Globalization

means the onset of the

borderless world.
 Methapors of Globalization
Solidity - refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the
movement of things

Liquidity - refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,

things, information, and places in the contemporary world.

Flows - are the movement of people, things, places, and

information brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitations.
 Globalization Theories
• Homogeneity - refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of
societies expand to create common practices, same economies,
and similar forms of government.
• McWorld - it means only one political orientation is growing in
today’s societies.
• Hacktivists - extend activism to the internet by hacking into
computer program to promote a particular cause.
• McDonaldization - it is the process by which Western societies are
dominated by the principles of fast food restaurant.
• Heterogeneity - pertains to the creation of various cultural
practices, new economies, and political groups because of the
interaction of elements from different societies in the world.
 Globalization Theories
• Theory of Liberalism - places a strong emphasis on
how economic interconnectedness, open trade, and
free markets all contribute to the promotion of
globalization.
• Theory of Political Realism - places a strong
emphasis on the role that power and self-interest play
in determining the dynamics of globalization.
• Marxist Theory - the interests of the capitalist elites
are those that drive globalization.
• Contructivism Theory - places a strong emphasis on
how ideas and social norms influence globalization.
 Globalization Theories
• Postmodernism Theory - contend that globalization
causes cultures to become more homogeneous and local
traditions to desintegrate.
• Feminism Theory - contend that the effects of
globalization are gendered, with women frequently bearing
the brunt of societal and economic change.
• Transformationalism Theory- globalization is a process
of social and cultural change that has the potential to lead
to multiple identities and communities.
• Eclecticism Theory - highlights the importance of utilizing
a variety of theoritical viewpoints to understand the intricate
and multidimensional nature of globalization.
Dynamics of Local and Global
Culture
• Cultural Differentialism - emphasizes the fact that cultures are
essentially different and are only superficially affected by global
flows.

• Cultural Hybridization - approach emphasizes the integration of

local and global cultures.

• Cultural Convergence - stresses homogeneity introduced by

globalization.
 GLObalization and loCALization are coined
term to come up with the term
“GLOCALIZATION”, which means developing and
offering services and goods in the local arena and
delivering them to international users.

sociologist ROLAND ROBERTSON first used the

phrase in the Harvard Business Review in 1980,
defining it as “the simultaneity-the co-presence-of
both universalizing and particular tendencies”.
 Economic Globalization
refers to the increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of growing scale of cross-
border trade of commodities and services, flow of
international capital, and wide and rapid spread of
technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion
and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is
an irreversible trend for the economic development
in the whole world at the turn of the millennium.
“(UN,2000)
Evolution of Globalization
1st century BC - 5th century AD, &
1. SILK ROADS 13th and 14th centuries AD

2. SPICE ROUTES 7th - 15th centuries

3. AGE OF DISCOVERY 15th - 18th centuries

4. FIRST WAVE OF
19th centuries - 1914
GLOBALIZATION
5. 2ND & 3RD WAVE OF
1945 - 2008
GLOBALIZATION

6. GLOBALIZATION 4.0 2009 - -----

According to historians Dennis O. Flynn
and Arturo Giraldez, the age of
globalization began when “all important
populated continents began to exchange
products continuously – both with each
other directly and indirectly via other
continents – and in values sufficient to
generate crucial impacts on all trading
partners.”
 Economic System
1. Market Economy - Economic freedom to purchase and sell
products, services, and properties are key characteristics of an
economy under the will and interest of the individuals. Market
economy promotes competition among businesses and firms.
2. Command Economy- a central economic planning body
handles the entire decision-making in the operation of an economy.
The quality and quantity of goods and services produced in the
market is based on the decision of the government.
3. Mixed Economy - this is a combination of market and command
systems of economy planning and decision-making.
 International Trade
is the process and system when goods,
commodities, services cross national
economy and boundaries in exchange for
money or goods of another country.
(Balaam and Veseth,2008)
Trade Theory
 Descriptive Theory
It deals with the natural order and movement
of trade. It describes the pattern of laissez
faire. Descriptive theory addresses the
questions of which product to trade, how
much product to offer and produce and which
country to trade in the absence of
government restrictions.
 Prescriptive Theory
This prescribes whether government
being an important economic
institution should interfere and restrict
with the movement of goods and
services.
The Modern World
System
Immanuel Wallerstein, an American Sociologist
described high-income nations as the “core” of
the world economy. This core is the manufacturing
base of the planet were resources funnel in to become the
technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western World
today. Low income countries, meanwhile, are
Wallerstein called the “periphery”, whose natural
resources and labor support the wealthier countries, first
as colonies and now by working for multinational
corporations. Middle-income countries, such as India
and Brazil, are considered the “semi-periphery” due to
their closer ties to the global economic core
 MARKET INTEGRATION
According to the Cambridge Business English
Dictionary. Market Integration is a situation in which
separate markets for the same product become one
single market
• Free trade - international trade (the importation and exportation)
left to its natural course without tariffs and non-tariff trade
barriers such as quotas, embargoes, sanctions or other
restrictions.
• Tariffs - taxes or duties to be paid on a particular class of imports
or exports.
• Embargo - a government-instituted prevention of exports to a
certain country. Official ban on trade or other commercial activity.
(The United States has imposed several long-running
embargoes on other countries including Cuba, North Korea and
Iran).
• Economic sanctions - commercial and financial penalties applied
by one or more countries against a targeted country, group, or
individual
WORLD’S MAJOR FREE
TRADE AREAS
1. North American Free Trade
Agreement
(NAFTA)
(USMCA)
Free trade between the three member nations, Canada, the US
and Mexico
Effective on January 1, 1994 -Although tariffs weren’t fully
abolished until 2008
Canada is also the largest exporter of goods to the US
 2. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Six countries from the Arabian Peninsula came to gether
to form the political and economic GCC to promote
cooperation and integration. These advances, which
includes a customs union and a single market for goods,
services, and capital, have the potential to encourage
economic growth and diversification.

BAHRAIN, KUWAIT, OMAN, QATAR,

SAUDI ARABIA, UAE
 3. Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP)
Fifteen nations in the Asia-Pacific region joined the
RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership), a free trade agreement, in 2020. It
aims to create a regional market that is integrated
by removing trade barriers and harmonizing rules
and regulations.
 4. South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
was established in 1985 to develop better
cooperation between member countries to
enhance social and economic development, is a
regional organization made up of eight South
Asian nations.
 5. Southern Common Market
(MERCOSUR)
A Latin American single market, its full members are Argentina,
Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela is a full member but
has been suspended since December 1, 2016.
Meanwhile, Bolivia obtained its full membership on July 7, 2015.
Established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of
Coro Preto in 1994
 6. Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA)
(AfCFTA)
The member States of COMESA are: Burundi, the Comoros, the
Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Sudan,
Swaziland, Seychelles, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Formed in December 1994
COMESA ultimately aims to remove all barriers to intra-
regional trade, starting with preferential tariffs and working
towards a tariff-free common market and economic union.
 7. European Union (EU)
Is a single market, which is similar to a free trade area in that it
has no tariffs, quotas or taxes on trade
The 28 member countries of the EU Austria, Italy, Belgium,
Latvia, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Croatia, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Malta,
Czech Republic, Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Estonia,
Portugal, Finland, Romania, France, Slovakia, Germany,
Slovenia, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Sweden, Ireland, United
Kingdom.
 8. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam have just signed the trade
pact formerly known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership
In the absence of the US, it has been renamed the
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific
Partnership (CPTPP)
Signed February 04, 2016
The Contemporary Global Corporation
A global corporation is generally referred to as a multinational
corporation (MNC), transnational corporation (TNC),
international company.
THE INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM
THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
Interactions by various political entities, but mostly states. Today
the system is global, but it has not always been the case. Some
parts of the world did not know of other parts, much less interact.

The international state system was born in Europe with the

Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, after the Thirty Years War.
 THE STATE
The Primary actors we study in international relations are states.
Also known as Countries, Nation-States
A STATE IS A POLITICAL ENTITY
WITH:
• control of some area of land -- territorial unit
• solely responsible for military security -- control over military for
defense
• Economic control such as power to print money, trade
restrictions, and power to tax
• Administered by a governmental bureaucracy (social welfare,
tax, police, transportation)
SOVEREIGNTY
• Key concept in the international state system and international
law.
• States recognized each other’s in the international system
(usually)
• By sovereignty, we mean that in principal all states are legally
equal (de jure).
• Sovereignty is recognition by other states that a state may
manage its internal affairs how it pleases.
 WHAT IS A NATION?
IS IT THE SAME THING
AS A STATE?
 PRINCIPLES OF INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
NATIONALISM - refers to a political movement or belief system
that seeks to establish the nation as the basis for a political
system.
INTERNATIONALISM - refers to a desire for increased
cooperation and solidarity between states and individuals.
LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM - refers to a set of concepts
that suggests how global relationships among states and non-
state actors should be organized, with a focus on
interdependence, diplomacy, & support for global organizations.
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM - based on the belief that a
fair and equal society can be achieved through social justice.
INSTITUTIONS THAT
GOVERN THE
INTERNATIONAL
RELATION
UNITED NATION
United states President Franklin Roosevelt coined the name
United Nations that was used in the declaration of United Nations
of January 1, 1942.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Ensure the stability of the International monetary system. It does
so in three ways: keeping track of the global economy and the
economies of member countries; lending to countries with
balance of payments difficulties; and giving practical help to
members.
World trade organization (WTO)
• Regulates international trades
• Deals with the rule of trade between nations
• Ensures the trade will flows smoothly, predictably
• And freely as possible
• Acts as forum in negotiation trade agreements
INTERNATIONALISM VS.
GLOBALISM
INTERNATIONALISM VS. GLOBALISM
• Internationalism lays stress on solidarity and
cooperation among nations…
• Globalism on the other hand not only emphasizes the
dilution of the sovereign expression of the nations but
demonstrates the conflicts arising out of this dilution as
well.
 THE UNITED NATIONS
AND CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
What is international organization?
When scholars refer to groups like the UN or institutions like the
IMF and the World Bank, they usually call them international
organizations (IOs). Although international NGOs are sometimes
considered as IOs, the term is commonly used to refer to
international intergovernmental organizations or groups that are
primarily made up of member-states.
UN CHARTER
Article 1 of the Charter of United Nations
4 Main Purpose and Principles
1. Maintain international peace and security, and that end: to take
effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of
aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by
peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice
and international law, adjustment or settlement of international
disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of peace;
Article 1 of the Charter of United Nations
4 Main Purpose and Principles
2. Develop friendly relations among nations based on
respect for the principle of equal rights and self –
determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate
measures to strengthen universal peace;
Article 1 of the Charter of United Nations
4 Main Purpose and Principles
3. Achieve international cooperation in solving international
problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian
character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinctions as
to race, sex, language, or religion; and
Article 1 of the Charter of United Nations
4 Main Purpose and Principles
4. Be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the
attainment of theses common ends.
The General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the
United Nations comprised of all Member States, each of which
has one vote, no matter its size or influence. It may discuss any
matter arising under the UN Charter. Decisions on international
peace and security, admitting new Member States and the UN
budget are decided by a two-thirds majority.
The Security Council
has a primary responsibility under the UN Charter to maintain
international peace and security. Unlike the General Assembly,
the Security Council does not hold regular meetings. It can be
convened at any time, whenever international peace is
threatened. In fact, it meets almost every day.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
is the central body for coordinating the economic and social work
of the United Nations and the UN System. The Council has 54
members which are chosen for equal geographical
representation and serve a three-year term. Voting in the Council
is by simple majority; each member has one vote.
The Trusteeship Council
was assigned under the UN Charter to supervise the
administration of 11 Trust Territories—former colonies or
dependent territories—which were placed under the International
Trusteeship System. The system was created at the end of the
World War II to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of
those dependent territories and their progressive development
towards self-governance or independence.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
is the UN’s main judicial organ, located in The Hague,
Netherlands. Established in 1945, the ICJ, or “World Court”
assumed its functions in 1946. The Court settles legal disputes
only between nations and not between individuals, in accordance
with international law.
The Secretariat
is made up of an international staff working at UN Headquarters
in New York, as well as UN offices in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi
and other locations. It consists of departments and offices with a
total staff of 16,000 drawn from most Member States. They carry
out the day-to-day work of the Organization. Their duties are as
varied as the problems dealt with by the United Nations. The
Secretariat is responsible for servicing the other organs of the
United Nations and administering the programmes and policies
laid down by them.
 Multilateralism
Multilateralism refers to collective, cooperative action by states –
when necessary, in concert with nonstate actors – to deal with the
common problems and challenges when these are the best
managed collaboratively at the international level.
THE RELEVANCE OF
THE STATE AMIDST
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
Globalization is complex phenomenon, which encompasses a
great variety of tendencies and trends in the economic, social
and cultural spheres.
State
The state is a form of human association distinguished from the
other social groups by its purpose, the establishments of order
and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its
territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and
finally, by its sovereignty.
 GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE
NORTH AND THE SOUTH
• The Global North and South Divides is an imaginary line that
divides the wealthy developed countries and the poor
developing countries. It also known as “Rich-Poor Divides.”
• The North is the wealthy developed countries. It is mostly
correlated with the Western World and the First World.
• The South is the least developed countries. Largely
corresponds with the Third World and Eastern World.
 THE THIRD WORLD
FROM THE GLOBAL
SOUTH
The Global Divide was made official with the East and West power
or the “Cold War.” They divided the world into three (3) categories
that embodies 3 types of countries along the Globe: The First
World, Second World and the Third World.
THE THREE WORLDS
THEORY
The First World
this term was originally used to describe countries that were
aligned with NATO and were opponents of Soviet Union.
However, upon the collapse of Soviet Union in the early 1990s,
the term has changed slightly.
The Second World
Is a term used during the Cold War to refer to the industrial
socialists’ states that were under the influence of the Soviet
Union. Former communist countries that aren’t quite in poverty
but aren’t prosperous either.
The Third World
can be defined by high poverty rates, economic instability, and
lack of basic human resources compared to the rest of the world.
This term was used to describe countries that were not aligned
with the Communist Bloc or NATO or that were neutral. Non-
aligned world and as the global realm of poverty and under-
development.
The Fourth World
is used to describe parts of countries in the Third world that are
most stricken by poverty. Most of these regions do not have
political ties. The people of these nations are hunter-gatherers,
live in nomadic communities, or are part of tribes.
The Comparison between North and South is not
only one aspect, it can be seen through 3 different
angles that is:
NORTH SOUTH
External threat –widespread of The internal affairs of the Nations –
terrorist activity in the worldwide reasons (political struggles and
POLITICAL corruption, lack of respect for the rule
of law and violations of human rights)

Manufacturing –cheap labor Agriculture –cotton, tobacco, rice,

ECONOMY sugar cane
Determined by life in the Cities:– Determined by the upper class:--
both religion and education were Plantation owners and their families--
organized--there were schools only children of plantation owners
SOCIAL and churches in most town-- received any education--small
college was reserved for the farmers had little or no educationThe
wealthy culture of the South revolved around
plantation life.
CLASSIFYING COUNTRIES
Classifying Countries: The World Bank
The World Bank classifies the World’s economies into Four income
groups:

1.High
2.Upper-middle
3.Lower-middle
4.Low

It is based on GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (GNI) per capita (current

$) calculated using the Atlas method.
Classifying Countries: United Nations
1.Most Developed Countries (MDCs), the richest of the
industrialized and democratic nations of the world.
2.Less Developed Countries (LDCs), countries with little
industrial development, little wealth, and high population
growth.
3.Least Developed Countries (LLDCs), very low per
capita income, low literacy rates, and very little in the way
of manufacturing industries.
Media
refers to the different means of communication like radio,
television, internet etc. It plays a very important role in shaping
human mind. Mass media is a section of the media determined to
reach a greater audience.
Religion
human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred,
absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial reverence.
REALITIES
• Peter Berger said that “contemporary world is furiously
religious.
• Religions are the foundation of modern republics.
Example:
• Malaysian government places religion at the center of the political
system. Islam, is the religion of federation.
• The late religious leader Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, was the one led
the Iranian revolution that turned the country into “theocracy”.
 Migration
in geography usually refers to the movement of humans from one
place to another. It occurs when the perceived interaction of Push
and Pull factors overcome the friction of moving.
• Push factors: elements of the origin that are perceived
negatively leading to a desire to leave.
• Pull factors: elements of the destination that are perceived
positively leading to place-attraction.
• Friction of Moving: costs in time, finance and emotions in
leaving one location and moving to another. The strength of the
Pull and/or Push factors need to overcome these costs to cause
potential migrants to turn that into an actual relocation.
Demography is the study of human populations – their
size, composition and distribution across space – and the
process through which populations change. Births,
deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography,
jointly producing population stability or change.
Population composition is the description of the
characteristics of a group of people in terms of factors
such as their age, sex, marital status, education,
occupation, and relationship to the head of household.
• Population ageing, which entails an increasing share of older
persons in the population, is a major global demographic trend
which will intensify during the twenty-first century.
• Life expectancy is the key metric for assessing population
health. Broader than the narrow metric of the infant and child
mortality, which focus solely at mortality at a young age, life
expectancy captures the mortality along the entire life course. It
tells us the average age of death in a population.
 Theory of Demographic
Transition
is a theory that throws light on changes in birth rate and death rate
and consequently on the growth-rate of population.
First Stage:
This stage has been called
high population growth
potential stage. It is
characterized by high and
fluctuating birth and death rates
which will almost neutralize
each other.
Second Stage:
It is called the stage of Population
Explosion. In this stage the death
rate is decreasing while the birth
rate remains constant at a high
level. Agricultural and industrial
productivity increases, means of
transport and communication
develops. There is great mobility of
labor. Education expands. Income
also increases. People get more and
better quality of food products.
Medical and health facilities are
expanded.
Third Stage:
It is also characterized as a
population stage because the
population continues to grow at
a fast rate. In this stage, birth
rate as compared to the death
rate declines more rapidly. As a
result, population grows at a
diminishing rate.
Fourth Stage:
It is called the stage of
stationary population. Birch
rate and death rate are both at
a low level and they are again
near balance. Birth rate is
approximately equal to death
rate and there is little growth in
population. It becomes more or
less stationary at a low level.
Sustainable Development
(SD)
“Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs”
 Models for Sustainable
Development
Models help us understanding the concepts of Sustainability
better, help us gather, share, and analyze information; they help
coordinating work; and educate and train professionals,
policymakers, and the public in general.
Three Pillar Basic Model
This is one of the most well-known models created using the
three dimensions Economy, Environment and Society. The
diagram shows three interlocking circles with the triangle of
environmental (conservation), economic (growth), and social
(equity) dimensions. Sustainable Development is modelled on
these Bearable Equitable three pillars.
Gross National Happiness (GNH)
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is an attempt to define quality
of life in a more holistic and psychological terms than Gross
National Product. The four pillars of GNH are the promotion of
equitable and sustainable socio-economic development,
preservation and promotion of cultural values, conservation of the
natural environment, and establishment of good governance.
conventional development models Gross National Happiness
(GNH) conventional development models stress economic
growth as the ultimate objective.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three
basic dimensions of human development:

1. A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth.

2. Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-
thirds weightage) and the combined primary, secondary, and
tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one-third weightage).
3. A decent standard of living, as measured by the log of gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity
(PPP) in USD.
THREE Rs of SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Reduce: to use fewer resources in the first place. It takes resources
to manufacture, transport, and dispose of products, so reduction
minimizes the use of new resources.
Reuse: Use materials more than once in their original form instead of
throwing them away after each use. Reuse keeps new resources
from being used for a while longer, and old resources from entering
the waste stream.
Recycle: Converting waste materials into new products, changing
them from their original form by physical and chemical processes.
Although recycling uses energy, it helps to prevent new resources
from being used and old materials from entering the waste stream.
The KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the
1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one)
global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely
that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the
protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol.
The MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of
the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect
the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous
substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
PARIS
 Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191
UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United
Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000 commits world
leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental
degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from
this Declaration, and all have specific targets and indicators.
The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:

1.to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;

2.to achieve universal primary education;
3.to promote gender equality and empower women;
4.to reduce child mortality;
5.to improve maternal health;
6.to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
7.to ensure environmental sustainability; and
8.to develop a global partnership for development.
Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning
opportunities for all
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment, and decent work for all
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and
foster innovation
Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development
Goal 15: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation
and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16: Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable
institutions
Goal 17: Strengthen means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development
 The 17 SDGs of the UN
put an end to poverty worldwide in
1. NO POVERTY all its manifestations.
achieve food security, increase nutrition, and
2. ZERO HUNGER advance sustainable agriculture to end hunger.

3. GOOD HEALTH & make sure everyone leads healthy lifestyle

WELL-BEING and encourages well-being at all ages.

4. QUALITY make sure all students have access to

inclusive, equitable education, & encourage
EDUCATION opportunities for lifelong learning.

realize gender parity and give

5. GENDER EQUALITY authority to women of all ages.
6. CLEAN WATER & make sure that everyone has access to
SANITATION water and is managed sustainably.
 The 17 SDGs of the UN
7. AFORDABLE & ensure that everyone has access to
CLEAN ENERGY modern, sustainable, cheap energy.
8. DECENT WORK & encourage consistent, equitable, and sustainable
economic growth, complete and productive
ECONOMIC GROWTH employment, and respectable employement for all.

increase innovation, encourage inclusive, and

9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, sustainable industrialization, and build resilient
& INFRASTRUCTURE insfrastructure.

10. REDUCED reduce inequality both within and

INEQUALITIES between nations.
11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES make human settlements and cities
& COMMUNITIES inclusive, secure, robust, and sustainable.
develop sustainable practices that
12. RESPONSIBLE
strengthen responsible production and
CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION
consumption habits.
 The 17 SDGs of the UN
combat climate change and its
13. CLIMATE ACTION effects by acting quickly.
use marine resources wisely and sustainably to
14. LIFE BELOW WATER promote sustainable development.

protect, repair, & encourage the sustainable use of terrestrial

15. LIFE ON LAND ecosystems. Manage forests sustainably. Fight
desertification. Halt & reverse land deterioration.

16. PEACE, JUSTICE & encourage inclusive & peaceful societies for sustainable
development, ensure that everyone has access to justice, &
STRONG INSTITUTIONS creative inclusive institutions at all levels.

17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR boost the global collaboration for sustainable

development and strengthen its implementation
THE GOALS methods.
 citizenship
The term citizenship not only refers to the legal relationship
between citizen and state, which comprises rights and obligations,
but also to (expectations regarding) various forms of social
participations. The legal relationship between citizen and state is
sometimes also referred to as ‘the formal dimension of citizenship’
(Schinkel, 2008). The participation dimension is ‘the moral
dimension of citizenship’. This moral dimension is not a new one.
References to the moral aspects of citizenship date as far back as
the ancient Greeks and Romans.
 GLOBAL FOOD
SECURITY
The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security
as existing "when all people at all times have access to
sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and
active life".
 ACCESS
purchasing power, allocation
preference. market stability
political stability

AVAILABILITY
natural or domestic FOOD UTILIZATION
production SECURITY nutritional balance, food
supply level, import capability, security
distribution, exchange

STABILITY
permanent and sustainable
access to food over time
 Refers to the
ability to obtain
food over time.
Food stability
Refers to the
ability to obtain
food over time.
 Refers to the affordability
and allocation of food, as
well as the preferences of
individuals and households.
 Food access
Refers to the affordability
and allocation of food, as
well as the preferences of
individuals and households.
 Refers to the affordability
and allocation of food, as
well as the preferences of
individuals and households.
 Food availability
Refers to the affordability
and allocation of food, as
well as the preferences of
individuals and households.
TYPES OF FOOD
PRODUCTIONS
 SUBSISTENCE
Production of food for
personal or household
consumption, often practiced
in rural and developing areas
with limited access to markets
and cash.
 TRADITIONAL
Indigenous or local food
production systems that have
been used for generations
and often rely on local inputs
and knowledge.
CONVENTIONAL
Large-scale, industrial food
production systems that have
been used for generations
and often rely on local inputs
and knowledge.
 CERTIFIED ORGANIC
Regulated system of food
production that prioritizes the
use of natural inputs and
prohibits the use of natural
inputs and prohibits the use of
synthetic chemicals
 INDUSTRIAL
Highly mechanized and
standardized food production
systems that prioritize efficiency
and profit, often resulting in
environmental degradation and
worker exploitation.
AGRI-ECOLOGICAL
Ecological approach to food
production that prioritizes the
integration of natural systems,
biodiversity, and traditional
knowledge.
FOUR BRANCHES
OF ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
PROVISIONING
Products humans
obtain from
ecosystems
 REGULATING
Services nature
provides that regulate
the environment
 CULTURAL
Non-material benefits
of nature for humans
 SUPPORTING
Underpinning services
that enable other
services to function