Unit2-Introduction To Fuzzy Inference System

Unit-2
Introduction to Fuzzy
Inference System
Introduction
• The word “fuzzy” means “vaguness (ambiguity)”.
• Fuzziness occurs when the boundary of a piece of information is not clear-
cut.
• Fuzzy sets - 1965 Lotfi Zadeh as an extension of classical notation set.
• Classical set theory allows the membership of the elements in the set in
binary terms.
• Fuzzy set theory permits membership function valued in the interval [0,1]
Example: Words like young, tall, good or high are fuzzy.
• There is no single quantitative value which defines the term young.
• For some people, age 25 is young, and for others, age 35 is young.
• The concept young has no clean boundary.
• Age 35 has some possibility of being young and usually depends on the
context in which it is being considered.
• Fuzzy set theory is an extension of classical set theory where elements have
degree of membership.
What is Fuzzy Logic?
• The 'Fuzzy' word means the things that are not clear or are vague.
Sometimes, we cannot decide in real life that the given problem or
statement is either true or false.
• At that time, this concept provides many values between the true and
false and gives the flexibility to find the best solution to that problem.
• The fundamental concept of Fuzzy Logic is the membership function,
which defines the degree of membership of an input value to a certain set
or category.
• The membership function is a mapping from an input value to a
membership degree between 0 and 1, where 0 represents non-
membership and 1 represents full membership.
What is Fuzzy Logic?
• Example of Fuzzy Logic as comparing to Boolean Logic
• Fuzzy logic contains multiple logical values and
these values are the truth values of a variable
or problem between 0 and 1.
• This concept was introduced by Lofti
Zadeh in 1965 based on the Fuzzy Set Theory.
This concept provides the possibilities which
are not given by computers, but similar to the
range of possibilities generated by humans.
In the Boolean system, only two possibilities (0 and 1) exist, where 1 denotes the
absolute truth value and 0 denotes the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system,
there are multiple possibilities present between the 0 and 1, which are partially false and
partially true.
Membership Function
• The membership function is a function which represents the graph of fuzzy sets, and allows users to quantify
the linguistic term. It is a graph which is used for mapping each element of x to the value between 0 and 1.
• The membership function fully defines the fuzzy set
• A membership function provides a measure of the degree of similarity of an element to a fuzzy set
• This function is also known as the indicator or characteristics function.
• This function of Membership was introduced in the first papers of fuzzy set by Zadeh.
• Membership functions can – either be chosen by the user arbitrarily, based on the user’s experience (MF
chosen by two users could be different depending upon their experiences, perspectives, etc.)
For the Fuzzy set B, the membership function for X is defined as: μB:X → [0,1].
• In this function X, each element of set B is mapped to the value between 0 and 1. This is called a degree of
membership or membership value.
Operations on Classical Set
• Following are the various operations which are performed on the classical
sets:
• Union Operation
• Intersection Operation
• Difference Operation
• Complement Operation
Operations on Classical Set
Union:
• This operation is denoted by (A U B). A U B is the set of those elements which
exist in two different sets A and B. This operation combines all the elements
from both the sets and make a new set. It is also called a Logical OR
operation.
It can be described as:
A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A OR x ∈ B }.
Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13},
Set B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
then A ∪ B = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
Intersection:
• This operation is denoted by (A ∩ B). A ∩ B is the set of those elements which
are common in both set A and B. It is also called a Logical OR operation.
• It can be described as:
A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∈ B }.
Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13},
Set B = {11, 12, 14}
then A ∩ B = {11, 12}
Difference Operation
• This operation is denoted by (A - B). A-B is the set of only those elements
which exist only in set A but not in set B.
A - B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∉ B }.
Complement Operation: This operation is denoted by (A`). It is applied on a

single set. A` is the set of elements which do not exist in set A.
A′ = {x|x ∉ A}.
Fuzzy set and Operations on fuzzy set
• Fuzzy Set is a Set where every key is associated with a value, which is
between 0 to 1 based on the certainty. This value is often called as
degree of membership
Operations on Fuzzy Set
1. Union: The union operation of a fuzzy set is defined by:
The First Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
The Second Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.5}
Fuzzy Set Union is : {'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
Fuzzy set and Operations on fuzzy
set
2. Intersection Operation: The intersection operation of a fuzzy set is defined
First Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
Second Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.5}
zy Set Intersection is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.5}
3. Complement Operation: The complement operation of fuzzy set is defined
The Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
Fuzzy Set Complement is : {'a': 0.8, 'b': 0.7, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.4}
Fuzzy set and Operations on
fuzzy
• Difference
set
Consider 2 Fuzzy Sets denoted by A and B, then let’s consider Y be the
Intersection of them, then for every member of A and B, Y will be:
degree_of_membership(Y)= min(degree_of_membership(A), 1- degree_of_membership(B))
The First Fuzzy Set is : {"a": 0.2, "b": 0.3, "c": 0.6, "d": 0.6}
The Second Fuzzy Set is : {"a": 0.9, "b": 0.9, "c": 0.4, "d": 0.5}
Fuzzy Set Difference is : {"a": 0.1, "b": 0.1, "c": 0.6, "d": 0.5}
Fuzzy logic inference
methods
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Unit-2

• The membership function fully defines the fuzzy set

• This function is also known as the indicator or characteristics function.

Complement Operation: This operation is denoted by (A`). It is applied on a

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