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    Class 1 Endocrine and Digestive System NET Best

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    Class 1 Endocrine and Digestive System NET Best

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    shalinim8387
    6 views35 pages

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    Class 1 Endocrine and Digestive system NET best

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    6 views35 pages

    Class 1 Endocrine and Digestive System NET Best

    Uploaded by

    shalinim8387

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    Endocrine system NET

    Suman Bhattacharjee
    What are endocrine
    hormones?
    1. Chemical signals from one cell to 33% 33% 33%
    remote target cells.
    2. Chemicals for direct cell-to-cell
    communication.
    3. Chemicals that cross a gap
    between two adjacent cells.

    1 2 3
    Four methods of cell-to-cell communication are found in the human
    body, ranging from direct to remote communication.
    Hormones and Receptors
    • Hormones- chemical
    messengers travel through
    body
    • Target cell or organ- organ or
    cells that a hormone affects

    The endocrine system


    Peptide hormones vs
    Steroid hormones
    Role of the Pituitary
    • The pituitary is the “master
    gland” that signals other glands to
    produce their hormones when
    needed.
    • The anterior lobe of the pituitary
    receives signals from the
    hypothalamus, and responds by
    sending out the appropriate
    hormone to other endocrine
    glands.
    • The posterior pituitary receives
    oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone
    (ADH) from the hypothalamus,
    relays them to the body as
    necessary.
    Pituitary Hormones
    Pituitary Hormone Functions

    Follicle-stimulating hormone Stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release of sex hormones.

    Lutenizing hormone Stimulates maturation of egg and of the corpus luteum surrounding the egg, which
    affects female sex hormones and the menstrual cycle.
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine.

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone Causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol.

    Melanocyte-stimulating Stimulates synthesis of skin pigments.


    hormone

    Growth hormone Stimulates growth during infancy and puberty.

    Antidiuretic hormone Signals the kidney to conserve more water.

    Oxytocin Affects childbirth, lactation, and some behaviors.


    Endocrine Hormones
    Gland Hormones Functions
    Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates metabolism
    Calcitonin Inhibits release of calcium from the bones
    Parathyroids Parathyroid hormone Stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.
    Islet cells (in the Insulin Decreases blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose by cells.
    pancreas)
    Glucagon Increases blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
    Testes Testosterone Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex characteristics.
    Ovaries Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex characteristics.
    Progesterone Prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
    Adrenal cortex Epinephrine Stimulates “fight or flight” response.
    Adrenal medulla Glucocorticoids Part of stress response, increase blood glucose levels and decrease immune response.

    Aldosterone Regulates sodium content in the blood.


    Testosterone (in both sexes) Adult body form (greater muscle mass), libido.

    Pineal gland Melatonin Sleep cycles, reproductive cycles in many mammals.


    Temperature Control
    Blood pressure regulation : Overview
    Blood pressure regulation
    Blood Calcium Regulation
    Blood Sugar Control
    Control of Hormone Release
    • Negative feedback mechanism-
    hormone release is triggered by
    stimulus, rising levels of hormone
    inhibit further release
    • Endocrine stimuli-
    • Hormonal- hormones stimulate the
    release of others
    • Humoral- blood stimulates release of
    hormones
    • Neural- nerves stimulate hormone
    release
    Anterior Pituitary Gland

    • Growth Hormone (GH)- affects


    growth of skeletal muscles and
    bones
    • Prolactin (PRL)- stimulates milk
    production after pregnancy
    • Gonadotropic- regulates
    hormone activity of sex organs
    • Also effects adrenal cortex and
    thyroid hormone release
    Posterior Pituitary
    • Oxytocin- helps during pregnancy
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- inhibits
    urine production
    • Alcohol inhibits ADH causing increased
    output of urine
    Thyroid Gland
    • Thyroid hormone
    • Controls the rate at which
    glucose is “burned”
    • Calcitonin
    • Decreases calcium levels in
    blood deposits on bone
    Parathyroid Gland
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-
    regulates Ca2+ in blood
    • If Ca2+ level drops bones is
    broken down
    • Increase the Calcium level
    Adrenal Gland
    • Adrenal Cortex
    • Releases hormones that regulate
    mineral content in blood
    • Adrenal Medulla
    • Produces epinephrine and
    norepinephrine
    • Helps with stressful situations
    Pancreas
    • Insulin- increases glucose
    uptake into cells and stores in
    liver
    • Glucagon- stimulates
    breakdown of glucose stores
    in the liver
    Pineal Gland
    • Melatonin
    • Establishes body’s day/ night cycle
    Thymus Gonads
    • Thymosin
    • “Programs” T cells • Androgens (male)- sperm
    formation, development of
    male char
    • Estrogens (female)-
    development of female
    char
    Few Hormones and their
    regulation
    How is the
    thyroid
    controlled?

    Simple negative feedback loop

    © Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997.


    All rights reserved.
    How is the adrenal
    cortex controlled?

    Corticotropin-releasing hormone
    Vasopressin or ADH

    Multi door negative feedback loop

    © Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997. All rights reserved.


    How is growth
    hormone
    controlled?
    Somatostatin, also known
    as growth hormone–
    inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

    Growth hormone–
    releasing hormone (GHRH),
    also known as somatoliberin

    Insulin-like growth factor 1, 2

    © Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997. All rights reserved.


    How are the gonads
    controlled? LH

    Late follicle development


    Testosterone and progesterone synthesis
    How are the gonads
    controlled? FSH

    Early follicle development


    Sperm synthesis
    Digestive System
    Digestive (GI) Tract
    Chemical
    digestion of
    food
    Transport of lipid after digestion
    Coordination of Secretion &
    Absorption

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)


    Digestion
    • Water Absorption
    • Cells cannot actively absorb or
    secrete water
    • All movement of water across
    lining of digestive tract
    • Involves passive water flow
    down osmotic gradients

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