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Music 8
East Asian Music
Second Quarter - Week1 Objectives • 1.Listen perceptively to music of East Asia • 2.Identify and classify the traditional instruments of East Asian Countries. • 3An alyze musical elements of selected instru mental pieces heard. Traditional Musical Instruments of Japan Percussion (Membranophone): 1. Odaiko- big , fat drum”, used as a bass drum in many styles of Japanese music. The physical energy and sheer excitement of an Odaiko performance is an integral part of many Japanese matsuri (festivals). 2. Tsuzumi (hourglass-shape) – the smaller kotsuzumi and the larger otsuzumi are used in both noh, kabuki performances and also used in minyo or Japanese Folk Music. The kotsuzumi is held on the right shoulder and the player alters the tone by squeezing the laces. The otsuzumi is placed on the left thigh. 3. Tsuridaiko – also called gaku-daiko is a large hanging barrel drum. It is played with two-mallets on one side only and used primarily in bugaku orchestra. 4. Taiko – also known as kumi-daiko, is a Japanese drum that comes in various sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres. It has become particularly popular in recent years as the central instrument of percussion ensembles whose repertory is based on a variety of folk and festival music of the past. • String (Chordophone) 1. Koto – also called kin is a 13-string zither, about two meters long and made of Paulownia wood. It is plucked using picks or ivory plectrums called tsume on the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand, while the left hand can be used to modify pitch and tone by pressing the strings to the left of the bridges. Koto is used in court music, an ensemble in gagaku or as a solo instrument. 2. Shamisen- also called sangen, is a plucked stringed instrument, played with a plectrum called a bachi. Its construction follows a model similar to that of a guitar or a banjo, employing a neck, and strings stretched across a resonating body. The neck of the shamisen is fretless, and is slimmer than that of a guitar or a banjo. 3. Biwa - is a Japanese short-necked fretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling. The biwa is the chosen instrument of Benten, the goddess of music, eloquence, poetry, and education in Japanese Shinto. It is also known for its distinctive buzz (sawari) which is produced when the string comes into contact with the hard woof of the neck. Woodwind (Aerophone) 1. Shakuhachi- the most famous flute made from bamboo. It has 4 or 5 finger holes on the front face and a thumbhole on the rear face. The timbre of the instrument As with other instruments above, it was imported from China for gagaku. 2. Nokan - a parallel, bamboo flute (fue) is the only melodic instrument used in noh. The melody of the flute has no specific pitch relationship with the melody of the chanting. 3. Hichiriki - is a double reed Japanese fue (flute) used as one of two main melodic instruments in Japanese gagaku music, the other being the ryuteki. 4. Sho - is a Japanese free reed musical instrument that was introduced from China during the Nara period. 5. Shinobue – also called takebue in the context of Japanese traditional arts) is a Japanese transverse flute or fue that has a high-pitched sound. 6. Ryuteki - literally "dragon flute" is a Japanese transverse fue made of bamboo. It is used in gagaku. Traditional Musical Instruments of China Stringed (Chordophone) 1. Yueqin - Moon-shaped lute with shorter neck and four strings, played with a spectrum, used for accompanying local operas. Stringed (Chordophone) 2. Pipa - Four-stringed lute with 30 frets and a pear-shaped body. This instrument has an extremely wide dynamic range and remarkable expressive power. Stringed (Chordophone) 3. Erhu - Two-stringed fiddle and one of the most popular Chinese instruments. An alto instrument with a middle –high musical range, its melodies can be tender or sonorous. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles or large orchestra Stringed (Chordophone) 4. Zheng - An ancient Chinese instrument that has an arched surface and an elongated-trapezoid with 13 to 21 strings stretched over individual bridges. Its playing range spans three to four octaves. Woodwind (Aerophone) 5. Sheng - Sheng, or Chinese mouth organ, looks like a set of panpipes, with 12 to 36 bamboo pipes. Each pipe is of different length with a brass reed at the bottom and a hole that must be blocked in order for the note to sound. Sheng is one of the oldest Chinese musical instruments. A polyphonic instrument. Woodwind (Aerophone) 6. Dizi - Dizi is the traditional Chinese flute. It can have a membrane over an extra hole to give the characteristic rattle effect. The player plays the Dizi by blowing across the mouthpiece and produces the different notes by stopping the six holes found in the rod. Percussion (Idiophone) 7. Yunluo - Literally "cloud gongs" or "cloud of gongs", the yunluo is a set of ten small tuned gongs mounted in a wooden frame, gongs are of equal diameter but different thickness. The thicker gongs produce a higher pitch. Percussion (Idiophone) 8. Pengling-These are two small bells made of high-tin bronze. The instrument has a delicate, clarion and melodious tone. It is a coloring rhythmic instrument, either in ensembles or in theater music, bringing an effect of peaceful dreams. Traditional Musical Instruments of Korea Stringed Instruments: (Chordophone) 1. Kayagum (gayageum) - is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings, although more recently variants have been constructed with 21 or more numbers of strings. It is probably the best-known traditional Korean musical instrument. Stringed Instruments: (Chordophone) 2. Geomungo - Six-string plucked zither is a traditional Korean stringed musical instrument of the zither family of instruments with both bridges and frets. Scholars believe that the name “geomungo” refers to “Goguryeo” and translates to "Goguryeo zither". It refers to the color and translates to "black crane zither". Stringed Instruments: (Chordophone) 3. Haegeum (two-string vertical fiddle) – It has a rodlike neck, a hollow wooden sound box, two silk strings, and is held vertically on the knee of the performer and played with a bow. Woodwind (Aerophone) 4. Piri - used in both the folk and classical (court) music of Korea. It is made of bamboo. Its large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound mellower than that of many other types of oboe. Percussion (Membranophone) 5. Changgo - is the most widely used drum used in the traditional music of Korea. It consists of an hourglass-shaped body with two heads made from animal skin. The two heads produce sounds of different pitch and timbre, which when played together are believed to represent the harmony of man and woman. Japanese music has three general types of instruments - percussion instruments (membranophone) (odaiko, tsuzumi, shoko, tsuridaiko, taiko), string instruments (chordophone) (koto, shamisen, biwa), and wind instruments (aerophone)-mostly flutes (shakuhachi, nokan, sho, hichiriki). Compared to our music, Japanese music is very simple. They sing melodies in unison and they never repeat the same melody in a song. Chinese musical instruments are classified according to the materials by which they are made: animal skins, gourd, bamboo, wood, silk, earth/clay, metal, and stone. Traditional Korean instruments can be broadly divided into three groups: string (chordophone), wind (aerophone), and percussion instruments (membranophone). Kayagum is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings, probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrument. Haegum a two-string vertical fiddle, with a rod-like neck and a hollow wooden sound box. Changgo is the most widely used drum used in the traditional music of Korea. Activity 1: True or False Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect. _____1. Chinese musical instruments are classified according to the materials by which they are made. _____2. Sheng is one of the oldest Chinese musical instruments. _____3. Korean kayagum is similar to koto of Japan. _____4. Japanese music is very simple. _____5. Odaiko is the most widely used drum used in the traditional music of Korea. Activity 2: Directions: Classify the following instruments into chordophone, aerophone or membranophone and write it on the space before the number. ______________1. Kayagum ______________6. Changgo ______________2. Pipa ______________7. Yunlo ______________3. Sho ______________8. Hichiriki ______________4. Odaiko ______________9. Koto ______________5. Haegum ______________10. Tsuzumi