03 Slide

Chapter 3 Selections
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.
1
Objectives
 To declare boolean variables and write Boolean expressions using relational
operators (§3.2).
 To implement selection control using one-way if statements (§3.3).
 To implement selection control using two-way if-else statements (§3.4).
 To implement selection control using nested if and multi-way if statements
(§3.5).
 To avoid common errors and pitfalls in if statements (§3.6).
 To generate random numbers using the Math.random() method (§3.7).
 To program using selection statements for a variety of examples
(SubtractionQuiz, BMI, ComputeTax) (§§3.7–3.9).
 To combine conditions using logical operators (&&, ||, and !) (§3.10).
 To program using selection statements with combined conditions (LeapYear,
Lottery) (§§3.11–3.12).
 To implement selection control using switch statements (§3.13).
 To write expressions using the conditional expression (§3.14).
 To examine the rules governing operator precedence and associativity (§3.15).
 To apply common techniques to debug errors (§3.16).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.
2
The boolean Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j. Java
provides six comparison operators (also known
as relational operators) that can be used to
compare two values. The result of the
comparison is a Boolean value: true or false.
boolean b = (1 > 2);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
3
Relational Operators
Java Mathematics Name Example Result
Operator Symbol (radius is 5)
< < less than radius < 0 false

<= ≤ less than or equal to radius <= 0 false
> > greater than radius > 0 true
>= ≥ greater than or equal to radius >= 0 true
== = equal to radius == 0 false
!= ≠ not equal to radius != 0 true
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One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
if (boolean-expression) { System.out.println("The area"
statement(s); + " for the circle of radius "
}
+ radius + " is " + area);
}
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Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct
if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}
(a) (b)
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The Two-way if Statement
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
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if-else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}
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Multiple Alternative if Statements
if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A"); System.out.print("A");
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent System.out.print("B");
System.out.print("B"); else if (score >= 70.0)
else System.out.print("C");
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("C"); System.out.print("D");
else else
if (score >= 60.0) System.out.print("F");
System.out.print("D"); This is better
else
System.out.print("F");
(a) (b)
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Multi-Way if-else Statements
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Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false
if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
System.out.print("C");
System.out.print("D");
else
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Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false
if (score >= 90.0)

else
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Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true
if (score >= 90.0)

else
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Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C
if (score >= 90.0)

else
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Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement
if (score >= 90.0)

else
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Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.
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Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To
force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must
add a pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");
This statement prints B.
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Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error
or a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
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TIP
if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent
even = true; boolean even
else = number % 2 == 0;
even = false;
(a) (b)
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CAUTION
Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
(a) (b)
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Logical Operators
Operator Name Description
! not logical negation
&& and logical conjunction
|| or logical disjunction
^ exclusive or logical exclusion
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Truth Table for Operator !
p !p Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.
false true !(weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false.
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Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
false false false (age <= 18) && (weight < 140) is false, because both
conditions are both false.
false true false
false
true false (age > 18) && (weight > 140) is false, because (weight
> 140) is false.

true
true true (age > 18) && (weight >= 140) is true, because both
(age > 18) and (weight >= 140) are true.

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Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, weihgt = 140)
false false false
false true true (age > 34) || (weight <= 140) is true, because (age > 34)
is false, but (weight <= 140) is true.
true
true false (age > 14) || (weight >= 150) is false, because
(age > 14) is true.

true
true true
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Truth Table for Operator ^
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)
false false false (age > 34) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false
and (weight > 140) is false.
false true true (age > 34) ^ (weight >= 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false
but (weight >= 140) is true.
true
true false (age > 14) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 14) is
true and (weight > 140) is false.
false
true true
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Examples
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " +
((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +

((number % 2 == 0) || (number % 3 == 0)));
System.out.println("Is " + number +

" divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " +
((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0)));
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Example
27
Example
28
29
Example
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switch Statements
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switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed case value1: statement(s)1;
in parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.
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switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch statement. break;
If the break statement is not case value2: statement(s)2;
present, the next case statement
will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the }
switch-expression.
When the value in a case statement matches the value
of the switch-expression, the statements starting from
this case are executed until either a break statement or
the end of the switch statement is reached.
34
Trace switch statement
Suppose day is 2:
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}
35
Match case 2
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 0:
}
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Fall through case 3
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 0:
}
37
Fall through case 4
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 0:
}
38
Fall through case 5
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 0:
}
39
Encounter break
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 0:
}
40
Exit the statement
switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 0:
}
41
Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year
and displays the animal for the year.
42
43
Conditional Operators
44
Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);
System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);
45
Operator Precedence
46
Operator Precedence and Associativity
The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first.
(Parentheses can be nested, in which case the expression
in the inner parentheses is executed first.) When
evaluating an expression without parentheses, the
operators are applied according to the precedence rule and
the associativity rule.
If operators with the same precedence are next to each

other, their associativity determines the order of
evaluation. All binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.
47
Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))
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Example
Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule,
the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as
follows:
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 > 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 > 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 > 35 – 1
(5) subtraction
19 > 34
(6) greater than
false
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Chapter 3 Selections

boolean b = (1 > 2);

< < less than radius < 0 false

System.out.println("The area for the “

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

if (score >= 90.0)

if (score >= 90.0)

if (score >= 90.0)

if (score >= 90.0)

if (score >= 90.0)

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction

^ exclusive or logical exclusion

p !p Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false true !(weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false.

conditions are both false.

false true false

> 140) is false.

(age > 18) and (weight >= 140) are true.

p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, weihgt = 140)

false false false

is false, but (weight <= 140) is true.

(age > 14) is true.

and (weight > 140) is false.

but (weight >= 140) is true.

true and (weight > 140) is false.

System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +

System.out.println("Is " + number +

If operators with the same precedence are next to each

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