion to the length of pipe between
the storage vessel and the hot water tap since each time water is drawn the pipe is filled with hot
water which then cools. The storage vessel shall therefore be so placed that the pipe runs to the most
frequently used outlets are as short as possible.
Distribution system-Special Features

Hot water generated in a central boiler must be supplied to points of use efficiently without excessive
loss of temperature and pressure. If the length of the pipe from the boiler to the point of supply is
long, the heat in the water will dissipate even when the pipes are insulated. On opening a tap hot
water will come out of it only after delivering the cold water in it taking a time of 1 to 5 minutes. The
user will waste about 8 to 50 litres of water before getting the hot water.
Recirculation
To overcome this wastage of heat, a return pipe is installed from the remotest section of the hot water
main which is connected back to the vessel supplying hot water to the building. In case there are a
number of risers, each one is provided with a return line, connected to a common return header to the
boiler.
System components- The system broadly
comprises of-
a. A set of distributary piping system with a
return pipe to the boiler to keep the water
circulating
and keeping it hot for immediate use.
b. Hot water boilers using electricity or any
other fuel such as wood, kerosene, LPG etc.to
produce hot water or steam.
c. Hot water storage tanks, caloriefiers or hot
water generators.
d. Primary hot water recirculating pumps for
circulation between boilers and tanks and
secondary for circulation between calorifiers
and the distribution system.
e. Fuel storage handling and feeding system
when solid or liquid fuels are used.
f. Boiler chimney for all boilers except those
using electricity or solar energy.
g. Temperature and pressure safety devices.
Cold Water Supply to Heaters
A storage water heater (pressure type) shall be fed from a cold water storage tank and under no
circumstances connected directly to the water main, except the type which incorporates a feed
tank with ball valves and overflow pipe arrangement (cistern type heaters) or non-pressure type
heaters.
Storage cisterns
The storage capacity of a cold water tank shall be at least twice the capacity of the hot water
heater..
The storage tank for supply of cold water to hot water heaters shall be separate, if practicable.
In the case of a common tank which also supplies cold water to the fixtures,
this cold water supply connection shall be so arranged that 50 percent of the net capacity, shall
be available for supply to the hot water heaters. In the case of multistoried buildings where a
common overhead tank over the stair/lift well is generally installed, it is advisable to have one or more local
tanks for supply to the hot water heaters or a compartment in the tank with required storage always available
for hot water heater.
In tall multistoried buildings where the static pressure increases with the height, the total static
pressure on the hot water heaters on the lowest floor shall not exceed the rated working pressure
of the hot water heater installed. Should the height of the building so require, additional tanks
shall be provided on the intermediate floors to restrict the static head to permissible limits or the
pressure shall be reduced to working pressure by providing pressure reducing valves.
As an alternative to the arrangements stated an individual storage tank in each flat may be provided for supply
to hot water heaters.
,
Cold Water Feed
The feed pipe connecting cold water tank with the hot water heater shall not be of less than 20
mm bore and it shall leave the cold water tank at a point not less than 50 mm above the bottom
of the tank and shall connect into the hot water heater near its bottom. The feed pipe shall not
deliver cold water to any other connection, but into the hot water cylinders only. In the case of
multistoried buildings, a common cold water feed pipe may be installed, but each hot water heater
shall be provided with a check valve (horizontal type check valve shall be preferred to vertical
type for easy maintenance). Care shall be taken in installing the piping to prevent air locks in the
piping and negative pressure in the hot water heater. Cold water feed pipe shall not be cross-
connected with any other source of supply under pressure.
Hot water heaters
The common hot water delivery pipe shall leave the hot water heater near its top and shall be of
not less than 20 mm bore generally, not less than 25 mm bore if hot water taps are installed on
the same floor as that on which the hot water heater is situated.
Hot water taps shall be of such design as would cause the minimum friction. Alternatively,
oversized tap may be provided, such as a 20 mm tap on a 15 mm pipe.
Direct hot water supply system Indirect hot water supply system
Solar water heating system

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Hot water supply systems…

Ar. Akanksha Chavan (asst. professor)

• Scalding -65 degree Celsius

Distribution system-Special Features

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