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DEFINITION

The information/data are transferred from source


to destination over the network through single or
integration of many media such as text, images,
audio and video is called multimedia
communication.
Types of Media:
Text: This includes both unformatted text, consisting of strings of
characters and formatted text strings as used for structuring, access
and presentation of electronic documents.
Images: These include computer generated images, comprising lines,
curves and circles and digitized images of documents and pictures.
Audio: This includes both low fidelity speech as used in telephony and
high fidelity stereophonic music as used with compact discs.
Video: This includes short sequence of moving images (video clips) and
complete movies/films.
Types of Communication in
Multimedia Communication
• The applications may involve either person-to-
person communication or person-to system
communication.
• If two people communicate with each other
through suitable terminal equipment (TE).
• If a person interacts with a system using either
multimedia personal computer (PC) or
workstation
Multimedia Networks:
• There are five basic types of communication network that are used to
provide multimedia communication services:
1. Telephone networks
2. Data networks
3. Broadcast television networks
4. Integrated Service Digital Networks
5. Broadband Multiservice Networks
TELEPHONE NETWORKS
Telephone Networks

• Public switched telephone network (PSTN)


• The term “switched” is used to indicate that a subscriber can make a call to any other
telephone that is connected to the total network
POTS-Plain Old Telephone System
• Initially calls were done within a country
• Extended to International calls

• PBX – Private Branch Exchange


• LE - Local Exchange
• IGE - International Gateway Exchange
• GMSC – Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
• PSTN- Public Switched Telephone Networks
• Microphone is used to convert speech to analog signal
• Telephone earlier used to work in circuit mode – a separate call is set
up and resources are reserved through out the network during the
duration of the call.
• Handsets were designed to carry two way analog signals to PBX.
• Digital mode is seen within a PSTN.
• MODEM was a significant device used
DATA NETWORKS
• Designed for basic data communication services –electronic mail (email) and
file transfers.
• UE- PC/Computer/Workstation
• Two widely deployed networks- X.25 and Internet
• X.25- low bit rate –unsuitable for MM applications
• Internet- collection of interconnected networks all of which operate using the
same set of communication protocol
• Communication protocol- set of rules that are applied in order to exchange
information -this includes syntax of messages.
• Open System Interconnection- The Internet is using the same set of
communication protocols (TCP/IP)
• Home/Small Offices connect to Internet via Internet Service
Provider(ISP) through a PSTN with modem or ISDN.
• Site / Campus Network – single site/Multiple sites connect to the
Internet through an enterprise-wide private network
EWPN – ex. College / University campus
• In case of single site/ campus, the network is known as Local Area
Network (LAN)
• Enterprise wide networks consisting multiple sites are interconnected
together using an inter-site backbone network.
• The different types of network are all connected to the Internet
backbone network through an interworking unit called a gateway.
Broadcast Television Networks
• Designed to support the diffusion of analog television to geographically wide areas.
• For city/town- the broadcast medium is a cable distribution network
• for larger areas – a satellite network or a terrestrial broadcast network is used
• Digital television services started with Home shopping and Game playing.
• The set top up box attached to the cable distribution network provides not only control of the
television channels but also access to other services.
For example, when cable modem is integrated into the STB provides both a low bit rate channel
and a high bit rate channel from the subscriber back to the cable head end.
• The low bit rate channel is used to connect the subscriber to a PSTN and the high bit rate channel
to connect the subscriber to the internet.
• In case of satellite and terrestrial broadcast networks, when a high speed PSTN modem is
integrated into the STB which provides the subscriber with an interaction channel.
• This is the origin of the term “interactive television”.
Integrated Services Digital
Networks (ISDN)
• ISDN is designed to provide PSTN users with the capability of having
additional services.
• This was achieved firstly by converting the access circuits that
connect user equipment to the network.
• Secondly by providing two separate communication channels over
these circuits.
• These allows user to have two different calls such as a telephone call
and a data call
• This access circuit is known as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).
• The subscriber telephone can be either a digital phone or analog
phone. In case of a digital phone, the electronics convert the analog
voice and call setup signals into
• The digitization of a telephone quality analog speech signal produces a
constant bit rate referred to a bit stream of 64kbps.
• Hence the basic DSL of the ISDN is known as the basic rate access
(BRA)which supports two 64kbps channels.
• To combine two separate 64kbps bitstreams into a single 128kbps
stream requires an additional electronics known as aggregation.
• A higher bit rate channel of either 1.5 or 2Mbps is supported to ISDN
known as primary rate access (PRA)
Broadband Multiservice
Networks
• Broadband multiservice networks are designed to support a wide range of multimedia
communication application.
• The term “broadband” used to indicate that the circuits associated with a call could
have bits rates of maximum of 2Mbps which is provided by an ISDN.
• Hence it is also known as Broadband integrated services digital networks or B-ISDN
• ISDN is also referred to as Narrowband ISDN or N-ISDN.
• B-ISDN is associated with the digitization of a video signal.
• The switching and transmission methods used within these networks are more flexible
than PSTN or ISDN.
• To achieve this flexibility, all the different multimedia applications are first converted
into digital form.
• The multimedia generates multiple fixed sized packets known as cells. The rate of
transfer of cells through the network also varies and hence this mode is known as
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
Multimedia Applications

1. Interpersonal communications
2. Interactive applications over the internet
3. Entertainment applications
Interpersonal Communications
• Interpersonal communications may involve speech, image, text or
video.
• In some cases just a single type of medium is involved while in others
two or more media types are integrated together.
Speech only
• Interpersonal communications involving speech i.e. telephone have
been provided using telephones that are connected either to a PSTN
or PBx
• By using a multimedia PC equipped with a microphone and speakers,
the user can take part in telephone calls through the PC
• This requires a telephone interface card and associated software which
is known as computer telephony integration (CTI).
• In addition to telephony, many public and private networks support
additional services. Two examples are voice mail and teleconferencing.

Image only
An alternative form of interpersonal communications over a PSTN or
an ISDN is by exchange of electronic images of documents which is
known as facsimile or fax
• Text only
• Example of interpersonal communication involving just text is
Electronic mail (E mail).
• The user terminal is normally workstation or computer. The most widespread network
used is the Internet.
• In case of user at home can access to the internet is through a PSTN/ISDN and an
Internet Service Provider (ISP) network.
• Business user obtains access either through an enterprise network or site/campus
network
• Each network is a set of one or more server computers. Each known as email server.
• Mail server contains a mailbox for each user connected to that network.
• A user can create and deposit mail into his or her mailbox and read mail from it.
• Both email server and internet gateway operate using standard Internet
communication protocols.
Text and images
• An example of an application that involves both text and images
integrated together is Computer supported Cooperative Working
(CSCW).
• The network used is an enterprise network, a LAN or the Internet.
• A distributed group of people in his or her place of work in where all are
working on the same project.
• The software associated with CSCW consists of a central program is
known as the whiteboard program and it is linked set of supported
programs one in each workstation.
• It is made up of two parts: Change notification part and an update
control part.
• Whenever a member of the group updates the contents of his/her
whiteboard, the change notification part sends details of the changes to
the whiteboard program.
• This give the changes to the update control in each of the other PCs
and these in turn update the contents of their copy of the whiteboard
Speech and video
• Video Telephony – Video camera in addition to microphone is used.
• A dedicated terminal / MM PC can be used for communication
• An entire display / window in PC is used.
• A two-way communication channel must be provided by the network with sufficient
bandwidth to support this integrated environment.
• Desktop video conferencing call is used in large corporations
• Bandwidth used is more
• Multipoint Control Unit/Videoconferencing server is used (BW –reduced)
• Integrated speech and video is sent from each participant reaches MCU which selects a
single information stream to send to each participant.
• When it detects a participant speaking, it sends that stream to all other participants. Only a
single two way comm channel between each location and the MCU is required.
• Internet supports multicasting- one PC to a predefined group of PCs. MCUs were not used
here. Here number of participants will be limited
Multimedia
• Three different types of electronic mail other than text only
Voice mail:
• Voice mail server is associated with each network.
• User enters a voice message addressed to a recipient
• Local voice mail server relays this to the voice server of the intended recipient network.
• When the recipient logs in to the mailbox next, the message is played out
• Video mail also works the same way – but with video and speech
Multimedia Mail
• Combination of all four media types
• MIME – Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions
• In case of speech and video, annotations can be sent either directly to mailbox of recipient with original text
message.
• Stored and played in a normal way/ played when the recipients reads out the text message and the recipient
terminal supports audio /video
Interactive Applications over
the Internet
• The most widely used for interactions over the internet is World Wide Web (WWW) or
Web server.
• This consists of linked set of multimedia information servers that are geographically
distributed around the internet.
• Each document consists of a linked set of pages and the linkage between the pages are
known as hyperlinks.
• Documents consisting of only text are created using hypertext and consisting of
multimedia information are created using hypermedia.
• Each document has a unique address known as Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• The first page of the document is known as home page.
• A standard format is used for writing documents is known as Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML).
• The client function is called browser.
Entertainment Applications
Two types:
• Movie/ video – on demand
• Interactive television
• Movie/ video –on demand
• Video / audio applications need to be of much higher quality/resolution
since wide screen or stereophonic sound may be used.
• Min channel bit rate of 1.5 Mbps is used.
• Here a PSTN with high bit rate required / Cable network
• Digitized movies / videos are stored in servers.
• Subscriber end
• Conventional television
• Television with selection device for interactive purpose.
• Movie-on-demand /video-on-demand
• Control of playing of the movies can be taken like Video Cassette Recorder
• Any time – User’s choice
• This may result in concurrent access leading to multiple copies in the server
• This may add up to the cost
• Alternate method used is not play the movie immediately after request but defer till the next time
playout time. All request satisfied simultaneously by server outputting a single video stream. This
mode is known as near movie-on-demand or N-MOD.
• Viewer is unable to control the playout of the movie
• Formats of the files also play a significant role
Interactive Television
• Broadcast Television include cable, satellite and terrestrial networks.
• Diffusion of analog and digital television programs
• Set Top Box also has a modem within it
• Cable Networks- STB provides a low bit rate connection to PSTN as well requests and a
high bit rate connection to Internet or broadcasts
• An additional Keyboard, telephone can be connected to the STB to gain access to services.
• Interaction Television:
• Through the connection to PSTN, users were initially actively able to respond to the
information being broadcast.
• Return channels helped in voting, participation in games, home shopping etc.,
• STB in these networks require a high speed modem
Media Types

• The information flow associated with the different applications can be either
continuous or block mode.

Continuous media
• In the case of continuous media the information stream is generated by the source
continuously in a time dependent way.
• Therefore continuous media is passed directly to the destination as it is generated and
at the destination the information stream is played out directly as it is received. This
mode of operation is called streaming and since continuous media is generated in time
dependent way, it is also known as real time media.
Two examples of media types that generate continuous streams of information in real
time are audio and video.
• In terms of the bit rate at which the source information stream is generated can be
either a constant bit rate (CBR) or a variable bit rate (VBR)
• Block mode media
• In block mode media, the source information consists of a single block of
information
that is created in a time independent way.
Example: A block of text representing an email or computer program,
A two dimensional matrix of pixel values that represents an image

Block mode media is created in time independent way and is often stored and
displayed at a time determined by the requesting application program. This mode
of operation is known as down loading.
• When a block is requested, the delay between the request being made and the
contents of the block being displayed at the destination within an acceptable
time interval.
This known as round trip delay (RTD)
COMMUNICATION MODES
• The transfer of the information streams associated
with an application can be 1 of the 5 modes:
• Simplex: 1 direction only
• Half-duplex: flows in both directions but alternately
• Full-duplex: flows in both directions simultaneously
(1-to-1 transmission)
• Broadcast: 1-to-all transmission
• Multicast: 1-to-many transmission
• In duplex communications, if the bit rate associated
with flow of information in the 2 directions are
equal,
• the information flow is symmetric. Otherwise, it's
asymmetric
Network Types
• There are 2 types of communications channel associated with the
various network types: circuit-mode & packet-mode.
• Channels in circuit-mode:
Operates in a time-dependent way
 Also known as a synchronous communications channel since it provides
a constant bit rate service.
• Channels in packet-mode:
 Operates in a time-varying way
 Also known as an asynchronous communications channel since it
provides a variable bit rate service
CIRCUIT-MODE:
• This type of network is also known as a
circuit switched network.
• A circuit-mode network comprises an
interconnected set of switching
offices/exchanges to which the
subscribers/computers are connected.
• Prior to sending any information, the
source must first set up a connection
through the network.
• The bit rate associated with the
connection is fixed.
• The messages associated with the
setting up and clearing of a connection
are known as signaling messages.
• There is a call/connection setup delay.
Packet mode

• There are two types of packet mode network:


connection oriented (CO) and connectionless (CL)
• Comprises an interconnected set of PSEs (Packet-
Switching Exchanges).
• Connection-Oriented network is also called as
Packet-switched network.
• Each terminal/computer is connected to the
network has a unique network-wide
number/address associated with it.
• Prior to the sending any information connection is
first set up through network using the addresses of
the source and destination terminals.
• Connection/circuit that is set up utilizes only a
variable portion of the BW of each link
hence, connection is known as Virtual
Connection/Virtual Circuit (VC)
Connectionless Network:
 The establishment of a connection is not
required and the two communicating
terminals/computers can communicate
and exchange information as and when
they wish.
 Each packet must carry the full source
and destination addresses in its header
in order for each PSE to route the packet
onto the appropriate outgoing link.
 The term router is normally used rather
than PSE
Multipoint Conferencing
It's implemented in one of the 2 ways:
centralized and decentralized.
· The centralized mode is used with circuit-
switched networks such as a PSTN or an ISDN.
· The decentralized mode is used with packet-
switched networks which support multicast
communications. (e.g. LAN, intranet and the
Internet)
· A third mode known as the hybrid mode can
be used, when the various terminal/ computers
that make up the conference are attached to
different network types.
1. Data conferencing: involves data only
2. Audio conferencing: involves audio only
3. Video conferencing: involves speech and
video synchronized and integrated together
4. Multimedia conferencing: involve speech,
video and data integrated together.
Network QoS
• Network Quality of Service (QoS) parameters : These are the operational
parameters associated with a communications channel through a network,
and collectively determine the suitability of the channel in relation to its use
for a particular application.
• Circuit-switched network: (CBR network) · The QoS associated with a CBR
channel that is set up through a circuit-switched network include:
• 1. The bit rate
• 2. The mean bit error rate
• 3. The transmission delay ·
The mean bit error rate (BER) of a channel is the probability of a bit being
corrupted during its transmission across the channel in a defined time
interval.
Packet-switched network
The QoS parameters associated with a packet-switched network
include:
1. The maximum packet size
2. The mean packet transfer rate
3. The mean packet error rate
4. The mean packet transfer delay
5. The worst-case jitter
6. The transmission delay

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