UNIT-3

Linkage between CCA and DRR

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Chapter Three Linkage Between Climate Change Adaptation and
Disaster Risk Reduction
Linking disaster risk reduction with climate change
adaptation offers a win-win opportunity :
– Climate system is fundamental to both issues: 75% of all
disasters are originated by weather & climate extremes
– DRR and CCA strategies both are aimed at enhancing
sustainability, resilient societies and human security
– Similar sectoral focus, complexities & challenges, rely on same
type of measures and policies
– DRR offers opportunities for bottom-up strategies for
adaptation to current climate variability and climate extremes
– DRR can promote early adaptation to CC
– DRR offers a way to address some of the main obstacles
(economic, political, social, technological, and institutional) to
develop total potential for adaptation.
Differences CCA and DRR

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Differences Cont’d…

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 Cont’d
• The most important for a country to strategize
CCA and DRR effectively is to have political
stability, commitment from leaders and
community participation
• governance issues also.

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 International Climate Change Processes

IPCC UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on
3 Working Groups: Climate Change
•Science Signed 1992, in force 1994, “common but
•Mitigation differentiated responsibilities” principle
•Adaptation
mitigation and adaptation

KYOTO PROTOCOL
CDM: Clean Joint
Signed 1997, took effect 2005 Development Implemen-
Creates 3 mechanisms for mitigation Mechanism tation

Emissions
Trading
6
There are three important elements to help
reduce the impact of disasters on our nation's
citizens and Pastoral communities:
Hazard identification and assessment of risks
and vulnerabilities;
Taking action to mitigate (reduce or prevent
disaster effects); and
Telling the Best Practice story of how to
mitigate.

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International, regional and national DRR frameworks and strategies:

1. Global frameworks for DRR

- Yokohama strategy 1994
- The Hyogo Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005–2015
-The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
2. Regional frameworks for DRR
-Regional strategies: Africa
-Regional strategies: Arab states
-Regional strategies: Asia
-Asia-Pacific
-Central Asia and the South Caucasus
-South Asia
-Southeast Asia
3. National (Ethiopia) DRR strategies
-FDRE DRM COMMISION
-POLICIES 8
 What is a DRR strategy?
• Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice
of reducing disaster risks through systematic
efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors
of disasters.

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 Disaster Risk Reduction Tools
• DRR tools have been developed by a range of institutions,
including research centers, government agencies, the UN,
NGOs, and IGOs.
• Policy and institutions. It is critical that decision makers at
all levels are committed to disaster risk reduction, so that
resources and planning guidance are provided.
• Risk identification and early warning. This is a familiar
area when thinking of disaster management activities—
assessing the risks facing a community and determining
which ones are likely to affect people accordingly we
need to provide effective early warning systems.

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 Cont’d…
• Knowledge management and education. Supporting the
local community’s involvement is crucial for implementing
strategies that will lead to a culture of safety. This area of
disaster risk reduction includes managing the information
and data that has been gathered, educating people about
their risks, and building people’s capacity to devise and
implement risk reduction measures.
• Reducing Underlying Risks. Risks must not only be
identified and institutional capacity in place; action to
reduce the factors that increase risk is necessary. This
includes measures in environmental management,
poverty reduction, protection of critical facilities,
networking and partnerships, and financial and economic
tools to ensure a safety net in case of disasters. 11
 Cont’d..
•Preparedness and response. DRR preparedness and
response tools are often used ahead of a disaster to be
ready when a hazard strikes. Preparedness can mean
having sufficient relief supplies and medical care, in
addition to establishing coordination mechanisms between
key organizations and individuals.

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• DRR Strategies:
• Risk reduction (mitigation) strategies is a term to
describe different ways of dealing with risks.
These strategies include:
• Risk avoidance
• Risk transfer
• Risk elimination
• Risk sharing & reducing to an acceptable level
 POSSIBLE STRATEGIES

• Risk acceptance or risk retention - when we accept the

identified risk and do not take any other action in order to
reduce the risk because we can accept its impact - the
possible consequences. We simply risk it.
• Risk reduction - when we take some measures
(countermeasure) to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
• Risk transfer - when we transfer the risk to another person
or entity. In practice, companies can for instance get an
insurance (transfer of risk to an insurance agency) or can
transfer the risk to another company by means of
outsourcing.
• Risk avoidance - when we decide not to realize our
intention from which the risk arises, for example, it means
that we will not launch our project or will not conclude a
contract.
 Cont’d…
• Risk sharing is the practice of distributing risks amongst
organizations, departments, teams or individuals.
• Risk financing as a vehicle to promote disaster risk
reduction
• Disaster Risk Insurance Disaster risk insurance schemes
cover—against a premium—the costs incurred by the
insured entity from extreme weather and natural
disasters (such as earthquakes or floods). If the event
occurs, the insurer refunds a percentage of the costs
incurred. Insurance schemes are widely used to
increase the resilience of individuals, companies and
public entities to external shocks and reduce their
future expenditures in case of a disaster.
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Drought Risk Reduction element

1. Policies and governance

Guiding principles

• Political commitment, strong institutions and

appropriate governance, as part of SD
• Bottom-up approach with community participation
• Capacity building and knowledge development
• Policies emphasize mitigation and preparedness, based
on sound risk identification
• Policy mechanisms
• Long-term investment in mitigation
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2. Drought risk identification, impact assessment, and
early warning (local, national & trans-boundary scope)

•Drought risk is a combination of hazard and

vulnerability
•Understand hazard: monitoring and early
warning system
•Vulnerability analysis: physical, socio-economic,
livelihoods, cultural, political, environmental, etc.
•Drought scenarios and impact assessment
•Forecast and EW
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 3. Awareness and knowledge management

• Promote a culture of prevention and resilience.

• Effective information management and knowledge
exchange.
• Awareness campaigns with political and public
commitment.
• Identification and promotion of indigenous
knowledge, skills and good practices.
• Education and training opportunities to reduce risk.
• Sustained political commitment.

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4. Reducing underlying factors of drought risk and innovation

• Sustainable ecosystems and environmental

management.
• DRR strategies integrated with CC Adaptation.
• Analysis of food security causes.
• Land-use planning and rural development
• Financial risk sharing mechanisms.
• Public-private partnership, etc.

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5. Effective drought mitigation and preparedness measures

• Promote a culture of drought mitigation and

preparedness.
• Dialogue/communication between mitigation /
response actors.
• Unify top-down and bottom-up approaches.
• Enhance capacities and included locals in
implementation.
• Implementation of mitigation and preparedness
measures, structural and non structural.
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The role Pre-disaster measures in DRR

• Prevention
• Mitigation
• preparedness
• Early warnings

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In sum, the following factors correlate disasters
and development:
o Poor land management
o Increased population concentrations in hazard areas
o Environmental mismanagement, resulting in
environmental degradation
o Lack of regulation and a lack of enforcement of
regulation
o Social destitution and social injustice
o Unprepared populations and unprepared institutions
o Inappropriate use of resources.

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The Four Cornerstones of Disaster Risk
Reduction
o Community/stakeholder participation
o Public policy actions
o Safer construction and urban development
o Development of a culture of prevention

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Risks to pastoral livelihoods
Hazards including drought, floods, conflict, disease are a
major threat to livelihoods and development.
Current context: Humanitarian crises triggered by shocks
and those resulting from chronic poverty barely
distinguishable.
Development work in this context needs to take DRR fully
into account with an emphasis on addressing underlying risk.
Pastoral Livelihoods: Key issues
Chronic marginalization of the 20 million or so pastoralists
in Horn and East Africa
Cycles of crises (often with drought as a trigger)
Rising humanitarian case loads
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PASTORALISM AND DROUGHT
 Meteorological drought occurs when rainfall is well below
expectation in any area for an extended period.
 How are pastoralists livelihoods affected by drought ?
 The most direct impact of a shortage in rainfall on pastoralists'
livelihoods is the drying up of water sources and declining forage
resources for livestock.
 Water and Forage are the most important resources for
pastoralism and changes in their availability greatly influences
pastoralists' livelihood security.
 Livestock is the most important asset for pastoralists and livestock
productivity is directly dependent on access to forage and water
resources.
 Access to forage and water resources tends to decrease during a
large scale drought with the result that pastoralists lose assets. 25
 The value of pastoralist’s disposable assets determines pastoralists'
power to purchase goods.
 If the value drops to the extent that they can no longer purchase the
food they need to sustain themselves, then pastoralists lose their food
entitlement and drought turns into famine.
 'Entitlement' refers to goods, services and resources over which people
have effective command in using them to benefit their livelihood.
 Famine can be defined as prolonged decrease in the food intake of large
numbers of people to levels below what they need to maintain
reasonable nutritional condition
 Starvation is the characteristic of some people not having enough food
to eat.
 It is not the characteristic of there not being enough food to eat.
This understanding underlines the fact that poor people are most vulnerable
to the impact of drought, because they have less purchasing power, which
means less food entitlements. 26
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Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) - areas of focus:

1. Make disaster risk reduction a priority

 Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation.

2. Know the risks and take action

 Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks – and enhance early warning.

3. Build understanding and awareness

 Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience
at all levels.

4. Reduce the underlying risk factors (vulnerabilities and exposure)

5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels 28

 Role ISDR, UNDP, OCHA and CADRI

ISDR
 The coordination body for the implementation of overall disaster risk reduction
policy in accordance with the Hyogo Framework for Action
 Core function: advocacy for disaster risk reduction; international
clearinghouse for information on disaster reduction strategies

UNDP
 Support the implementation of disaster risk reduction policy at the country-level
 Core function: building national capacities for disaster risk management;
providing technical expertise to support capacity-building efforts (Bureau for
Crisis Prevention and Recovery)
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 Role ISDR, UNDP, OCHA and CADRI

OCHA: strengthening disaster preparedness at all levels:

a. Preparedness of OCHA to respond
b. Preparedness of the international humanitarian community to
respond
c. Preparedness of national /regional authorities to respond (in
collaboration with UNDP, ISDR and IFRC)

CADRI: composed of ISDR, UNDP and OCHA.

Set up to build capacity of national governments on disaster
risk management strategy and policy

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Role of UN/ISDR secretariat - focus

Coordination Strategic Tools

information
Building the Advocating and
Enabling Providing evidence producing
environment: base and policy information tools:
•Platforms - advice on disaster •PreventionWeb
risk reduction:
Global •Communication
Progress reporting
strategy
Regional
Cost-benefit study
•Resource
National
Climate change & mobilization
Thematic DRR
•Joint planning

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 International Climate Change Processes

IPCC UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on
3 Working Groups: Climate Change
•Science Signed 1992, in force 1994, “common but
•Mitigation differentiated responsibilities” principle
•Adaptation
mitigation and adaptation

KYOTO PROTOCOL
CDM: Clean Joint
Signed 1997, took effect 2005 Development Implemen-
Creates 3 mechanisms for mitigation Mechanism tation

Emissions
Trading
32
II The UN International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction and the Hyogo Framework for
Action (2005-2015)

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 Disaster Reduction – An Agenda in
Progress
1989: IDNDR 1990-1999 – promotion of disaster reduction, scientific development
1994: 1st WCDR - Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action – Mid-term review
IDNDR, first disaster reduction policy guidance
1998: UNDP inherits DRR function from DHA (former OCHA) for supporting capacity
development on DRR at national level
2000: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) – for increased public
awareness, link to sustainable development, enlarged coordination at int’l and regional
levels, networking and partnerships ISDR secretariat, UN Trust Fund
2002: Johannesburg Plan of Implementation- WSSD Includes a new section on “An
integrated, multi-hazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment
and disaster management…”
2005: 2nd WCDR - Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience
of Nations and Communities to Disasters
2007: 1st session Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (GP2007)
Monitor HFA progress, facilitate further actions and partnerships, take stock, identify
gaps and obstacles and share lessons and good practices
2009: 2nd session Global Platform for DRR (GP2009) Monitor HFA progress, identify
gaps and priorities
2010: Mid-term review of the HFA and links with CC Adaptation COP-16, MDGs 2010
review and 2012 Sustainable Development Rio Summit
2011: 3rd session Global Platform for DRR (GP2011, Geneva, 8-13 May 2011)
Monitor HFA progress, identify gaps and priorities. 34
2015-Sendai Framework Action
 International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction

Launched in 2000 by UN General Assembly Resolution

A/54/219 as successor of the International Decade on
Natural Disaster Reduction – IDNDR, 1990-1999:
The ISDR aims at building disaster resilient communities by
promoting increased awareness of the importance of disaster
reduction as an integral component of sustainable
development, with the goal of reducing human, social,
economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards
and related technological and environmental disasters.

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Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
(continued)

Five priorities for action:

1. Governance: ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national
and local priority with strong institutional basis for
implementation

2. Risk identification: identify, assess and monitor disaster

risks and enhance early warning

3. Knowledge: use knowledge, innovation and education to

build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

4. Reducing the underlying risk factors in various sectors

(environment, health, construction, private sector etc.)

5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective

response
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 Build a disaster risk reduction
movement – ISDR system

 The objective: To reduce disaster risk,

worldwide, focusing on
nations and communities

 The instrument: Hyogo Framework for

Action 2005-2015

 The vehicle: ISDR system - ‘movement ’

The secretariat: UNISDR

More info at: www.preventionweb.net

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Why an ISDR system?

 Respond to current disaster trends with calls of

international community for increased support to risk
reduction and HFA in MDGs, UNFCCC, SIDS, LDCs,
Green Economy Initiative and UNCSD 2012 (Rio+20)
 Build common understanding and shift towards
culture of risk and prevention at all levels (global,
regional, national, local, personal…)
 Increase national and local level capacity for
reducing risk in a coordinated and systematic manner
 Increase political space for disaster risk reduction
(financial investments in all development sectors from
public and private sources, CC Adaptation and MDGs
achievement, sustainable development…)

Same reasons apply to national and local DRR

systems…
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 The ISDR system
Nations and
communities
Responsible for national platforms
national strategies Support and technical
Government agencies, local authorities,
and programmes, advice to agencies,
NGOs, CBOs, technical organizations, authorities, institutions
baseline studies, private sector, media…
reporting… and organizations

Governance
Global Supporting
coordination UN General Assembly,
mechanisms
ECOSOC ISDR Support Group
Global Platform for DRR
ISDR regional, thematic &
USG Humanitarian Affairs stakeholder platforms
Management Oversight Board Management, oversight UN Country Teams
Inter-agency group WB GFDRR
Programme guidance, joint
ISDR secretariat work programmes, monitoring, Red Cross/Red Crescent
networking, partnerships

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ISDR system levels of action
(“platforms”)
National
National initiatives with multi-stakeholder, multi-sectoral and multi disciplinary approaches
Support from UN country team – when appropriate

Regional & Sub-regional

coordinated international and regional

Based on existing regional and sub-regional strategies and mechanis

efforts to support national and
ISDR programme

Thematic & Stakeholders

local capacities

Building on existing networks, clusters, programmes and other mechan

Global
Biennial sessions
For sharing and common guidance and coordination
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Global and Regional
Strategies and Frameworks:

Africa Strategy, Programme of Action 2005-2010

and Guidelines
(AUC, NEPAD, AfDB/F, ISDR)
Negotiated and approved by 53 African countries
in 2004

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-

2015: Building the resilience of
Nations and Communities to disasters
Negotiated outcome of the WCDR,
Kobe January 2005, by168 governments.

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Mechanisms for implementation
levels of action (“platforms”)

National Platforms
National frameworks, multi-stakeholders, and multi disciplinary with
Support from UN country team – when appropriate

Regional
(Africa Min. Conf. &Regional Platforms)
coordinated international and regional

Based on existing regional and sub-regional strategies and mechanisms

efforts to support national and
ISDR programme

Thematic
local capacities

Building on existing networks, clusters, programmes and other mechanisms

Global Platform report to GA

Every two years, June 2009 in Gva:
Governments, International, UN, regional organisations,
experts, NGOs and practitioners

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Thank you

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