Memory

Memory
• Memory is the mental process that
allows us to store, retain, and recall
information and experiences over
time. It is essential for learning,
problem-solving, and making sense
of the world. Memories can range
from the most recent events we
experienced (like what we had for
breakfast) to long-held knowledge
(like how to ride a bike or our first
day at school).
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory is the shortest type of
memory, lasting only a few seconds. It
captures sensory information from the
environment (sights, sounds, smells, etc.)
and holds it long enough for us to decide
whether to focus on it or ignore it.
Examples: After seeing a flash of lightning,
the image of the flash lingers in your mind
for a brief moment, even after closing your
eyes.
Hearing a brief snippet of a conversation as
you walk past a group of people.
Short Term Memory
Short-term memory temporarily holds
information that we are actively thinking about or
using, typically for about 15-30 seconds. Working
memory, a specific form of STM, allows us to
manipulate this information for cognitive tasks
such as reasoning or learning.
Examples:
Memorizing a phone number long enough to dial
it but then forgetting it afterward.
Remembering a shopping list while walking
through the grocery store.
Long Term Memory
Long-term memory is a more permanent
type of memory that stores vast amounts of
information for long periods, ranging from
days to a lifetime. Unlike short-term
memory, LTM has a virtually unlimited
capacity.
Example: Remembering your high school
graduation day, the feelings of excitement,
the location, the people who attended, and
the speech you gave.
 Types Of Memory Through Table
Type of Memory Definition Example

Sensory Memory Brief retention of sensory information Seeing a flash of lightning

Short-Term Memory (STM)/ Working Temporary storage of information for Remembering a phone number long
Memory immediate use enough to dial it

Knowing how to ride a bike

Long-Term Memory (LTM) Storage of information for long periods (procedural), remembering a birthday
(episodic)
Episodic Memory Memory of personal events and experiences Recalling your first day of school

Semantic Memory General knowledge about the world Knowing the capital of a country

Procedural Memory Memory of how to perform tasks or skills Riding a bike or typing on a computer

Emotional Memory Memory tied to emotional experiences Remembering a happy or traumatic

event

Flashbulb Memory Vivid memory of a shocking or emotional Remembering exactly what you were
event doing during a major event
 Memory & Cognition

Memory= Acquiring Storing Retaining and Retrieving

information.
Cognition…
Acquiring knowledge and understandi

HOW?

Thoughts. Experiences, & Senses

LET’S SHARE A
MEMORY!
MULTI-STORE MEMORY MODEL!!
An in-depth clarification
Meet with you in the polling
station!!
 Which type of memory is more
important?
Sensory

Short-term

Long-term
Emotions in connection with
cognition.
• Act as motivators.
• Forming our positive experiences.
Activity
• Insights into our thoughts, needs, and Remind yourself one
desires. thing that you always
consider as your
• Memory formation and retention.
blessing… now write 3
• Regulate our behavior by providing thoughts about this
internal feedback thing. And write 3
things that you feel!
The Power of Association
Let’s Play

The
Memory
Game
START!
 "Memory Chain"
Players take turns saying a word or phrase that starts with the last
letter of the previous word. For example, if the previous word was
"cat," the next player could say "turtle" because turtle starts with the
letter "t." If a player can't think of a word that starts with the last letter
of the previous word, they're out.

LET’S TEST YOUR LONG TERM MEMORY.

ANALOGIES TEST (COMPLETE BY
WRITING CORRECT WORD)
COGNTION-MODEL
Memory disorders
Memory disorders are
conditions that affect the
ability to form, store, retrieve,
or use memories. These
disorders can be caused by a
variety of factors, including
brain injury, aging,
neurological diseases, and
psychological conditions.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative
disease that primarily affects older adults. It leads to
the degeneration of brain cells, particularly in areas
related to memory. Alzheimer's disease is the most
common type of dementia. It is a progressive
disease beginning with mild memory loss and
possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a
conversation and respond to the environment.
Gradual memory loss, confusion, difficulty in
remembering recent events, disorientation, and
eventually inability to recognize loved ones or
perform daily tasks. It primarily affects the
hippocampus and temporal lobes, which are crucial
for forming and storing new memories.
Causes of Alzheimer’s
• Aging and Alzheimer's risk
• Genetics of Alzheimer's
disease
• Health, environmental, and
lifestyle factors that may
contribute to Alzheimer's
disease
symptoms of alzheimer’s

• Inability to communicate.
• No awareness of recent experiences or
surroundings.
• Weight loss with little interest in eating.
• Seizures.
• General physical decline, including
dental, skin, and foot problems.
• Difficulty swallowing.
.
Risk Factors
1. Family history and genetics
The risk of developing Alzheimer's is somewhat higher if a first-degree relative — your
parent or sibling — has the disease. Just how genes among families affect the risk is
largely unexplained, and the genetic factors are likely complex.
2. Down syndrome
Many people with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer's disease. This is likely related
to having three copies of chromosome 21. Chromosome 21 is the gene involved in the
production of the protein that leads to the creation of beta-amyloid. Beta-amyloid
fragments can become plaques in the brain. Symptoms tend to appear 10 to 20 years
earlier in people with Down syndrome than they do in the general population.
3. Head trauma
Several large studies found that people aged 50 years or older who had a traumatic
brain injury (TBI) had an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The risk is
even higher in people with more severe and multiple TBIs. Some studies found that
the risk may be greatest within the first six months to two years after the injury.
Conti…
• 4. Excessive alcohol consumption
Drinking large amounts of alcohol has long been known to cause
brain changes. Several large studies and reviews found that alcohol
use disorders were linked to an increased risk of dementia — early-
onset dementia in particular.
5. Poor sleep patterns
Research has shown that poor sleep patterns, such as trouble
falling asleep or staying asleep, are linked to an increased risk of
Alzheimer's disease.
Dementia
• Dementia is not a specific
disease but is rather a
general term for the
impaired ability to
remember, think, or make
decisions that interfere
with everyday activities.
Symptoms of dementia
• Memory problems, particularly
remembering recent events.
• Increasing confusion.
• Reduced concentration.
• Personality or behavior changes.
• Apathy and withdrawal or
depression.
• loss of ability to do everyday
tasks.
Parkinson’s disease
• Parkinson's disease is a
progressive disorder that affects
the nervous system and the parts
of the body controlled by the
nerves can lead to dementia in its
later stages. Symptoms start
slowly. The first symptom may be
a barely noticeable tremor in just
one hand. Tremors are common,
but the disorder may also cause
stiffness or slowing of movement.
Causes of Parkinson’s disease
• *Age. The biggest risk factor for
developing Parkinson's is
advancing age
*Gender. Men are more likely to
develop Parkinson's disease than
women.
Genetics
*Environmental causes
*Head trauma
Diagnosis of Parkinson’s
Disease
Diagnosing Parkinson's Disease is
primarily clinical, meaning it is based on a
doctor’s evaluation of the patient's
symptoms, medical history, and a
neurological examination. Parkinson’s
disease (PD) is a progressive
neurodegenerative disorder that affects
movement, and there is no single test
that can definitively diagnose it. Instead,
doctors rely on a combination of methods
to rule out other conditions and assess
for the characteristic signs of Parkinson's.
Amnesia
• Amnesia can be caused by brain injury, infection,
trauma, or damage to memory-related brain
structures like the hippocampus. It can also
result from emotional trauma or psychological
stress (psychogenic amnesia).
• Types of Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new
memories after the event that caused the
disorder.
Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memories that
occurred before the event causing the amnesia.
Symptoms
• Difficulty remembering past
events (retrograde) or forming
new memories (anterograde).
Short-term memory is often
affected, but long-term
memories may remain intact.
• Involvement in Memory:
Damage to the hippocampus
and medial temporal lobe are
often involved.
Video clips related to diseases:

https://youtu.be/PEOWPu8rcLs?si=3KYOQAh-GqIy
U6lG
(Parkinson’s)

https://youtu.be/7F-t9yvPP_0?si=GZmDOmMVETE
Rj3vF
(Alzheimer’s)

https://youtu.be/gKZhp2JNYyI?si=UZMX-TN1k2e6
UREd
(dementia)
Thank you