BLACK-BOX-WPS Office

BLACK-BOX
TESTING
IN
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
By:VENKAT PR
61781922102178
CSE-III YEAR
What is Blackbox testing?
Black-box testing is a software testing method that
focuses on evaluating the functionality of an application
without looking at its internal code, structure, or
implementation details. The tester in black-box testing
only has access to the software's inputs and expected
outputs, not the internal workings of the code.
This approach allows testers to assess how well a

system performs based on user interactions and
expected behavior, which is crucial for validating real-
world functionality.
Key Concepts in Black-Box Testing:
Input-Output Testing:
Testers provide specific inputs to the software and

check if the outputs align with expected results. For
example, testing a login form by inputting various
username-password combinations and verifying if the
system responds correctly.
Behavioral Testing:
The focus is on how the application behaves under
different conditions, like handling incorrect input
gracefully, providing clear error messages, or correctly
managing load variations.
High-Level Functional Testing:

Black-box testing primarily validates that the software
meets business and functional requirements, making
it more suitable for high-level testing rather than
detailed code analysis.
Test cases:
Developed based on requirements, specifications, and
user stories to cover a wide range of use cases.
Focus on functionality:
Tests are designed based on expected functionality,
requirements, and user interactions, rather than how
the code is implemented.
Common types:
Includes functional testing, acceptance testing, and

system testing.
Black-Box Testing Techniques
Equivalence Partitioning:
Divides inputs into groups or "partitions" that are
expected to produce similar results. Testing one input
from each group can help ensure that the program
handles a range of similar cases correctly. For instance,
testing age ranges like under 18, 18–65, and 65+.
Boundary Value Analysis:

Focuses on testing values at the boundaries of input
ranges, where errors are more likely.
If an application accepts inputs between 1 and 100,
boundary values would be 1, 100, and values just
outside this range (e.g., 0 and 101).
Decision Table Testing:
Creates a table listing different input combinations

with their expected outputs. This method is useful for
testing complex business rules where multiple
conditions interact to produce different outcomes.
State Transition Testing:

Used for applications with different states, where each
state change depends on user actions or events. This
technique is commonly used for testing user interfaces,
workflows, or authentication processes, where an action
leads to a state change (e.g., logged in, logged out).
Error Guessing:
Based on the tester’s experience, this technique involves
predicting areas where the software might fail. Testers
come up with inputs that could trigger potential errors,
like entering special characters or exceeding expected
input lengths.
Example of Black-Box Test Case for a Login System
Let's consider a login system with requirements that a
valid login requires:
Username: Between 5 and 10 characters, containing only

letters and numbers
.
Password: At least 8 characters, with one uppercase, one
lowercase, and one special character.
Benefits of Black-Box Testing
User-Centric:
Reflects real-world user interactions, making it ideal for
testing how the system works from an end-user
perspective.
Broad Applicability:
Works well for any type of application, from web
applications and mobile apps to embedded systems.
Independent to Programming:
Can be done by testers who don’t need
programming knowledge.
Easy Bug detection:
Detects missing or incorrect functionalities from

a user’s perspective.
Helps find unexpected behaviors in complex

interactions.
Applications of Black-Box Testing
Acceptance Testing:
Used to validate the system against the user
requirements before deployment.
System Testing: Verifies that the integrated system
works as intended.
System Testing:
Verifies that the integrated system works as intended.
End-to-End Testing:
Ensures that all system components interact

correctly from start to finish in workflows users will
follow.
Goal of Blackbox testing
The goal is to ensure that the application

behaves as expected by testing various
scenarios and edge cases based on
requirements and specifications.
Limitations of Black-Box
Testing
Limited Coverage:
Black-box testing doesn’t provide insight into code

paths, so hidden bugs in the code logic may go
undetected.
Dependency on Documentation:
Clear requirements are essential, as testers rely on
these to generate expected outcomes. Ambiguous
requirements can lead to missed or incorrect tests.
Without internal knowledge, testers might
unknowingly duplicate test cases or miss edge
cases in code.
Lacks insight into the internal code, so it may miss
certain errors in the code logic.
System understanding
Limited by the tester's understanding of what the
system is supposed to do, which relies heavily on
the documentation and specifications provided.
Conclusion
black-box testing is an essential approach in
software development for validating functional
requirements, ensuring system reliability, and
delivering a product that meets user needs. It
complements white-box testing, where
developers analyze code internals, creating a
comprehensive quality assurance process.
Black-box testing is often used in conjunction with

white-box testing, where developers test the
internal code, to ensure comprehensive test
coverage
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BLACK-BOX

This approach allows testers to assess how well a

Testers provide specific inputs to the software and

High-Level Functional Testing:

Includes functional testing, acceptance testing, and

Boundary Value Analysis:

Decision Table Testing:

Creates a table listing different input combinations

State Transition Testing:

Username: Between 5 and 10 characters, containing only

Easy Bug detection:

Detects missing or incorrect functionalities from

Helps find unexpected behaviors in complex

Ensures that all system components interact

Goal of Blackbox testing

The goal is to ensure that the application

Black-box testing doesn’t provide insight into code

Black-box testing is often used in conjunction with

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