Education & Special Education

What is
Educatio
n?
 What is Education?
 “Education means the bringing out of the ideas of
universal validity which are latent in the mind of
every man.” - Socrates
 “A readiness to sense and know”- Aristotle
 "Education is enabling the mind to find out the
ultimate truth” - R.N Tagore
 ''By education, I mean an all-round drawing out of
the best in child and man-body, mind and spirit.” -
Mahatma Gandhi
 ''Education is the most powerful weapon which
you can use to change the world“ - Nelson
Mandela
 “Education is all one with growing; it has no end
beyond itself.” - John Dewey
What is Special Education?
 A range of services that help students with disabilities
to learn addressing their unique needs.

Not a “one size fits all” approach — special education is

What is tailored to meet the needs of individuals.
Special
Education? Specially designed instruction, at no cost to parents, to
meet the unique needs of a child with a disability
(IDEA- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2004)
Special Education refers to any residential or non-
residential institution that shall provide special
management to persons with disabilities (Rights and
Protection of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2013.)
Education Vs Special Education
 Education Special Education
In Narrow concept, Education is Provided Designed to serve the students with
for the less challenged, typically developing special needs
students

Involves regular classroom Involves both Regular or special classroom

Does not require additional professionals Require Diversified Additional

professionals

Rigid curriculum and instructions Flexible curriculum and instructions based

on the individual’s needs

Not Individual centered approach Individual centered approach

Special Education
Concepts and meaning
 Special education is a complex enterprise that can
be defined and evaluated from many
perspectives. These Perspectives came from the
movements and changing attitude towards the
Definition of educational arrangements for the students with
disabilities.
Special
Special education is a form of instruction that's
Education designed to meet the needs of students with
disabilities, so that they can learn the same skills
and information as other children in school. The
term special education is used interchangeably
with special needs, and the disabilities may be
physical, emotional, or behavioral.
 Special Education as Intervention: purposeful
intervention designed to prevent, eliminate, and/or
Definition of overcome the obstacles that might keep a child with
disabilities from learning and from full and active
Special participation in school and society
Education  Preventive
 Remedial/ Rehabilitation
 Compensatory
 Special Education as Instruction: Ultimately, teaching is
what special education is most about. Specially Designed
Definition of instructions are conducted aimed to meet educational needs
Special of the students with disabilities with diversified plans and
Education professionals.
Who What
How Where
Key Features of
Special Education
1. Individually Planned:
• Learning goals and objectives selected
for each student based on assessment
results and input from parents and
student
• Teaching methods and instructional
materials selected and/or adapted for
each student
• Setting(s) where instruction will occur
determined relative to opportunities for
student to learn and use targeted skills
Key Features of Special Education
2. Specialized:
• Involves unique or adapted teaching procedures seldom used in
general education (e.g., constant time delay, reinforcement, self-
monitoring)
• Incorporates a variety of instructional materials and supports—both
natural and contrived—to help student acquire and use targeted
learning objectives
• Related services (e.g., audiology, physical therapy) provided as needed
• Assistive technology (e.g., adapted cup holder) provided as needed
Key Features of Special Education
3. Intensive:
• Instruction presented with attention to detail, precision, structure,
clarity, and repeated practice
4. Goal Directed:
• Purposeful instruction intended to help student achieve the greatest
possible personal self-sufficiency and success in present and future
environments
• Value/goodness of instruction determined by student’s attainment of
learning outcomes
Key Features of Special Education
5. Research Based Methods:
• Recognition that not all teaching approaches are equally effective
• Instructional programs and teaching procedures selected on basis of
research support

6. Guided by Student Performance:

• Systematic, ongoing monitoring of student progress
• Results of frequent and direct measures of student learning used to
inform modifications in instruction
Purpose of Special Education
Purpose of
Special Education
The general philosophy of special education
is that all people have the ability to learn,
regardless of their particular disabilities.
• To create an effective climate for learning
by sharing all available information about
a child’s disability pertinent to the child’s
performance in an educational setting.
• To provide and implement program and
testing accommodations as stipulated on
the IEP.
Purpose of Special Education
• To facilitate each student’s academic progress and social development
by establishing appropriate goals and providing instruction.
• To support and act as a resource for classroom teachers working with
students with special needs.
• To encourage students to be aware of their strengths and weaknesses
so that they can become good advocates for themselves in all settings.
Scopes of Special Education
• Removing the barriers in educating the
students with special education
• Ensuring appropriate and free educational
services for the students with special needs
• Ensuring effective educational and
vocational arrangements
• Enabling students with special needs to be
productive and self-efficient in daily life
• Establishing meaningful and appropriate
services for the people with special needs
 Creating awareness among
the people

Scopes of
Producing Special educators
Special and professionals
Education
Generating new knowledge
and information by
conducting research
Task for you

World Conference on Education for All, Jomtien

Dakar Framework, 2000
EFA (Education for all), 2000
MDG
SDG
 Education For All (EFA) &
Perspectives of Special Education
 Jomtien (1990) Targets/ (WCEFA Framework)

• Expansion of early childhood care and development activities

• Universal Primary Education by the year 2000
• improvement in learning achievement
• reduction of the adult illiteracy rate to one-half its 1990 level by the year
2000, with sufficient emphasis on female literacy
• expansion of provisions of basic education and training in other essential
skills required by youth and adults
• increased acquisition by individuals and families of the knowledge, skills
and values required for better living and sound and sustainable development
 Salamanca Statement (1994)

The Salamanca Statement says:

• every child has a basic right to education
• every child has unique characteristics, interests, abilities and learning needs
• education services should take into account these diverse characteristics and
needs
• those with special educational needs must have access to regular schools
• regular schools with an inclusive ethos are the most effective way to combat
discriminatory attitudes, create welcoming and inclusive communities and
achieve education for all
 EFA (Education for All)

• First Launched in Jometien, Thailand in 1990. Adopted by The Dakar

Framework in April 2000 at the World Education Forum in Senegal, Africa
• A global movement led by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization), aiming to meet the learning needs of all children,
youth and adults by 2015
• Goal 1: Expand early childhood care and education
• Goal 2: Provide free and compulsory primary education for all
• Goal 3: Promote learning and life skills for young people and adults
• Goal 4: Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent
• Goal 5: Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender equality by 2015
 • Acknowledgement of the exclusion of large
numbers of vulnerable and marginalized groups of
learners from education systems worldwide.
Those who are enrolled in education but are
excluded from learning
EFA &  Those who are not enrolled in schools but who
Special could participate if schools were more flexible in
their responses and welcoming in their approach
Education The relatively small group of children with more
severe impairments who may have a need for
some form of additional support
• Development of different services regarding to the
disabilities around the world’s education system
 • The Dakar World Education Forum recognized
the urgency to address the needs of these
learners: ‘…Education systems must be
inclusive, actively seeking out children who are
EFA & not enrolled, and responding flexibly to the
circumstances and needs of all learners…’
Special • In broader goals, inclusion is acknowledged as
an important part to achieve education for all.
Education • Social & Legal pressure helped establishing
special education and services
• Only one third of the country could reach the
goals.
 The Changing Role of
Special Education & Inclusion

Increased
Effective &
Modification of Classroom terminologies and
Meaningful
laws & Policies Integration detailed classification
programs
of disabilities

Student-led Parental
Early Intervention
planning Involvement
 The Changing Role of
Special Education & Inclusion

Moving
Use of Guidance & Lifelong
towards
technologies counselling learning
inclusion

Challenges,
Community Creating
debates &
involvement workplace
Changes