Skeletal System

Bone
Growth
01 Endochondral
Ossification
It s
It is the process by which growing
cartilage is systematically replaced by
bone to form the growing skeleton.
Endochondral
Ossification
It s
Osteoporosis
It is a bone disease that develops

when bone mineral density and bone
mass decreases, or when the structure
and strength of bone changes.It
primarily affects
older,postmenopausal women.
Osteoporosis
Increasing calcium intake, reducing

protein intake, exercise and low doses
of estrogen are effective treatments
for osteoporosis.
Joints
It is the part of the body

where two or more bones
meet to allow movement.
3 Types of
Joints
Immovable
Joints
These are like those
connecting the cranial
bones, have edges that
tightly interlock.
3 Types of
Joints
Partly
Movable
It allow some degree of
flexibility and usually have
cartilage between the bones.
3 Types of
Joints
Synovi
al
It permits the greatest degree of
flexibility and have the ends of
bones covered with a connective
tissue filled with synovial fluid. The
outer surface contains ligaments
that strengthen joints and hold
bones in position
Skeletal
Disorder
Injury, degenerative wear and
tear an inflammatory disorders
affects joints. Sprains are
common injuries that cause
ligaments to rip of separate
from the bone. Tendinitis and
bursitis are inflammations of
the tendon sheaths.
Ostheoarthrit
is
It is a degenerative condition
associated with the wearing away
of the protective caps of cartilage
covering the bone ends. The cause
is not known and may just be wear-
and-tear associated with aging.
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
It is a severely damaging arthritis
that begins with inflammation and
thickening of the synovial
membrane followed by bone
degeneration and disfigurement.
Joint replacement may in some
cases restore function.
Skeletal
Muscle
System
Vertebrates move by the actions of
bones and muscles. Tendons attach
many skeletal muscles across joints,
allowing muscle contradiction to
move the bones across the joint.
Muscle generally work in pairs to
produce movement when muscle
flexes(contracts) the other relaxes
(antagonism).
Muscles have both electrical and
chemical activity. There is an
electrical gradient across the muscle
cell membrane: the outside is more
positive than the inside. Stimulus
causes an instantaneous reversal of
this polarity, causing the muscle to
contract (the mechanical
characteristic) producing a twitch o
movement.
Anatomical
Terminolog
y
Directional Terms
It describe the positions of

structures relative to other
structures or locations in
the body.
Superior/Cranial
It describe the head end of

the body;upper
extremities(ex:hand)
Inferior/Caudal
It is away from the

head: lower
extremities(ex:foot)
Anterior or
Ventral
Front (ex:kneecap is
located on the anterior
side of the leg)
Posterior/ Dorsal
back(ex: the shoulder

blades are located on
the posterior side of
the body)
Medial
Located towards the

midline of the body(ex:
middle toe is located
at the middle side of
the foot)
Lateral
Located away from

the midline of the
body(ex: little toe is
located at the lateral
side of the foot)
Proximal
Located toward the

nearest trunk or the point
of origin of a part(ex: the
proximal end of femur
joints with the pelvic
bone)
Distal
Located away from or farthest
from the trunk or the point or
origin of a part(ex: the hand is
located at the distal end of
the forearm)
Planes
of the
Body
Coronal Plane
(Frontal Plane)
A vertical plane running from

side to side; divides the body
or any of its parts into
anterior and posterior
portions.
Saggital Plane
(Lateral Plane)
A vertical plane running from

front to back; divides the
body or any of its parts into
right or left sides.
Axial Plane
(Transverse Plane)
A horizontal plane:
divides the body or any
of its parts into upper
and lower parts.
Median Plane
Saggital plane through

the midline of the body;
divides the body or any
of its parts into right
and left halves.
Skeletal
Skeleton System
is the central structure
of the body and is made up of
bones, joints and cartilage. It
provides the framework for
muscles and gives the body its
defined human shape
Types of
joint
movements
Ball and
Hinge Joints Socket Joints
• Flexion • Abduction
• Extension • Circumducti
on
• Rotation
Different
types of
Stretchi
ng
Active
01 Stretching
• Also known as
static active
stretching, uses
your own muscles
to provide
resistance.
• This techniques
adopt and holds a
pose while
Passive
02 Stretching
• It is where you
assume a position
and hold it with
some other part of
your body, or with
the assistance of a
partner or some
other apparatus.
• Excellent for
enhancing your
Dynamic
03 Stretching
• It is an active
movement where
a joint and muscle
are moved
through their full
range of motion in
a controlled
manner.
• These are lively
PNF
03 Stretching
• Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular
Facilitation (PNF) is
a stretching
technique utilized to
improve muscle
elasticity
• Refers to a set of
techniques that
involve stretching
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Skeletal System

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Bone

It is a bone disease that develops

Increasing calcium intake, reducing

It is the part of the body

It describe the positions of

It describe the head end of

It is away from the

back(ex: the shoulder

Located towards the

Located away from

Located toward the

A vertical plane running from

A vertical plane running from

Saggital plane through

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