Biomedical Signal Processing 2

Biomedical Signal Processing
Nervous System and Neuron

BRAIN
The Nervous System:
SPINAL
CHORD
NERVES
Central Nervous System(CNS)
They act as command centres of the nervous system
CNS Controls various tissues, organs and organ

systems of the body
Illustration:
Functions of Nervous system:
• Collect Sensory Input from the body

• Processes the sensory input
• Respond appropriately to the sensory input
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS):
Functional Subdivisions of PNS:
Neuron
Structure of Neuron
Types of Neuron:
How Neurons Communicate
Resting Potential
At Resting Potential:
• NA+ concentration inside the cell is far less than the outside
• The Outside of the cell is more positive than inside of the cell.
• To balance the charge, additional k+ ions enter the cell, causing higher
k+ concentration inside the cell than outside
• Charge balance cannot be reached due to the differences in
membrane permeability for different ions
• A state of equilibrium is established with a potential difference, with
the inside of the cell being negative than outside of the cell
• Most cells maintains a resting potential at the order of -60 to -100 mV
until some stimulus disturbs the equilibrium
Resting Potential:
Nernst Equation:
How Neurons Communicate:
Action Potential
De-polarization
Repolarization
Steps in Action Potential
Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential
Inhibitary post synaptic potential
• During Repolarization, when cl- ions moving inwards contributes for

Inhibitary post synaptic potential.
The Heart
Valves of the Heart(Cont.):
Electrocardiogram(ECG)
Acquisition of ECG Signal:
Sternum
Mid clavicular line
Left anterior axillary
sternum
Midaxillary
line
sternum
12 Lead ECG System:
Wilson’s Central Terminal:
Einthoven’s Triangle:
Augmented Limb Leads:
Hexaxial Reference System:
Precordial Leads:
ECG Machine:
A Standard 12 Lead ECG Report:
Interpretation and Analysis of
ECG waveform
Measurement of Heart beat(Regular Rhythm)
QRS wave Detection
Pan Tompkins Algorithm:
• Used to detect R-Waves from the QRS Complex in ECG Wave.
• The algorithm was proposed by Pan and Tompkins in 1985,in the
journal IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering.
• Bandpass Filter:
• LPF cutoff frequenvy = 11Hz
• HPF cutoff frequency = 5 Hz
• Derivative Filter:
• Squaring: Squaring removes low amplitude pulses and boost high
amplitude pulses:
• Moving Window Integration:

Used to obtain information about slope and width of QRS complex.
Measurement of Heart Rate:
• The Intervals between two consecutive markers give R-R interval
which could be averaged over a number of bits to obtain a good
estimate of interbit interval.
• Heart Rate = 60/ RR Interval

Heart Rate Variability(HRV):
Generation of HRV:
Effect of Autonomic Nervous system
on HR:
Sources of Heart Rate Variability:
Measurement of HRV:
Time Domain Measures:
• This method relies on calculation of variables that describes heart
rate at any time.
• OR Determine the interval between successive normal complexes.

Detection of P-Wave:
• Detection of p-wave is difficult

• Because of small size(0.2mV and 80ms)
• Irregular shape
• A method proposed by Hengweld and Van Bemmel:
• What an abnormal p wave indicates:

• Thought to be marker of Atrium Fibrosis
QRS Detected,Deleted and
replaced with Base Line
BPF (3Hz to 11 Hz)

ECG Signal
QRS
Search Interval is defined = Deleted
2/9 RR +250ms
BPF
The Maximum and Minimum values are Output
traced From the end of T and onset of QRS
After
The signal is rectified and thresholded at 50% and 75% Rectification &
of the maximum to obtain a ternary (three-level) signal. thresholding
P wave
The cross-correlation of the result is Template
computed with a ternary template
Crosscorr
The peak in the cross-correlation corresponds to the P elation of
location in the original ECG. e&f
Few Observations:
• Observe that the cross-correlation is computed not with an original
P wave, which we have noted could be rather obscure and variable
• The ternary version in part (e) shows that the P wave has been
converted into two pulses corresponding to its upstroke and return
parts
• Note that the result in part (d) has other waves preceding those
related to the P wave. An appropriate search interval should be used
so as to disregard the unwanted components.
Phonocardiogram(PCG):
• Heart Sound Signal(heard by Stethoscope)
• The PCG is a vibration or sound signal related to the contractile

activity of the cardiohemic system (the heart and blood together)
• Recording of the PCG signal requires a transducer to convert the

vibration or sound signal into an electronic signal
• microphones, pressure transducers, or accelerometers may be

placed on the chest surface for this purpose.
• Externally, however, heart sound components are best heard at
certain locations on the chest individually.
• The mitral, aortic, pulmonary, and tricuspid areas
• A normal cardiac cycle contains two major sounds - the first heart
sound (Sl) and the second heart sound (S2).
• S1 occurs at the onset of ventricular contraction, and corresponds in

timing to the QRS complex in the ECG signal.
• Components of S1:
1- Ventricles contract and blood
tries to move towards atria
2- Abrupt tension in closed AV
valve.
3- Aortic and Pulmonary valves
open and the blood is ejected out
of the ventricles
4-Rapid flow of blood through these
valves results in vibration and
sound
• In some cases a third heart sound (S3) may
S2 Components: 1- Closure of Aortic Valve
be heard, corresponding to sudden
2- Closure of Pulmonary Valve termination of the ventricular rapid-filling
phase.
Heart Murmurs:
• This is high frequency Noise like sound
• Appears between idle phase between
S1 and S2
• Results because of Valvular Stenosis and
Insufficiencies.
• Systolic Murmurs
• Diastolic Murmurs
Carotid Pulse(CP):
• The carotid pulse is a pressure signal
recorded over the carotid artery as
it passes near the surface of the body
at the neck.
• Provide a pulse signal for each heart beat

• P wave : When Ventricles
Contract and blood enters into
aorta
• T wave : When pulse reflects
back to lower body from upper
body
• D Notch : Closure of the aortic
valve causes a notch
known as the dicrotic
notch (D)
• DW Wave:(Dicrotic Wave):
When pulse reflected from
lower body.
Electrical Activity of Brain:
• Parts of Brain: (Responsible for all Voluntary
activities of body)
Divided into Right
and Left Hemisphere
It connets brain to spinal chord
It controls the balance,posture

and co-ordination of the body
Different Lobes of Cerebrum:
Process Sensor information
like smell,touch and taste
Reasoning, Motor
skills,judgement and
expressive language
Interpretes Interpreting visual

sounds and stimuli and information
language we hear
Electroencephalogram(EEG):
• EEG Measures Electrical Activity of
Brain generated by the electrical
activity of thousands of Neuron.
• During an EEG test , Cup or Disc type

small electrodes are placed on the
scalp.
10-20 Electrode System:
• Popular Method to place scalp electrodes
Cz ,Fz ,A1,A2 are used as a

common reference or ground
• Circumference of
the skull measured
in between T3 and
T4
• F3,C3,P3 and
F4,C4,P4 are 25%
up from lower
electrodes
• Oscillations obtained from these electrodes are
Delta(1 to 4 Hz)
• Delta Waves are examined to assess the sleep routine or pattern
• Stronger Delta Waves represents increased concentration on internal
working memory task.
Theta (4-7 Hz):
• It is associated with a wide range of congnitive processing such as

memory coding and retrival.
• Alpha Waves(7-12 Hz):
(20 - 60 mV)
• Whenever we close our eyes and bring ourselves
into a calm state, Alpha waves takes over
• Beta (12 to 30 Hz):
• (10 – 20 microvolt)
• Became stronger as we execute movements of any body
part
• Gamma(30 to 50 Hz):
Normal EEG: (Alpha Rhythm)
Generalized Seizures:
Electrode Placement:
Fp – Pre-Frontal
F- Frontal
T-Temporal
P-Perietal
O- Occipital
A/M- Earlobes
z- Zero
Elecrode’s Positions :
• 10-20 System: • Only Landmark electrodes are
• Internationally recognized method placed 10% Away
• Tells us the distance between adjacent electrodes • All other adjacent electrodes
• All brain regions are to be covered are away from each other by
20%
How EEG Recorded:
• Prominently for clinical practice 19 Electrodes + 2 Reference electrodes (Ear
Lobes i.e A1 and A2)are placed on scalp .
Methods :
EEG is recorded with

• Bipolar Electrodes : Record of Potential Difference between two Cortical Electrodes.
Ex. Frontal,Perietal,Occipital and Temporal.
• Unipolar Electrodes: Record of Potential Difference between active cortical
electrode and electrode placed away from cortex.
Modeling of EEG:
• Brain- Computer Interface:
More Accurate,but
increased Risk of
Infection and Damage
Ex.EEG
Less Accurate than Invasive and
Non- Invasive Methods but Low
Risk,Ease of Use and Portability
Brain –Computer Interface:

Biomedical Signal Processing 2

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Biomedical Signal Processing

Nervous System and Neuron

They act as command centres of the nervous system

CNS Controls various tissues, organs and organ

• Collect Sensory Input from the body

• During Repolarization, when cl- ions moving inwards contributes for

• Moving Window Integration:

• Heart Rate = 60/ RR Interval

• OR Determine the interval between successive normal complexes.

• Detection of p-wave is difficult

• A method proposed by Hengweld and Van Bemmel:

• What an abnormal p wave indicates:

BPF (3Hz to 11 Hz)

• The PCG is a vibration or sound signal related to the contractile

• Recording of the PCG signal requires a transducer to convert the

• microphones, pressure transducers, or accelerometers may be

• S1 occurs at the onset of ventricular contraction, and corresponds in

• Provide a pulse signal for each heart beat

It connets brain to spinal chord

It controls the balance,posture

Interpretes Interpreting visual

• During an EEG test , Cup or Disc type

Cz ,Fz ,A1,A2 are used as a

Theta (4-7 Hz):

• It is associated with a wide range of congnitive processing such as

EEG is recorded with

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