BTE1462

FUNDAMENTAL OF
ENGINEERING SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
MUHAMMAD SHARFI NAJIB
MOHD SHAWAL JADIN
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
 CHAPTER 01

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS

 Physical Quantities
and Units
Definition of physical quantities and their
significance in physics.
Explanation of the International System of
Units (SI).
Examples of common physical quantities:
length, mass, time, and temperature.
 Physical Quantities
and Units
 Physical quantities are properties or attributes of
objects, substances, or phenomena that can be
measured or quantified. In physics, they are
fundamental to describing the behaviour of the
physical world and are classified into two main
categories: scalar quantities and vector quantities.
 Physical quantities are properties or attributes of
objects or phenomena that can be measured
and expressed with numbers and units. Here are
examples of various physical quantities:
 Physical Quantities
and Units

FIG: ROBOT ARM IN PRODUCTION LINE

 Physical Quantities
and Units [BASE]

1. Length:
- Distance: The separation between
two points.
- Height: The measurement from the
base to the top of an object.
- Width: The measurement from side
to side.

2. Mass:
- Weight: The force with which an
object is attracted toward the center of
the Earth (or another celestial body).
Weight is directly related to mass.
- Kilogram (kg): The SI unit of mass.
 Physical Quantities
and Units [BASE]

3. Time:
- Duration: The period during which
an event occurs.
- Second (s): The SI unit of time.

4. Electric Current:
- Ampere (A): The SI unit of electric
current.
- Resistance: A property that opposes
the flow of electric current.
 Physical Quantities
and Units [BASE]

5. Temperature:
- Celsius (°C): Commonly used for
everyday temperature measurements.
- Kelvin (K): The SI unit of
temperature.
6. Amount of Substance:
- Mole (mol): The SI unit for the
amount of substance.
- Avogadro's Number: The number of
atoms or molecules in one mole
(approximately 6.022 x 10²³).
 Physical Quantities
and Units [BASE]

7. Luminous Intensity:
- Luminous intensity measures the
amount of light emitted in a particular
direction from a point source.
-Its unit is the candela (cd). Luminous
intensity is a vector quantity because it
has both magnitude and direction (the
direction of the emitted light).
 Physical Quantities
and Units
[Derived]

1. Speed:
- Velocity: Speed in a specified
direction.
- Meters per second (m/s)**: The SI
unit of speed.

2. Acceleration:
- Rate of Change of Velocity: Describes
how an object's speed or direction
changes over time.
- Meters per second squared (m/s²):
The SI unit of acceleration.
 Physical Quantities
and Units
[Derived]
3. Force:
- Newton (N): The SI unit of force.
- Tension: The force experienced by a
string or cable when it's pulled at both
ends.
- Frictional Force: The resistance to
motion when two objects are in
contact.

4. Energy:
- Kinetic Energy: Energy due to
motion.
- Potential Energy: Energy stored due
to an object's position.
- Joule (J): The SI unit of energy.
 Physical Quantities
and Units [Derived]

9. Power:
- Watt (W): The SI unit of power.
- Horsepower (hp)**: A unit of power
commonly used in the automotive
industry.

10. Pressure:
- Pascal (Pa): The SI unit of pressure.
- Atmosphere (atm): A unit of
pressure used in meteorology.
 Physical Quantities
and Units [Derived]

11. Electric Charge:

- Coulomb (C): The SI unit of
electric charge.
- Electron: A subatomic particle with
a negative electric charge.

13. Voltage:
- Volt (V): The SI unit of electric
potential difference.
- Battery Voltage: The potential
difference that drives electric current in
a circuit.
 Physical Quantities
and Units [Derived]

14. Magnetic Field Strength:

- Tesla (T): The SI unit of magnetic
field strength.
- Magnetic Flux: A measure of the
quantity of magnetic field passing
through a surface.

15. Frequency
- Hertz (Hz): The SI unit of frequency.
- Wavelength: The distance between
two consecutive waves.
 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
• Dimensional analysis involves analysing
the dimensions (units) of physical
quantities. Here, we'll break down some of
the physical quantities into their
fundamental dimensions of length (L),
time (T), mass (M), temperature (θ),
and current (I) . The dimensions are
denoted as [L], [T], and [M], [θ] and [I].
 EXAMPLE E01
What are the fundamental dimensions involved in
dimensional analysis?

The fundamental dimensions involved in dimensional

analysis are [M] (mass), [L] (length),[T] (time), [I]
(current), [θ] (temperature).
 Dimensional Analysis

• Any valid physical formula must be dimensionally

consistent – each term must have the same dimensions

From the table:

Distance = velocity × time
Velocity = acceleration × time
Energy = mass × (velocity)2
 Example

Solution
 EXAMPLE E02
Which of the following quantities has the dimension
of [M][L]⁻¹[T]⁻²?
a. Pressure
b. Velocity
c. Acceleration
d. Density

• ANSWER: 1. a. [M]
 EXAMPLE E03
Which of the following is a derived quantity?
a. Mass
b. Length
c. Volume
d. Time
 EXAMPLE E04
The dimensional formula for force is:
a. [L]
b. [T]
c. [M][L][T]⁻²
d. [M][L][T]
 EXAMPLE E05
The dimensional formula for ENERGY is:
a. [M][L]²[T]⁻²
b. [L][T]⁻¹
c. [M][L][T]⁻³
d. [M][L][T]
 International System of Units (SI)
- The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French
"Système International d'Unités"), is a globally recognized and
standardized system of measurement. It provides a consistent framework
for expressing various physical quantities.

- The SI system was established to ensure uniformity in measurements

worldwide, promoting accuracy, clarity, and precision in scientific and
engineering work. It defines base units for fundamental physical
quantities and derived units for more complex measurements.

- SI units are used extensively in scientific research, engineering, industry,

and everyday life. They are crucial for achieving consistency and
compatibility in measurements across different countries and disciplines.
 International System of Units (SI)
Examples of Common Physical Quantities: Length, Mass, Time, and Temperature

1. Length: Length is a fundamental physical quantity that measures the extent of an object in one
dimension. The SI unit for length is the meter (m). Common examples include the length of a
room, the width of a book, or the height of a person.

2. Mass: Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object. The SI unit for mass is the
kilogram (kg). Examples include the mass of a car, a bag of apples, or a person's weight.

3. Time: Time quantifies the duration between events or the progress of events. The SI unit for time is
the second (s). Examples include the time it takes for a pendulum to swing, the duration of a
soccer match, or the age of the universe.

4. Temperature:Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or

environment.

The SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K). Examples include the temperature of boiling water
(373.15 K) or the freezing point of water (273.15 K).
 Physical Quantities
and Units

FIG: SI UNITS
[Ref]:https://tinyurl.com/3h2zcvku
 EXAMPLE E06
What does SI stand for in SI units?
- A) Standard International
- B) System of Interpretation
- C) System of Integration
- D) Scientific Investigation
 EXAMPLE E07
Which SI base unit measures temperature?
- A) Kelvin (K)
- B) Degree Celcius (0C)
- C) Second (s)
- D) Kilogram (kg)
 EXAMPLE E08
Which of the following is NOT an SI base unit?
- A) Meter (m)
- B) Kilogram (kg)
- C) Pound (lb)
- D) Second (s)
Pair Discussion
SCALAR & VECTOR
 SCALAR & VECTOR
Scalar Quantities:
 Scalars have magnitude (size) only.
 They are described using a single numerical value
and a unit.
 Examples include distance, speed, mass, time, and
temperature.
 Scalar quantities can be added or subtracted like
regular numbers.
 SCALAR & VECTOR
Vector Quantities:
 Vectors have both magnitude and direction.
 They are represented by both a numerical value and
a direction.
 Examples include velocity, force, displacement, and
acceleration.
 Vector quantities require consideration of direction
when adding, subtracting, or comparing them.
 Vectors are usually represented graphically with
arrows.
 SCALAR & VECTOR
In a small group (3 persons), Discuss the differences between Scalar and Vector.
Give a list of example

SCALAR VECTOR
Example

For example, suppose an ant leaves its nest at the origin and, after
foraging for some time, is at the location given by the vector ⃗r .
This vector has a magnitude r = 1.10 m and points in a direction θ =
25.0° above the x axis. Equivalently, ⃗r can be defined by saying that
it extends a distance rx​in the x direction and a distance ry​in the y
direction. The quantities rx​and ry​are referred to as the x and
y scalar components of the vector ⃗r.
 SUM OF VECTORS
Parallelogram of Vectors:
 SUM OF VECTORS
Triangle of Vectors:
 POLYGON OF VECTORS
Polygon of Vectors:
 SUBSTRACTION OF VECTORS
Substraction of Vectors:
 EXAMPLE E19
If you're traveling north at a speed of 60 miles per
hour and then you change your direction to travel
west at the same speed, what is the resultant
velocity?

A) 60 miles per hour

B) 84.85 miles per hour
C) 120 miles per hour
D) 150 miles per hour
 EXAMPLE E20
A missile from GAZA is launched with an
airspeed, Vair_s of 600 meters per second at an
angle of 45 degrees with respect to the
ground in order to attack their enemies. If
there is a crosswind blowing, Vcw at 100
meters per second from the west
(perpendicular to the missile's direction),
calculate the missile's groundspeed, Vg and
the angle it makes with the ground.
 EXAMPLE E21
In a manufacturing plant, a 3D articulated robotic arm is tasked with
assembling a complex product. The arm has multiple segments, and each
segment can be controlled independently. The robot needs to pick up a
component located at coordinates A(3, 2, 4) in the 3D space and assemble it
at point B(8, 6, 10). Calculate the following:

The 3D vector that represents the displacement from point A to point B.

The magnitude of this displacement vector.
The direction cosines of the displacement vector.
The unit vector pointing from A to B..

ANSWER: vector AB is 5i + 4j + 6k, its magnitude is √77, cos(α) ≈ 0.936, cos(β)

≈ 0.749, cos(γ) ≈ 0.281, uAB ≈ (0.932i + 0.749j + 0.280k)