Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    Immunoglobulin S

    Uploaded by

    Ayeza Mazhar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Immunoglobulin S

    Uploaded by

    Ayeza Mazhar
    4 views12 pages

    Original Title

    Immunoglobulin s

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views12 pages

    Immunoglobulin S

    Uploaded by

    Ayeza Mazhar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Immunoglobulins

    Histology
    What are immunoglobulins
    • Immunoglobulins are any class of proteins present in the serum and
    cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies.
    • There are five types present
    1. IgA
    2. IgE
    3. IgD
    4. IgG
    5. IgM
    • They are secreted in response to exposure to a variety of antigens.
    Structure of immunoglobulins
    (antibody)
    • Immunoglobulins contain a minimum of two identical light (L)and two
    identical heavy (H) chains, held together by disulfide bonds

    The half of the light chain towards the carboxy


    terminal is referred as the constant region, while the
    amino terminal half is the variable region of the light.
    The hinge region confers flexibility and allows both
    arms of antibody to move independently, thus
    helping them to bind antigenic sites that may be
    variable distance apart.
    The site on the antigen to which an antibody binds is
    termed an antigenic determinant, or epitope
    Combinations of heavy and light
    chains
    • There are two general types of light chains, kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), which can be
    distinguished on the basis of structural differences in their Constant regions
    • • A given immunoglobulin molecule always contains two κ and two λ chains, never a
    mixture of κ and λ
    • Five classes of H chains have been found in humans, distinguished by differences in their
    constant regions
    • They are designated:
    • –γ,
    • –α,
    • –µ,
    • –δ,
    • –є
    • The type of H chain thus determines the class immunoglobulins
    • There are thus five immunoglobulin classes:
    • –IgG, having light chain γ
    • –IgA, having light chain α
    • –IgM, having light chain µ
    • –IgD, having light chain δ
    • –IgE, having light chain ε
    Different structure of each class of
    Major functions; IgG
    • The major function of IgG
    immunoglobulins are:
    • –Main antibody in secondary response
    • –Opsonizes bacteria making them easier to
    • phagocytose
    • –Fixes complement which enhances bacterial
    • killing
    • –Neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses
    • – Crosses the placenta
    Major functions; IgA
    • IgA :
    • –The only secreted antibody,
    • –prevents attachment of bacteria and
    • viruses to mucous membranes
    • It is 15 percent of all immunoglobulins present in serum
    Major functions; IgM
    • IgM :
    • –Produced in the primary response to
    • an antigen,
    • –and does not cross the placenta
    • It is 10 percent of all immunoglobulins present in
    serum
    Major functions; IgE
    • IgE :
    • –Mediates immediate hypersensitivity by
    • causing release of mediators from mast
    • cells upon exposure to antigen (allergan)
    • –Defends against worm infestation
    • It is 0.004 percent of all immunoglobulins present in
    serum
    Major functions; IgD
    • The function of IgD is uncertain however there are some theory
    • In B cells, the function of IgD is to signal the B cells to be activated. By
    being activated, B cells are ready to take part in the defense of the
    body as part of the immune system
    • IgD was found to bind to basophils and mast cells and activate these
    cells to produce antimicrobial factors to participate in respiratory
    immune defense in humans.
    • It is 0.2 percent of all immunoglobulins present in serum

    You might also like