THE RISE OF NATIONALISM

IN EUROPE

K. MADHAVA RAO
P.G.T. HISTORY
WHAT IS NATIONALISM?
 Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes
people think of
 themselves as a Nation.

 During 19th & 20th centuries Nationalism was a powerful force

that could
 create:

 One Nation from many separate countries

 (Ex. Italy & Germany)
 Break one nation up into many countries
 (Ex. Austria- Hungary and Turkey )
EUROPEAN SOCIETY

 THE UPPER CLASS :

 • The landed aristocracy were the dominant group.
 • They had common interest and lifestyle. Owned large country estates and
town houses.
 • Most of them spoke French

 LOWER CLASS :
 • Majority of the people were peasants.
 • Most were landless and worked as serfs.
UPPER CLASSS PEOPLE. LOWER CLASS PEOPLE
 1804 • Serbian
revolution
1815 • The Congress of
Vienna
1821 - • Greek’s declaration of national
1829 independence
• Belgian
1830 - Revolution
• Revolution in Poland and
1831 Lithuania
• Uprising in Greater
1830 - Poland
1831 • Nationalist revolts in Hungary, Italy,
Germany
1846 • Italy
unified
1848 • Polish national
revolt
1859 - • Germany
TIMELINE
1861 unified
• Hungary granted
1863 autonomy
• Congress of
1866 - Berlin
• Bulgaria becomes
1871 independent
z
FRENCH REVOLUTION & THE IDEA OF THE
NATION
 French revolution started in 1789.

 France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under rule of a monarch.

 Political and constitutional changes that came in wake of the French revolution led to the

transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens.

 Various practices adopted to develop a sense of collective identity among people.

 Declaration of mission to liberate Europe from despotism.

 Setting up of Jacobin clubs by educated middle classes and students of Europe

THE IDEA OF THE NATIONALISM
 Idea of La Patrie (the fatherland) Le Citoyen (the citizen)were emphasized.

 Adoption of new constitution with citizens enjoying equal rights.

 Adopted tri color as new French flag replacing royal standards.

 New hymns were composed oaths were taken & martyrs remembered in the name of nation.

 Uniform system of weights & measures were adopted.

 Centralized administrative system was formulized.

 French become the national language and regional dialects were discouraged.

 Imaginary female allegories were used to show united nation. Such as : Marianna &Germania
 NEPOLEONIC CODE / COVIL CODE OF 1804
 Privileges based on birth abolished and equality before law was established.

 Right to property was established and feudal system was abolished.

 Administrative divisions were simplified.

 Peasants got freedom from serfdom and manorial dues.

 Uniform laws and standardization of weight and measures were introduced.

 Common national currency was adopted.

 Guild restriction in towns was removed and transport and communication system
improved.
THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
 Till mid 18th century there was no concept of “Nation State” in Europe.

 Society and politics was dominated aristocracy.

 To the west, the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and
Central Europe by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

 Emergence of working and middle classes due to industrialization in 19th cent.

 Educated , liberal middle classes popularized abolition of Aristocratic Privileges.

 Liberal Nationalism

IN POLITICAL IN ECONOMIC SPHERE

SPHERE
• Government by consent • Freedom for market.
• End of Autocracy • Removal of state imposed
restrictions
• Adoption of constitution
on movement of goods and capital.
• Abolition of property rights.
• In 1834, a customs union
• Equality before law
Zollverein was formed .
• Representative
• The union abolished tariff barriers
Government through
and reduced the number of
Parliament
currencies from over thirty to two.
 New Conservatism After
 After
1815
defeat of Napoleon European governments were driven by a spirit of
conservatism.
 Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria drew the “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815.
 Main Motive was to undo the changes initiated by Napoleon and to restore
Monarchy.
1.Restoration of Bourbon 6. No change in German
Dynasty. confederation of 39 states.
2.Territories acquired by 7. Russia to get Polaand
Napoleon taken back

PROVISIONS
OF Treaty of
Vienna
3.Prevented French
Expansion in Future 5. Prussia as given ne
4. Austria to control territories on its
northern Italy western border
including Saxony.
 The Revolutionaries
 Establishment of Secret Societies to spread the Ideas of nationalism and
oppose conservatism.

 Mazzini viewed “ Nation States” to be necessary and opposed Monarchy.

 Inspired other secret societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

Giuseppe Mazzini joined one such society at Carbonan.

 Later, he established two more Secret societies “Young Italy” in Marseilles, and then,
“Young Europe” in Berne.

 Conservative frightened by his move.

 Division of Age of
Revolution
Age of Revolution-1830-1848
( can be divided under three
stages)

The Romantic Hunger,

Imagination Hardship and 1848: The
and National Popular Revolt Revolution of the
Feeling Liberals
 The Romantic Imagination and National
Feeling
 Use of culture to create idea of a Nation.

 Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and
science.

 Focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

 Used Art Poetry Stories & Music to shape nationalists feelings.

 Collected Folklores to spread Nationalism even among illiterates.

 Language also played a vital role for e.g. The use of Polish language in Poland

came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

The Polish The Polish
polonaise mazurka

The Grimm
brothers

Gottfried
Herder
 HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND
 The 1830sREVOLT
were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

 The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over
Europe.

 Large Scale rural migration to cities led to overcrowded cities and reduced Jobs

 Stiff competition between hand made goods and cheap machine made goods

 Peasants burdened with feudal dues as in rural areas aristocracy was still enjoying the
power.

 The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and

country.

 Peasants and weavers revolted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
 The Revolution of the Liberals-

1848
French Monarchy uprooted by revolt of 1848 & a Republic had been proclaimed.

 Demand of liberal middle classes for constitutionalism with National Unification.

 In Germany Professionals businessmen, Artisans decided to vote for all German National assembly.

 Frankfurt Parliament organized in Church of St. Paul. constitution was drafted for a German

nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament ,

 Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia. He rejected joined other monarchs

to oppose the elected assembly

THE FRANKFURT
ASSEMBLY 1848
 Social base of parliament shifted to middle class dominance.

 Lost the support of workers and artisans.

 Political associations were formed by women for Political Rights.

 Conservative forces suppressed liberals .

 Fearing future revolutions Monarchs introduced changes .

 Serfdom and bonded labour abolished.

THE REVOLT IN
 UNIFICATION OF
GERMANY
IN MAY 1848 THE LIBERAL ATTEMPT TO SET UP A
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AT FRANKFURT WAS
SUPPRESSED BY THE MONARCHY, MILITARY AND
JUNKERS.

AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE GERMAN NATIONAL

ASSEMBLY, PRUSSIAN CHIEF MINISTER OTTO VON
BISMARCK TAKES THE
LEAD IN GERMAN UNIFICATION.

HE PLANNED THE UNIFICATION WITH THE HELP OF THE

PRUSSIAN ARMY AND BUREAUCRACY.

HE CONDUCTED 3 WARS WITH FRANCE, AUSTRIA

AND DENMARK OVER 7 YEARS, THUS ENSURING
GERMAN UNIFICATION.

THE PROCESS WAS COMPLETED WITH THE CROWNING

 UNIFIED GERMANY IN
1871

OTTO VON
BISMARCK
 UNIFICATION OF
ITALY
ITALY WAS DIVIDED INTO 7 STATESOF WHICH ONLY
ONE, SARDINIA- PIEDMONT WAS RULED BY AN ITALIAN
DYNASTY.

IDEAS OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION FIRST GIVEN BY

GUISEPPE MAZZINI THROUGH HIS SECRET SOCIETY
CALLED YOUNG ITALY.

AFTER HIS FAILED REVOLUTIONS IN 1831 AND 1848,

THE LEAD WAS TAKEN BY THE KING OF SARDINIA,
VICTOR EMMANUEL II.

CHIEF MINISTER OF SARDINIA, COUNT CAVOUR LED

THE UNIFICATION PROCESS BY DIPLOMATIC ALLIACE
WITH FRANCE TO DEFEAT AUSTRIA AND UNIFY ITS
NORTHERN TERRITORIES.

IN THE SOUTHERN PART, GUISEPPE GARIBALDI LED THE

MOVEMENT BY INVOLVING LOCAL PEASANT SUPPORT TO
VICTOR EMMANUEL
II MAZZINI

COUNT
CAVOUR GARIBAL
ITALIAN STATES BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1858
z
 UNIFICATION OF GREAT
BRITAIN
UNLIKE OTHE EUROPEAN UNIFICATIONS, THIS WAS NOT
THE RESULT OF A NATIONALIST REVOLT.

BRITISH ISLES CONSISTED OF FOUR MAIN ETHNIC

REGIONS: ENGLISH, WELSH, SCOTTISH AND IRISH.

THE DECISION FOR UNIFICATION WAS TAKEN BY

THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.

IN 1707, THROUGH AN ACT OF UNION, ENGLAND TOOK

CONTROL OF SCOTLAND, COMPLETELY SUBJUGATING
THEIR IDENTITY.

IN 1801, THROUGH ANOTHER ACT OF UNION,

IRELAND TOO WAS MADE A PART OF THE KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN.

THERE WAS A GREAT EFFORT TO IMPOSE THE

 Visualizing
Nation
 Nations began to be portrayed as female figures called

Allegory.

 Ideas like Liberty ,Justice, and Republic too were personified

as female figures.

 Allegories were erected at squares to mark national Unity.

 Coins and Stamps too carried their images.

 Marianne represented Republic of France and Germania

portrayed German Nation

WHAT IS
ALLEGORY?
 The representation of abstract
ideas or principles by
characters, figures, or events in
narrative, dramatic, or pictorial
form is known as ALLEGORY.
 France was portrayed as CHRISTENED
MARIANNE, which was a popular
Christian name.

 Christened Marianne underlined the

idea of peoples’ nation.
Marianne
represented Liberty
and the Republic
by the cap and the
cockade..
MARIANNE IMAGES WERE
MARKED ON COINS AND
STAMPS.
SIMILARLY , GERMANIA BECAME THE
ALLEGORY OF THE GERMAN
NATION.
 Nationalism and Imperialism: Balkan
 Issue
Balkans become the source of Nationalist
Tension in Europe after 1871

 it was too a region of geographical &

ethnic
variations

 Inhabited by slaves & was under control of

Ottoman Empire

 Ideas of nationalism swept over entire

Balkan region

 One by one different Nationalities declared

their independence through struggle.
 It became an area of conflict among its Nationalities and later became one of the
causes

of First World War .

 Each state develop jealously & hope to expand at the cost of others.

 European power further complicated the situation .

 They were struggling to prove their trade & military might over the others.

 Countries like Russia , Germany, England, Austria- Hungary, extended their control

over Balkan Area.

THE BALKANS
COMPRISED

OF-
ROMANIA
 BOSNIA-
HERZEGOVINA
 BULGARIA
 ALBANIA
 GREECE
 MACEDONIA
 CROATIA
 SOLVENIA
 SERBIA
 MONTENEGRO
BALKAN
S
THANK
YOU