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    Introduction To Bash Shell

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    rooosemary

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    Introduction To Bash Shell

    Uploaded by

    rooosemary
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    Introduction to Bash Shell

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    2 views21 pages

    Introduction To Bash Shell

    Uploaded by

    rooosemary

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Introduction to Bash Shell

    What is Shell?
    • The shell is a command interpreter.
    • It is the layer between the operating system
    kernel and the user.
    Some Special characters used in
    shell scripts
    • #:Comments
    • ~:home directory
    Invoking the script
    • The first line must be “#!/bin/bash”.
    – setup the shell path
    • chmod u+x scriptname (gives only the
    script owner execute permission)
    • ./scripname
    Some Internal Commands and
    Builtins
    • getopts:
    – parses command line arguments passed to the script.
    • exit:
    – Unconditionally terminates a script
    • set:
    – changes the value of internal script variables.
    • read:
    – Reads" the value of a variable from stdin
    – also "read" its variable value from a file redirected to stdin
    • wait:
    – Stop script execution until all jobs running in background have
    terminated
    Some Internal Commands and
    Builtins (cont.)
    • grep:
    – grep pattern file
    – search the files file, etc. for occurrences of pattern
    • expr:
    – evaluates the arguments according to the operation
    given
    – y=`expr $y + 1` (same as y=$(($y+1))
    I/O Redirection
    • >: Redirect stdout to a file, Creates the file if
    not present, otherwise overwrites it
    • < : Accept input from a file.
    • >>: Creates the file if not present, otherwise
    appends to it.
    • <<:
    – Forces the input to a command to be the shell’s
    input, which until there is a line that contains
    only label.
    – cat >> mshfile << .
    • |:pipe, similar to ">",
    if
    if [ condition ] then
    command1
    elif # Same as else if
    then
    command1
    else
    default-command
    fi
    case
    x=5
    case $x in
    0) echo "Value of x is 0."
    ;
    5) echo "Value of x is 5."
    ;
    9) echo "Value of x is 9."
    ;
    *) echo "Unrecognized value."
    esac
    done
    Loops
    • for [arg] in [list];
    do
    command
    done
    • while [condition];
    do
    command...
    done
    Loops (cont.)
    • break, continue
    – break command terminates the loop
    – continue causes a jump to the next iteration of the
    loop
    Introduction to Variables
    • $: variable substitution
    – If variable1 is the name of a variable, then
    $variable1 is a reference to its value.
    Pattern Matching
    • ${variable#pattern}
    • ${variable##pattern}
    • ${variable%pattern}
    • ${variable%%pattern}
    Examples of Pattern Matching
    x=/home/cam/book/long.file.name
    echo ${x#/*/}
    echo ${x##/*/}
    echo ${x%.*}
    echo ${x%%.*}
    cam/book/long.file.name
    long.file.name
    /home/cam/book/long.file
    /home/cam/book/long
    Aliases
    • avoiding typing a long command sequence
    • Ex: alias lm="ls -l | more"
    Array
    • Declare:
    – declare -a array_name
    • To dereference (find the contents of) an array
    variable, use curly bracket notation, that is, $
    { array[xx]}
    • refers to all the elements of the array
    – ${array_name[@]} or ${array_name[*]}
    • get a count of the number of elements in an array
    – ${#array_name[@]} or ${#array_name[*]}
    Functions
    • Type
    – function function-name {
    command...
    }
    – function-name () {
    command...
    }
    • Local variables in function:
    – Declare: local var_name
    • functions may have arguments
    – function-name $arg1 $arg2
    Positional Parameters
    • $1, $2, $3 …..
    • $0 is the name of the script.
    • The variable $# holds the number of
    positional parameter.
    Positional Parameters in
    Functions
    • $1, $2, $3….
    • Not from $0
    Files
    • /etc/profile
    – systemwide defaults, mostly setting the environment
    • /etc/bashrc
    – systemwide functions and and aliases for Bash
    • $HOME/.bash_profile
    – user-specific Bash environmental default settings,
    found in each user's home directory
    • $HOME/.bashrc
    – user-specific Bash init file, found in each user's home
    directory
    Debugging
    • The Bash shell contains no debugger, nor even any
    debugging-specific commands or constructs.
    • The simplest debugging aid is the output
    statement, echo.
    • Set option
    – -n: Don’t run command; check for syntax error only
    – -v: Echo commands before running them
    – -x: Echo commands after command-line processing

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