Gregor Mendel

Gregor Mendel
and his pea plant

Who is Gregor Mendel?
• An austrian monk
• Also known as “The father of genetics”
• He is famous for conducting groundbreaking experiments on pea
plants
What did he do and discover?
• He carried out experiments in which he bred different varities of the
garden pea (pisum sativum)
• Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants in the 1860s

and discovered the basic principles of heredity. He observed and
tracked the inheritance of different traits in pea plants by cross-
breeding plants with contrasting characteristics.
• Mendel discovered that traits are inherited in a predictable manner

through the transmission of what he called "factors" (now known as
genes), which determine specific characteristics
Why pea plants?
He chose pea plants because of the following reasons:
• It has many traits that have two clearly different forms that are easy
to tell apart.
• Their mating can be easily controlled because the male and female
reproductive parts are enclosed within the same flower.
• It it small, grows easily, matures quickly, and produces many offspring.
The three Laws of Inheretance
• Gregor Mendel formulated three laws of inheritance: the Law of
Segregation, the Law of Independent Assortment, and the Law of
Dominance. These laws describe the patterns of inheritance of
genetic traits from one generation to the next. Mendel's
groundbreaking work with pea plants laid the foundation for our
understanding of genetics and heredity, and his laws are still
considered fundamental principles in the field of genetics today.
The Law of Segregation
• Law of segregation states that during gamete formation, the alleles
for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries
only one allele for each gene. the given example as the image shows
that the f2 generation has 2 purple flowers and 1 white flower due
segregation of alleles in the genes.
EXAMPLE:
the color trait of the flower will depend on the type of allele inherited
by the offspring. Each parent plant transfers one of the alleles to their
offspring. And these sets of alleles in the offspring will depend on the
chromosomes of the two gametes uniting at fertilization.
The Law of Dominance
• Mendel's law of dominance states that in a heterozygote, one trait
will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic.
Rather than both alleles contributing to a phenotype, the dominant
allele will be expressed exclusively.
EXAMPLE:
• When purebred tall (TT) pea plants are crossed with purebred dwarf
(tt) pea plants, all the plants in the F 1 progeny are tall(Tt) . The
appearance of all Tall plants in the F 1 generation shows that tallness
is the dominant character while dwarfness is the recessive character.
The Law of Independent
Assortment
• Describes how different genes independently separate from one
another when reproductive cells develop.Mendel's law of
independent assortment states that genes do not influence each
other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible
combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.
EXAMPLE:
• For instance, one baby could receive the bbgg genotype, giving it
white fur and red eyes. Alternatively, a baby rabbit could also receive
the genotype Bbgg, giving it black fur and red eyes. This is the law of
independent assortment.
Heterozygous and Homozygous
• Homozygous and heterozygous are terms that are used to describe
allele pairs. Individuals carrying two identical alleles (RR or rr) are
known as homozygous. While individual organisms bearing different
alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous.
genotype and phenotype
• An individual's genotype is the combination of alleles that they
possess for a specific gene. An individual's phenotype is the
combination of their observable characteristics or traits. While an
organism's genotype is directly inherited from its parents, phenotype
is merely influenced by genotype
recessiveand dominant traits
• Dominant and recessive genes. The most common interaction
between alleles is a dominant/recessive relationship. An allele of a
gene is said to be dominant when it effectively overrules the other
(recessive) allele. Eye colour and blood groups are both examples of
dominant/recessive gene relationships.
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Gregor Mendel

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Gregor Mendel

and his pea plant

• Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants in the 1860s

• Mendel discovered that traits are inherited in a predictable manner

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