Surv2 2b

SURVEYING II
2b PROF. DR. MEVLUT YETKIN

TOPICS
 A Few Important Points for Leveling
 Differential-Level Notes
Leveling Process
Clearly focus level instrument before measurement !!!
!!! Keep rod faces clean – do not touch invar !!!
nsure upper stadia crosshair is not above rod scale

when reading near the top of the road.
(a) level set up too low;
(b) level set up too high.
Reminder: Leveling Plate
lways use a well defined and stable position for TPs.

eveling plates should be used on soft ground.
The TP must have the following
characteristics:
1. The rod, when held on it, will be visible

from the level.
2. It must be securely fixed in the ground,

preferably with a rounded top on which
to rest the rod.
3. If a satisfactory object cannot be found, a
metal turning pin or a wooden stake may be
driven to serve as a TP. An arbitrary, unmarked
point on grass or soil should never be used as a
TP.
4. A turning point on pavement should be

marked with keel (lumber crayon) and identified
with an appropriate number (such as ‘‘TP1’’)
immediately after it is selected.
 Benchmark Leveling = Vertical Control
Surveys
Differential-Level Notes: Example I
Sta. B.S. H.I. F.S. Elev.
+ -
BM1 3.251 75.356 72.105
(published)
TP1 2.539 77.883 0.012 75.344
TP2 3.572 81.117 0.338 77.545
BM2 0.933 78.938 3.112 78.005
TP3 0.317 75.949 3.306 75.632
TP4 0.835 74.068 2.716 73.233
TP5 0.247 70.773 3.542 70.526
BM3 3.786 66.987
(66.980)
(published)
ΣBS = 11.694 ΣFS = - 16.812
11.694 – 16.812 = - 5.118
BM3 = 72.105-5.118 = Error of Closure = 66.980
66.987 – 66.987 = 0.007 m
Differential-Level Notes:
Example I
Example I
Example I
Example II
 A differential leveling circuit began on

BM Rock (elevation 543.202 m) and
closed on BM Juno (elevation 542.551
m). The backsight and foresight
distances were kept approximately
equal. Readings (in meters) listed in the
following table.
 Prepare, check, and adjust the notes.

Example II
+ - Adjusted
Station BS HI FS Elevatio Elevatio
(m.) (m.) (m.) n n
(m.) (m.)
BM Rock 1.559 544.761 543.202 543.202
TP1 1.105 544.879 0.987 543.774 ?
BM1 0.679 544.716 0.842 544.037 ?
BM2 0.849 543.719 1.846 542.870 ?
TP2 1.436 543.260 1.895 541.824 ?
BM Juno 0.704 542.556 542.551
Σ= 5.628 6.274
Page Check = 543.202+5.628 - 6.274 =542.556 ✓
Misclosure = 542.551 – 542.556 = 0.005 m
Correction per Setup = - 0.005/5 = -0.001 m
Example II
+ - Adjusted
Station BS HI FS Elevatio
(m.) (m.) (m.) n
(m.)
BM Rock 1.558 544.760 543.202
TP1 1.104 544.877 0.987 543.773
BM1 0.678 544.713 0.842 544.035
BM2 0.848 543.715 1.846 542.867
TP2 1.435 543.255 1.895 541.820
BM Juno 0.704 542.551
Σ= 5.623 6.274
Page Check = 543.202+5.623 - 6.274 =542.551 ✓

Example III
STA. BS HI IS FS ELEV.
BM 460 2.868 164.141 161.273
0+00 2.06 162.08
0+06 1.17 162.97
0+20 1.63 162.51
0+40 1.62 162.52
0+60 1.41 162.73
0+80 1.01 163.13
TP1 1.977 165.136 0.982 163.159
Example III
STA. BS HI IS FS ELEV.
1+00 1.73 163.41
1+20 1.70 163.44
1+30 1.89 163.25
1+40 1.67 163.47
1+60 1.60 163.54
1+80 1.31 163.83
1+91 1.93 163.21
2+00 0.64 164.50
BM 461 0.540 164.596
Example III (Height of instrument
method)
eight of the plane of collimation = height of instrument

Differential-Level Notes: Example
IV
Plan of benchmark leveling
(Double-run)
Side view of the benchmark leveling
(forward run)
Differential-Level Notes: Example IV
(Double-run)
Rod Level
 A rod level ensures fast and correct rod

plumbing.
 If a rod level is not available, a

procedure called ‘‘waving the rod’’ can
be used to plumb the rod.
Waving the Rod
 To ensure that the reading is taken when the
rod is vertical, the instrument person may
signal the rod person to slowly wave the rod
back and forth in the direction of the
instrument (not sideways!).
 The correct rod reading is the lowest reading

observed when the rod is being waved.
 The lowest reading always occurs when the rod

just passes through the vertical position.
Waving the Rod (motion greatly
exaggrated).
rod reading is lowest at B because length AB is smaller than length AD or AC.

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SURVEYING II

2b PROF. DR. MEVLUT YETKIN

nsure upper stadia crosshair is not above rod scale

lways use a well defined and stable position for TPs.

1. The rod, when held on it, will be visible

2. It must be securely fixed in the ground,

4. A turning point on pavement should be

 A differential leveling circuit began on

 Prepare, check, and adjust the notes.

Page Check = 543.202+5.623 - 6.274 =542.551 ✓

eight of the plane of collimation = height of instrument

 A rod level ensures fast and correct rod

 If a rod level is not available, a

 The correct rod reading is the lowest reading

 The lowest reading always occurs when the rod

rod reading is lowest at B because length AB is smaller than length AD or AC.

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