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UNIT 4
Introduction to
networks and LAN
Components
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Understand the Overview of

Networking

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Whattois edit Master?title style
a Network
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to
share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications.
The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites.
A computer network can be described as a system of interconnected
devices that can communicate using some common standards (called protocols).
Here is an example network consisting of two computers connected
together:

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What if weto
wantedit
to expandMaster title
our network? Then we canstyle
a network device, either a switch or a hub, to connect
use

more than two computers together:

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Hub vstoSwitch
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Hub Switch

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Hub Vsto Switch
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Hub Switch

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why weto edit
needMaster titlenetworks
computer style ?
To share computer files
Networks enable users to share files with others. For example, in a company, one file is to be shared by
multiple branches. When we locate this file on the network system, all the branches can use this file.
To share computer equipment
Laser printers and large hard-disk drives can be expensive. Networks enable users to share such
equipment by networking microcomputers or workstations together.
To improve communication speed and accuracy
Sending messages through networks is virtually instantaneous, and there is also less chance of a
message being lost.
To reduce the cost of data transfer
The cost of transfers of files using computers associated with networks is less expensive than other
traditional means like telegrams.
Verify Data Transfer
Fluctuations of costs in foreign exchange and shares can be broadcasted promptly using the channel of
computer communications. The transmission can be increased and checked at any occurrence of time.
High Reliability
All files can be recreated on a few machines, and therefore if one of them is unavailable (because of
hardware failure), the different copies can be used.
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Classification title style
of Network

The most basic type of network classification depends on the network's geographical coverage.

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LocalMaster title style
Area Network (LAN)?

The Local Area Network (LAN)

is designed to connect multiple
network devices and systems within
a limited geographical distance. The
devices are connected using multiple
protocols for properly and efficiently
exchanging data and services.

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LAN to edit Master title style

Attributes of LAN Network:

Advantages Disadvantages
The data transmit speed in the LAN
network is relatively higher than the other Transmission of data Need constant
network types, MAN and WAN. and services is administration of
relatively higher than experienced
LAN uses private network addresses for other network engineers for
network connectivity for data and service connections. functioning.
exchange, and it uses cable for network
connection, decreasing error and maintaining
data security. The Network Server Probability of leak of
acts as a central unit sensitive data by
for the whole network. LAN administration

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Metropolitan Areastyle
Network (MAN)?

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network type that covers the
network connection of an entire city or connection of a small area. The area covered by
the network is connected using a wired network, like data cables.

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MAN to edit Master title style

Attributes of MAN Network: Advantages Disadvantages

Network covers an entire town area or a portion High probability of

Provides Full-Duplex
of a city. attack from hackers
data transmission in
and cybercriminals
the network channel for
Data transmission speed is relatively high due due to large
devices.
to the installation of optical cables and wired networks.
connections.
The network
The need for good
connection area covers
quality hardware
an entire city or some
and the installation
parts using the optic
cost is very high.
cables.

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WideMaster title style
Area Network (WAN)?

The Wide Area

Network (WAN) is designed
to connect devices over large
distances like states or
between countries. The
connection is wireless in most
cases and uses radio towers
for communication.

The WAN network can be

made up of multiple LAN and
MAN networks.

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WAN to edit Master title style

Advantages Disadvantages
Attributes of WAN Network:
High cost to set up the
The speed of the WAN data network and the
transfer is lower than in comparison to LAN This network covers a
Support of
and MAN networks due to the large high geographical area
experienced
distance covered. and is used for large-
technicians is needed
distance connections.
to maintain the
The WAN network uses a satellite network.
medium to transmit data between multiple
locations and network towers.
They also use radio It is difficult to prevent
towers and connect hacking and debug a
channels for users. large network.

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List the Master
hardware title
and style Components
software

Computer networks components comprise both physical parts as well as the software required for
installing computer networks, both at organizations and at home.

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Hardware Master title style
Components
Servers −Servers are high-configuration computers that manage the resources of the network. The network operating system is
typically installed in the server and so they give user accesses to the network resources.
Servers can be of various kinds: file servers, database servers etc.

Clients − Clients are computers that request and receive service from the servers to access and use the network resources.

Peers − Peers are computers that provide as well as receive services from other peers in a workgroup network.

Transmission Media − Transmission media are the channels through which data is transferred from one device to another in a
network. Transmission media may be guided media like coaxial cable, fibre optic cables etc; or maybe unguided media like
microwaves, infra-red waves etc.

Connecting Devices − Connecting devices act as middleware between networks or computers, by binding the network media
together. Some of the common connecting devices are:
a. Routers
b. Bridges
c. Hubs
d. Repeaters
e. Gateways
f. Switches
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Software Master title style
Components

Networking Operating System

Network Operating Systems is typically installed in the server and facilitate workstations in a
network to share files, database, applications, printers etc.

Protocol Suite

A protocol is a rule or guideline followed by each computer for data communication. Protocol suite is a
set of related protocols that are laid down for computer networks. The two popular protocol suites are

• a. OSI Model ( Open System Interconnections)

• b. TCP / IP Model

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Various Master
Network title style
Communication Standards

Communication systems require a set of rules to operate and enable interoperability between them; this set
of rules is called protocols. There are two types of models that are used by modern communication systems.

These models are the foundation of the internet. The two models are:

Open system interconnection (OSI)

Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

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OSI Reference Modeltitle style

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection and is a conceptual framework for how applications
communicate over a network.
It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization for Standardization‘,
in the year 1984.
There are seven layers within the model and the layers depiction is used to help users identify what
is happening within a networking system.

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Application Master title style

It serves as a bridge between end users and software applications to access the various
network functions.
One of these protocols may be HTTP that is used with web browsers such as Google Chrome,
Firefox, and Internet Explorer.

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Presentation Layer title style

This layer is primarily responsible for

preparing data so that it can be used by
the application layer; in other words, layer
6 makes the data presentable for
applications to consume. The presentation
layer is responsible for translation,
encryption, and compression of data.

For example, say you are ordering

something from an online store. These
transactions are typically handled in a
secure transmission which means that the
data passing between the “store” or the
Website Application will transmit encrypted
data to the Presentation layer that will
need to be decrypted and processed.

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Session LayerMaster title style

This is the layer responsible for opening and closing communication between the two devices.
The time between when the communication is opened and closed is known as the session.

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Transport Master title style
Layer

Layer 4 is responsible for end-to-end communication between the two devices. This includes
taking data from the session layer and breaking it up into chunks called segments before
sending it to layer 3.
The transport layer on the receiving device is responsible for reassembling the segments into
data the session layer can consume

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Network Master title style
Layer

The Network layer, or layer 3, handles the routing of data.

The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer into smaller units, called packets, on the
sender’s device, and reassembling these packets on the receiving device.

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Link Master title style
Layer
The Data Link layer, or layer 2, is considered the most complex of the layers.
This layer is often divided into sublayers called Media Access Control or MAC and Logical Link Control or
LLC.
The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces called frames.
Like the network layer, the data link layer is also responsible for flow control and error control in intra-network
communication

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Physical Master title style
Layer

The Physical layer, or layer 1, this layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data transfer, such
as the cables and switches. This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit stream, which is a
string of 1s and 0s.

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TCP/IPto reference
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model

The transmission control protocol/internet protocol is a model that uses 4 layers and is the communication protocol
that drives the internet. It is also utilized in intranets and extranets. It combines the various layers of OSI .Let’s take
a quick look at the 4 layers.
1.Network layer: It combines the physical and data link layers of the OSI model and establishes data transference
between hosts on the same network.
2.Internet layer: Combining the data link and network layer of the OSI model, it allows for communication between
multiple networks, thus establishing internetworking or the internet.
3.Transport layer: Using the transport layer of the OSI model, it permits data to be transmitted between hosts on
either the same network or different network.
4.Application layer: It combines the session, presentation, and application layers of the OSI model. It is responsible
for providing the channel for interaction between software applications and end users.

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Knowto edit Master
about title and
LAN Cables styleConnectors

Wireless network adapter :

A wireless network adapter is a device that connects your PC to a wireless network. To connect
your portable or desktop PC to your wireless network, the PC must have a wireless network adapter.
Most laptops and tablets—and some desktop PCs—come with a wireless network adapter already installed.

To check whether your PC has a wireless network adapter:

1.Select Start , type device manager in the search box, and then select Device Manager.
2.Expand Network adapters.
3.Look for a network adapter that might have wireless in the name.

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about Coaxial title
Cablesstyle

A coaxial cable is an electrical cable with a copper conductor and an insulator shielding around it and
a braided metal mesh that prevents signal interference and cross talk. Coaxial cable is also known as coax.
The coaxial cable was patented in 1880 and was a standard to deliver high-frequency electrical signals over areas
with low signal loss.
The core copper conductor is used for the transmission of signals and the insulator is used to provide
insulation to the copper conductor and the insulator is surrounded by a braided metal conductor which helps
to prevent the interference of electrical signals and prevent cross talk. This entire setup is again covered with
a protective plastic layer to provide extra safety to the cable.
Copper conductor: A central conductor, which consists of copper. The conductor is the point at which data
transmits.
Insulator: Dielectric plastic insulation around the copper conductor. it is used to maintain the spacing
between the center conductor and shield.
Braided mesh: A braided mesh of copper helps to shield from electromagnetic interference, The braid
provides a barrier against EMI moving into and out of the coaxial cable.
Protective plastic layer: An external polymer layer, which has a plastic coating. It is used to protect internal
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Structure of Master
Coaxial title
cablestyle

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Typesto
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coaxial title style
cables

1. Hard-line coaxial cable

2. Flexible coaxial cable
3. Semi-rigid coaxial cable
4. Formable coaxial cable
5. Twin axial cable
6. Triaxial cable
7. Rigid coaxial cable

Applications of Coaxial cable

1.Television: Coaxial cable used for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial cable.
2.Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for carrying internet signals, RG-6 cables are used for this.
3.CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems and both RG-59 AND RG-6 cables can be
used.
4.Video: The coaxial cables are also used in video Transmission the RG-6 is used for better digital
signals and RG-59 for lossless transmission of video signals. 34
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Twisted Pair Master
Cables title style

It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Twisted pair cables have two conductors that are
generally made up of copper and each conductor has insulation. These two conductors are twisted
together, thus giving the name twisted pair cables.

One of the conductors is used to carry

the signal and the other is used as a ground
reference only. The receiver uses the
difference of signals between these two
conductors.
The noise or crosstalk in the two parallel conductors is high but this is greatly
reduced in twisted pair cables due to the twisting characteristic.
In the first twist, one conductor is near to noise source and the other is far from the
source but in the next twist the reverse happens and the resultant noise is very less and
hence the balance in signal quality is maintained and the receiver receives very less or no
noise.
The quality of signal in twisted pair cables greatly depends upon the number of
twists per unit length of the cable.
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Why cable isMaster title style
twisted?

• If the two wires are parallel, the effect of these unwanted signals is not the same in both wires because
they are at different locations relatives to the noise or crosstalk sources.
• This results in a difference at the receiver.
• By twisting the pair, a balance is maintained.

Types of Twisted-Pair Cable

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1. Unshielded title style
twisted-pair (UTP)

 The most common twisted-pair cable used in communications is referred to as unshielded twisted-pair
(UTP).
 This is the most commonly used medium today, because of its usage in the telephone system.
 This cable can carry both voice as well as data. It consists of two conductors (usually copper).
 In the beginning, the wires used to be kept parallel.
 However, this results in far greater levels of noise. Hence, the wires are normally twisted.
 This results in the reduction of noise to a great extent, although it is not eliminated completely. The
copper conductors are covered by PVC. or other insulator.

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UTP is flexible, cheap and easy to install. The Electronic Industries Association
(EIA) has developed standards for UTP cables.

1. The basic cable used in the telephone system. This is fine for voice
communication, but is unsuitable for data communication, except at very low speed.
2. Suitable for voice and data communication up to the speed of 4 Mbps.
3. Can carry voice and data up to 10 Mbps. It requires minimum three twists per
foot. Today, these are more regularly used in telephone networks.
4. These are similar to the category 3, but can handle data up to 16 Mbps.
5. Can handle data speed of 100

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2. Shielded Master
twisted-pair title style
(STP)

 In this case, apart from the insulator, the twisted wire pair itself is covered by metal shield and finally
by the plastic cover.
 The metal shield prevents penetration of electromagnetic noise.
 It also helps eliminate crosstalk, an effect wherein one wire picks up some of the signals travelling on
the other wire.
 This effect can be felt sometimes during telephone conversations, when we hear other conversations in
the background during our call. The shield prevents such unwanted sounds.

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Fiber Master
Optic Cable?title style

A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the structure of light signals. The structure of
an optical fiber cable is displayed in the figure. It involves an inner glass core surrounded by a glass cladding that
reflects the light into the core. Each fiber is encircled by a plastic jacket.

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Characteristics titleCables
Optical Fiber style

The main characteristics of Optical Fiber cables are as follows −

• Fiber optic cabling can support too high bandwidths in the range from 100 Mbps to 2 gigabytes because light has a
much greater frequency than electricity.
• The several nodes that a fiber optic can provide does not rely upon its length but on the hub or hubs that linked
cables.
• Fiber optic cable is not concerned by EMI effects and can be used in locations where high voltages pass.
• The value of fiber optic cable is more distinguished to twisted pair and co-axial.
• The setup of fiber optic cables is complex and endless.

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Advantages Master title style
and Disadvantages
Advantages of Optical Fiber
• Small Size and lightweight − The size (diameter) of the optical fibers is minimal (comparable to the diameter of
a human hair).
• Easily available and low cost
• No electrical or electromagnetic interface
• Large Bandwidth
Disadvantages of Optical Fiber
High Cost
Installation and Maintenance

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LAN Devices Master title style
- Repeaters

Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or regenerate an incoming
signal before retransmitting it.
They are incorporated in networks to expand its coverage area.
They are also known as signal boosters.
A repeater is implemented in computer networks to expand the coverage area of the network, repropagate a weak or
broken signal and or service remote nodes.
Repeaters amplify the received/input signal to a higher frequency.

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LAN Devices Master title style
- NIC

A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component without which a computer cannot be
connected over a network.
It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a dedicated network connection to the
computer.
It is also called network interface controller, network adapter or LAN adapter.

Functions
 NIC allows both wired and wireless communications.
 NIC allows communications between computers connected via local area network (LAN) as well as
communications over large-scale network through Internet Protocol (IP).
 NIC is both a physical layer and a data link layer device, i.e. it provides the necessary hardware
circuitry so that the physical layer processes and some data link layer processes can run on it.

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• A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks.

• It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to
their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.

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Modem to edit Master title style

Modem stands for Modulation Demodulation.

A modem converts the digital data signals into analogue data signals.

Whenever a user uploads data from a computer on the internet, the modem takes in the digital signal from your
computer and then, converts these signals into analog signals.
Analog signals can be easily accessed by telephone networks. When computers try to download data from the
internet, the modem takes the analog signal over the telephone and converts that signal into a digital signal.
The digital signal is accessible by the computer.

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