PERSONALITY

KEY CONCEPTS
1. Personality - JOHN BENEDICT
2. History of Personality - RALPH JUSTINE H.
CAMANAY
3. 3 famous psychologists that
- IAN IVANBOLIDO
CHRISTIAN B. BINGA-
studied Personality
AN
4. 3 Famous Psychology
- JOSH AMMIEL O.
Experirments in Personality
5. Theories in Personality (5) AZARCE
6. Significance of the study of
- KYRAN RICH A.
personality in Life BOCALA
 WHAT
IS
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
• Personality is defined as the
characteristic sets of behaviors,
cognitions, and emotional patterns that
evolve from biological and
environmental factors.
• While there is no generally agreed upon
definition of personality, most theories
focus on motivation and psychological
interactions with one's environment.
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
• attempts to explain the
tendencies that underlie
differences in behavior.
• Many approaches have been taken
on to study personality, including
biological, cognitive, learning and
trait-based theories, as well as
psychodynamic, and humanistic
approaches.
THE BIG FIVE
PERSONALITY
TRAITS
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE FIVE-FACTOR
MODEL OF PERSONALITY OR THE OCEAN
OR CANOE MODELS. UNDERSTANDING
THESE TRAITS CAN HELP YOU
UNDERSTAND YOUR OWN PERSONALITY,
AND CAN ALSO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND
OTHERS.
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
• Openness to experience is how open-minded, imaginative, creative
and insightful a person is or can be. More open minded people tend to
prefer variety, seek new experiences and are curious and perceptive
to their environment. Less open minded people tend to avoid change,
dislike disruption and focus on a few specific interests.

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
• Conscientiousness is a trait that is commonly associated with
awareness. Typically, conscientious people are well organized,
demonstrate self-control and can plan their time very well. They are
known as great team players and diligent workers.
EXTROVERSION
• Extraversion is a measure of how energetic, sociable and friendly a
person is. Extraverts are commonly understood as being a ‘people’s
person’ drawing energy from being around others directing their
energies towards people and the outside world. Often seen as the
ones talking the most in a social situation, extraverts are traditionally
characterized by sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and
AGREEABLENESS
excitability.
• Agreeableness is a personality trait that describes a person’s ability to
put others needs before their own. Those who are more agreeable are
more likely to be empathetic and find pleasure in helping others and
working with people who need more help.
NEUROTICISM
• A simple way to think of neuroticism is how well an individual can
manage stress and experience negative emotions in relation to these
circumstances. Another way to understand neurotic behavior is to
consider it as “emotional stability”.
• Title: Personality and health: Disentangling their between-person and
within-person relationship in three longitudinal studies
• Author and Date: Luo, Jing & Zhang, Bo & Estabrook, Ryne & Graham,
Eileen & Driver, Charles & Schalet, Benjamin & Turiano, Nicholas & Spiro,
Avron & Mroczek, Daniel. (2022).
• Method: Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM),
Continuous Time (CT) Model
• Respondents: The study involved over 17,000 respondents in total.
1,700 respondents from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study,
13,500 from Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences and
2,200 from Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging
• Results: Found bidirectional associations between changes in personality
traits (neuroticism, extraversion) and health (self-rated health, disease
levels). Within-person relationships were generally weaker than between-
person effects, but consistent with them, indicating that changes in
personality traits and health outcomes are interrelated over time.
HISTORY OF THE
STUDY OF
PERSONALITY
ANCIENT ROOTS
• In ancient Greece, physicians like Hippocrates
and Galen developed the Four Humors theory,
linking personality to bodily fluids: blood,
phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. They
believed these fluids influenced temperament,
such as being cheerful, calm, sad, or irritable.
Aristotle also observed that people have unique
tendencies, laying the foundation for
understanding personality differences.
EARLY MODERN THOUGHTS
• In the 1600s, philosopher Rene Descartes
suggested that the mind and body are
connected, which helped shape ideas
about consciousness and personality.
Around this time, John Locke proposed that
people are born as a "blank slate" (tabula
rasa), with experiences shaping who they
become.
19TH CENTURY BEGINNINGS
• Phrenology (early 1800s): Franz Joseph Gall
proposed that personality traits could be
determined by the shape of one’s skull. While
discredited, phrenology marked an attempt to
• localize
Charles psychological traits
Darwin and Sir in theGalton:
Francis brain. Darwin’s
theory of evolution influenced ideas about
inherited traits, while Galton’s work on individual
differences in intelligence and abilities paved the
way for psychological measurement.
20TH CENTURY GROWTH
• Sigmund Freud developed the Psychoanalytical Theory
that unconscious desires and childhood experiences
strongly shape personality. His theory introduced the
concepts of the instincts, ego, and superego.
• Behaviorists like B.F. Skinner focused on how the
environment shapes behavior, while trait theorists like
Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck defined personality as
a set of stable traits, such as extraversion and
neuroticism, which could be measured and studied.
MODERN MODELS
• The Big Five Model emerged in the late 20th century,
categorizing personality into five main traits: Openness,
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and
Neuroticism. This model is widely accepted today.
• Humanistic psychology, led by figures like Abraham
Maslow, emphasized that people have an innate drive to
reach their full potential (self-actualization). Social-
cognitive theorists like Albert Bandura focused on how
people’s thoughts and their environment interact to
shape behavior.
CURRENT APPROACHES

• Today, personality psychology combines

insights from biology, genetics, and
cultural studies to explore how
personality traits develop and vary. This
includes looking at brain activity, gene
influences, and cultural impacts on
personality.
 3 FAMOUS
PSYCHOLOGISTS
THAT STUDIED
PERSONALITY
1. SIGMUND FREUD
• an Austrian Neurologist often referred to as the "father
of modern psychology." He was born on May 6, 1856
and died on September 23, 1939. He is best known for
developing theories about the unconscious mind, the
structure of personality, and the influence of early
childhood experiences on adult behavior. His ideas,
while controversial and widely debated, laid the
foundation for modern psychology and psychotherapy,
influencing both clinical practice and broader cultural
discussions about human behavior.
SIGMUND
FREUD
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
revolves around the idea that human behavior
and personality are shaped by unconscious
forces. He proposed that the personality is
structured into three parts: the id, the ego, and
the superego. These three components work
together to influence how a person behaves
and reacts to different situations.
1.) Id: The primal part of the personality, driven by the
pleasure principle. It seeks immediate gratification of basic
needs and desires (e.g., hunger, thirst, and sexual urges)
without concern for consequences or reality.
2.) Ego: The rational part of the personality, operating on the
reality principle. It mediates between the impulsive demands
of the id and the constraints of the external world, making
decisions that are socially acceptable and realistic.
3.) Superego: The moral component of the personality,
representing internalized societal rules and values. It aims
for perfection and strives to make the individual act
according to ethical and moral standards, often in conflict
with the desires of the id.
 Freud also emphasized the importance of early
childhood experiences in shaping personality. He
proposed that unresolved conflicts during various
psychosexual stages of development (oral, anal,
phallic, latent, and genital stages) could lead to
fixations or maladaptive
Psychoanalysis behaviors
works in adulthood.
by uncovering unconscious
thoughts through techniques like free association
(speaking without censorship) and dream analysis
(interpreting symbolic meanings).
2. CARL JUNG
• a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, and
one of Freud's most promising disciples. He
is considered one of the most influential
figures in the field of psychology and is
known for his pioneering work on the
unconscious mind, personality types, and
the integration of the individual’s conscious
and unconscious aspects.
CARL
JUNG
Jung's Analytical Psychology
is rooted in his belief in the psyche's structure
and the dynamic interplay between its
components. His approach diverges from
Freud's focus on the unconscious, emphasizing
the integration of both conscious and
unconscious elements of the mind.
Jung identified several key concepts in his theory:

1. Conscious and Unconscious Mind:

•Conscious mind: Includes thoughts, feelings, and
perceptions that we are aware of at any given moment.
•Personal unconscious: Contains memories and experiences
that were once conscious but have been forgotten or
repressed.
•Collective unconscious: A deeper layer shared by all
humans, consisting of universal archetypes or symbols that
shape human experiences, such as the Hero, Shadow, and
Anima/Animus.
2. Archetypes: These are universal, inherited patterns or
images that form part of the collective unconscious. Major
archetypes include:
•The Self: The whole person, representing integration and
balance.
•The Persona: The outward mask or identity we present to
the world.
•The Shadow: Represents the unconscious and repressed
parts of the personality, including traits we might find
undesirable.
•The Anima/Animus: The feminine aspect in men (Anima)
and the masculine aspect in women (Animus), representing
3. Individuation: This is the process of integrating different
aspects of the psyche, including the conscious and
unconscious, to achieve personal growth and wholeness.
Jung believed that the ultimate goal of individuation is to
develop a balanced and harmonious personality.
4. Extraversion and Introversion: Jung identified two primary
attitudes:
•Extraversion: Focus on the outer world, drawn to social
interaction and external stimuli.
•Introversion: Focus on the inner world, introspective, and
recharged by solitude.
5. Psychological Functions: Jung proposed that there are four
main psychological functions:
•Thinking: Logical, analytical processing.
•Feeling: Emotional and value-driven decision-making.
•Sensation: Perception of physical sensations and the
present reality.
•Intuition: Perception of possibilities, future events, or
underlying
Carl Jung'smeanings.
study of personality was primarily based on
observation, introspection, and clinical practice, rather than
structured, standardized tests like those we might use today
(e.g., the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which is based on his
work).
3. RAYMOND CATTELL
• a British-American psychologist best known for his work
in psychometrics and personality psychology. Cattell
was born on March 20, 1905 in England. He was a
pioneering figure in the empirical study of human
personality and intelligence. His work had a significant
impact on psychological testing and measurement, and
he developed some of the most influential theories and
methods in personality assessment. Sadly, he passed
away on February 2, 1998 leaving a lasting legacy in
psychology.
RAYMOND
CATTELL
Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model (16PF)

Is based on Allport's work. Is a comprehensive

model of personality, which identifies 16
primary personality traits. Cattell used factor
analysis to derive these traits, aiming to
provide a thorough look at human personality.
Here are the 16 factors:
1.) Warmth - Reflects the degree to which a person is warm,
outgoing, and supportive.
2.) Reasoning - Measures intelligence and abstract thinking
capabilities.
3.) Emotional Stability - Gauges emotional resilience and
stability under stress.
4.) Dominance - Reflects assertiveness, control, and the
need to take charge.
5.) Liveliness - Indicates a person’s enthusiasm, spontaneity,
and playfulness.
6.) Rule-Consciousness - Measures the level of adherence to
rules and obligations.
7.) Social Boldness - Reflects confidence in social situations
and comfort with taking risks.
8.) Sensitivity - Measures emotional sensitivity and empathy
towards others.
9.) Vigilance - Reflects levels of skepticism and awareness of
potential threats.
10.) Abstractedness - Indicates a tendency to be imaginative
and preoccupied with ideas.
11.) Privateness - Reflects openness versus a tendency to be
reserved and guarded.
12.) Apprehension - Measures worry, insecurity, and self-
doubt.
13.) Openness to Change - Gauges the willingness to adapt
and embrace change.
14.) Self-Reliance - Reflects independence versus reliance on
others for guidance.
15.) Perfectionism - Indicates the desire for organization,
precision, and discipline.
16.) Tension - Measures a person's energy levels and their
tendency to be impatient or easily frustrated.
 The test includes around 170 multiple choice questions.
Each question presents a statement or situation, followed by
a few response options. Each response is scored to reflect
where the individual falls on a continuum for each of the 16
traits. Results are plotted on a profile chart, giving a
graphical representation of an individual's scores across the
16 factors. Trained psychologists or certified administrators
usually interpret the profile. The 16PF is widely used in
various settings, such as career counseling, organizational
hiring, and psychological assessments. By understanding
specific traits, the test helps guide individuals towards roles
or environments suited to their personality and supports
psychologists in tailoring interventions.
3 FAMOUS PSYCHOLOGY
EXPERIRMENTS IN
PERSONALITY
BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT,
1961
Albert Bandura
• groundbreaking study on aggression led
by psychologist Albert Bandura that
demonstrated that children are able to
learn through the observation of adult
behaviour.
BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT,
1961
Albert Bandura
• The experiment was executed via a team of
researchers who physically and verbally abused an
inflatable doll in front of preschool-age children, which
led the children to later mimic the behaviour of the
adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion.
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
late 1920s and early 1930s
.
• behavioral phenomenon where people
change their behavior when they are
aware of being observed. It can affect
many types of behaviors, including
dietary habits, hygiene practices, and
performance.
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
late 1920s and early 1930s.
• The original study examined the impact of changing the amount
of light at the Hawthorne Works on working practices. The
increased attention on the workers led to temporary increases in
production, even though working practices didn't change.
• The Hawthorne effect can undermine the integrity of study
conclusions. For example, a survey of smoking habits that
observes people during work breaks might yield lower smoking
rates than the population actually experiences.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
1950s
Leon Festinger
• Volunteers who were asked to complete
a boring task for an hour, After
completing the task, volunteers were
introduced to a "student" who was
actually a researcher in disguise. The
researcher asked the volunteers to lie
about the task, telling the "student"
that it was fun, interesting, and
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
1950s
Leon Festinger
• Volunteers were paid either $1 or $20 to lie, Volunteers who were
paid $1 reported that the task was more interesting than those
who were paid $20. The $1 volunteers also changed their attitude
about the task to justify their behavior. The $20 volunteers felt
less cognitive dissonance because the money justified the lie.

• The experiment demonstrated that people will change their beliefs

to reduce cognitive dissonance.
5 THEORIES IN
PERSONALITY
 BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
The biological theory of
personality is a psychological
perspective that suggests that
biological factors, such as
genetics, neurobiology, and
physiology, influence
personality:
 BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Behavioral personality theory, also
known as behaviorism, is the study
of how a person's behavior is
influenced by their environment.
Behavioral theorists believe that a
person's personality is a result of
their interactions with their
environment, and that all behaviors
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

Psychodynamic theories of
personality focus on the
unconscious mind, childhood
experiences, and how they
relate to human behavior,
thoughts, and emotions.
 HUMANISTIC THEORIES

Humanistic personality
theories emphasize the
importance of free will and
individual experience in the
development of personality.
 TRAITS THEORIES
Trait theory of personality is a
psychological theory that suggests
that people have different
personalities due to the strength and
intensity of their basic personality
traits. Traits are defined as consistent
patterns of thought, emotion, and
behavior that vary from person to
person.
• Title: Personality traits, self-efficacy, and friendship establishment: Group
characteristics and network clustering of college students’ friendships
• Author and Date: Dongdong Yan, Xi Yang, Huanzhe Zhang (2022)
• Method: The study utilized social network analysis methods and
exponential random graph modeling (ERGM)
• Respondents: The study focused on college students, likely traditional
full-time students, as the subjects for analyzing their friendship networks
and associated factors.
• Results: The study found that college students’ friendship networks
exhibited small group characteristics and that personality complementarity,
rather than similarity, influenced network formation. Students with dominant
or influential personality traits and higher interpersonal self-efficacy were
more likely to be central in the network. The study also identified that while
popularity and activity effects were evident in the networks, reciprocal
relationships based on personality traits were not supported. The network
structure showed a preference for balanced, circular relationships, and the
• Title: Relationship between Personality and Biological Reactivity to
Stress: A Review
• Author and Date: Omid Soliemanifar, Arman Soleymanifar, Reza
Afrisham (2018)
• Method: This review article synthesizes existing research on the role of
personality traits in influencing the biological reactivity to stress. It
discusses how personality factors can affect a person's assessment of
stressful situations and lead to varied physiological and psychological
responses to stressors.
• Respondents: The review article analyzes findings from various
studies, but specific details on the respondents or sample size are not
provided in the excerpt
• Results:The review highlights that stress is a universal phenomenon,
influenced by both positive and negative life experiences. It discusses
how personality traits, due to their hereditary basis and intraindividual
• Title: An Existential-Humanistic View of Personality Change: Co-
Occurring Changes with Psychological Well-Being in a 10-Year Cohort
Study
• Author and Date: Omid Soliemanifar, Arman Soleymanifar, Reza
Afrisham (2018)
• Method: : This study used data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study,
a cohort of 4,733 mid-life individuals over a 10-year period. It explored
the relationship between personality change and psychological well-
being (PWB) by comparing the effects of personality change with
changes in other well-being indicators, such as depression, hostility,
and life satisfaction.
• Respondents: 4,733 mid-life individuals from the Wisconsin Longitudinal
Study. Results:The study found that personality change was significantly
linked to changes in existential well-being, specifically psychological well-
being (PWB), and more strongly associated with PWB than with other
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY OF
PERSONALITY IN
LIFE
We can learn more about self-awareness,
relationship development, career options, and
mental health by investigating the thought,
emotion, and behavior patterns that form
each person's personality. This information
not only aids in our own development but also
improves our capacity for empathy and
interpersonal connection, which eventually
promotes a more accepting and peaceful
THANK
YOU