BRAIN

AS
CPU
SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

• The human brain can be thought of a highly sophisticated & complex

information system, similar to a computer’s Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Both the Brain & CPU receive & process inputs, store information & perform
calculations to produce outputs.

• However, there are significant differences like the way they store & process
information & the facts that the human brain has ability to learn & adapt
while a Computer’s CPU does not.

• Aditionally the Human brain has ability to performing the tasks such as
Perception, Thought & Emotion which are beyond the scope of a computer’s
CPU
 COMPUTER
BASIC FOR COMPARISON BRAIN SIZE & WEIGHT COMPUTER

Construction Neurons & Synapses ICs, Transistors, Diodes,

capacitors, Transistors
Memory Growth Increase each time by connecting Increase by adding more memory
synaptic links chips
Backup system Built-in backup Backup system is constructed
manually
Memory power 100 Teraflops 100 Million Megabytes

Memory density 10 Raise to 7 circuits/cm3 10 raise to 14 bits/cm3

Energy consumption 12 Watts of Power Gigawatts of Power

Information storage Stored in Electrochemical & Stored in Numeric & symbolic

Electric impulse form
Size & weight The brains volume is 1500 Variable weight & size form
cm3 & weight is around 3.3 few grams to tones
pounds

Transmission of information Use chemicals to fire the action Communication is achieved

potential in the neurons through electrical coded signals

Information processing low high

Input/output Sensory organs Keyboard, mouse, web cameras

Strutural organization Self- organized Pre-programmed structure

Parallelism Massive Limited

Reliability & Damagebility Brain is self organizing, self Computers perform a monotous
properties maintaining & reliable job & can’t correct itself
 ARCHITECTURE
• The architecture of the human brain as a CPU system can be compared to the parallel
distributed processing system, as opposed to the Von Neumann architecture of traditional
computer.

• In human brain, information is processed in a distributed manner across multiple regions each
with specialized functions rather than being processed sequentially in a single centralized zone.

• Just like how a computers CPU has an arithmetic logic unit ALU to perform mathematical
calculations, the human brain has specialized region of processing mathematical and logical
operations.

• The prefrontal call text for example is responsible for higher level cognitive functions such as
decision making and problem solving.

• Similarly a computer CPU also has a memory units for storing information and the human brain
had several regions dedicated to memory storage including the hippocampus and amygdala .
• BASAL GANGLION – Control of Movements, Learning habits,
Cognition and Emotions

• THALAMUS – Regulations of Sleep, Consciousness and Alertness

• HYPOTHALAMUS – Controls Body Temperature, Hunger, Fatigue

and Sleep

• AMYGDALA – Memory, Decision making and Emotional response

• HIPPOCAMPUS – Memory navigation

 CNS & PNS

• The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the
two main components of the nervous system in the human body.

• The central nervous system consist of the brain and the spine chord
And is responsible for receiving processing and integrating sensor
information and transmitting commands to the rest of the body.

• The brain acts as the command center receiving and processing

sensory inputs and generating motor outputs.

• While the spinal cord acts as relay center transmitting information

between the brain and the peripheral nerves
 THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The peripheral nervous system on the other hand consists of all the
nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord.

• It is responsible for transmitting sensor information from the periphery of

the body like skin muscles and the organs to the CNS and transmitting
commands from center naval system to the periphery.

• The benefit in nervous system can be further divided into somatic nervous
system and autonomic nervous system.

• The Somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements while the

autonomic nervous systems controls involuntary functions such as heart
 PARASYMPATHETIC

• Pupil constriction

• Stimulation of saliva

• Constrict bronchi

• Slow heart rate

• Stimulate production of bile

• Stimulate digestion
 SYMPATHETIC
• Dilated pupils

• Inhibit salivation

• Relaxes bronchi

• Increases heartbeat

• Slows down the digestion

• Stimulate glucose release

• Reduces international muscles

• Adrenaline production
 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
• Signal transmission in the brain occurs through the firing of nerve cell or neurons.

• A neuron receives input from other neurons at its dendrites, integrates information and then
generates an electrical impulse or action potential that travel down its axon to the synaptic
terminals.

• At the synaptive terminals the neuron releases chemical neurotransmitters which cross the synaptic
gap and bind the receptors on the post synaptic neuron leading to the initiation of another action
potential in the post syndrome tip neurons.

• The process of transmitting information from one neuron to another is known as synaptic
transmission and forms the basis of communication within the brain.

• Different types of neurotransmitters have different effects on post synaptic neuron And the balance
of neurotransmitters levels are influence brain function including mood learning and memory.
• Signal transmission in the brain is also influenced by various forms of synaptic plasticity including
long term potentiation LTP and long term depression LTD which can modify the strength of synaptic
 EEG

• EEG stands for electroencilography which is a non invasive

method for majoring the electrical activity of the brain.

• An EEG records the electrical signals generated by the brain

neurons as they communicate with each other.

• The signals are recorded through electrodes placed on the skull

and the resulting EEG pattern provides information about the
synchronized electrical activity of large populations of neurons.
 APPLICATIONS OF EEG
• DIAGNOSIS OF EPILEPSY – EEG is widely used tool to diagnose epilepsy and other disorders of brain. It can
detect abnormal activity in the brain which can help us to diagnose and determine the location of seizure Focus.

• SLEEP STUDIES – to evaluate sleep patterns and diagnose sleep disorders.

• BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACES (BCI) – this is done by detecting specific brain waves associated with a
particular mental state such as concentration or relaxation.

• RESEARCH ON BRAIN FUNCTION – Study brain function during various activities such as reading problem solving
and decision making. EG can also be used to investigate how the brain responds to the stimuli such as light sound
and touch

• DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN DISORDERS – Brain disorders such as dementia Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain
injury.

• ANESTHESIA MONITORING – EEG can be used to monitor the depth of Anesthesia during Surgery to ensure that
the patient remains in a safe & comfortable state.

• MONITORING BRAIN ACTIVITY DURING COMA – EEG is also used to monitor brain activity in patient who are in
coma to determine the level of brain function & assess the likelihood of recovery.
 EEG SIGNALS & TYPE OF BRAIN ACTIVITY

• EEG signals the unique features that correspond to different types of brain activities.

• Here are some of the main types of brain activities that can be detected with EEG

• DELTA WAVES – these are low frequency views associated with deep sleep infancy
and brain disorders such as brain damage or dementia

• THETA WAVES – theta waves are also associated with sleep and relaxation as well
as meditation and hypnosis. They are also present during memory encoding and
retrieval processes.

• ALPHA WAVES – alpha views are present when the brain is relaxed and not focused
on any particular task .They are associated with meditation and beta views creativity
• BETA WAVES – better use a present when the brain is focused
on a task such as problem solving or decision making. They are
also associated with anxiety and stress.

• GAMMA WAVES – gamma user associated with high level

cognition process such as attention perception and memory. They
are involved in sensory processing and motor control.

• The analysis of EEG signals can provide valuable information

about brain function and activity, as well as offer insight into the
working of human mind
 ROBOTIC ARM AND PROSTHETICS

• Robotic arm for prosthetics are advanced prosthetic devices that can robotic
technology to restore functionality to individual with upper limb amputation.

• These devices typically use Motors, actuators and sensor to mimic the
movement of the human arm and hand, allowing the viewer to perform the task
such as reaching grasping and manipulating objects.

• Robotic arm for prosthetics can be controlled in variety of ways, including direct
control through muscle signal (mayoelectrical control) or brain machines
interfaces, use electrodes in planted in the brain or placed on the skull to detect
and interpret brain activity.

• Some prosthetics arms also incorporate machines learning algorithms improved

air performance and adapt to the users need overtime
 ROBOTIC ARM PROSTHETIC DIRECT CONTROL
THROUGH MUSCLE SIGNALS (MYOELECTRIC
CONTROL)
• Mayo electric control of a robotic arm prosthetic involves using the electrical signals generated by the viewers remaining
muscles to control the moment of the prosthetics.

• The system typically involves electrodes placed on the skin over the remaining muscles that are used to detect and
interpret the electrical signal generated by the muscle contractions.

• When the wearer contracts their muscle, the electrode detects the electric casinos and send them to the control unit which
interprets the signal and use them to control the moment of the robotic arm.

• Depending on the specific design the control unit may use pattern recognition algorithms to determine which movements
the viewer is intending to perform or the wearer may use the combination of the muscle signal to control specific degree of
freedom in the prosthetic arm.

• Myoelectric control has an advantage of being directly controlled by the user allowing more intuitive and natural interaction
with the prosthetics.

• It can also provide a high level of control and precision as the electrical signals generated by the muscles are unique to
each individual and can be used to perform a wide range of moments.

• However myoelectrical control system can be complex and may require extensive rehabilitation and training to use
effectively as well as ongoing maintenance to ensure proper function. Additionally the system may not be suitable for
 ROBOTIC ARM PROSTHETIC BY BRAIN
MACHINE INTERFACES
• Brain machine interfaces (BMIs) are the type of technology that allows a user to control a robotic arm prosthetic directly with
their brain activity.

• The system typically involves electrodes placed on the skull or implanted directly into the brain to detect and interpret the user
brain signals.

• When the user think about moving the prosthetic arm the electrode detects the corresponding brain activity and send the signal
to the control unit which use algorithm to interpret the signal and control the moment of the prosthetic.

• The user can then control the moment of the prosthetic in real time by thinking about the desired moment.

• BMIs have the advantage of providing a direct and intuitive connections between the user’s brain and the prosthetic allowing for
a high level of control and precision. Additionally BMIs can be used to provide sensory feedback to the user allowing them to
experience the situation of touch through the prosthetics.

• However BMIS can be complex and invasive system requiring surgical implantation and ongoing maintenance to ensure proper
function.

• Additionally they may they may not be suitable for the individuals with conditions that affects brain activity or who are unable to
generate strong enough brain signal to control the prosthetic effectively.

• Ongoing research and development is aimed at improving the performance and accessibility of BMI’s as well as increasing their
 ENGINEERING SOLUTION FOR PARKINSON’S
DISEASE
• Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects moments and motor function.

• There are several engineering solutions aimed at improving the quality of the life for individual with Parkinson’s disease

I. DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS) – it involves the implantation of the electrodes into specific region of the brain
to deliver electrical stimulation which can help to relieve symptoms such as tremors stiffness and difficulty with the
movements.

II. EXOSKELETONS – these are wearable devices that provide supports an assistance for the individual with mobility
issues. Some exoskeletons have been developed specifically for the people with Parkinson disease and can help to
improve balance reduce tremors and overall increase mobility

III. TELEREHABILITATION – this involves the use of telecommunication technology to provide physical therapy and
rehabilitation services to the individuals with Parkinson’s disease without the need for in person visits to the
therapist.

IV. SMARTWATCHES APPLICATIONS - can be used to monitor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease such as tremors and
provides reminders and prompt for medication and exercise.

V. VIRTUAL REALITY – can be used for rehabilitation and therapy for individual with Parkinson's disease , providing
 ARTIFICIAL BRAIN

• An artificial brain, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI) or synthetic brain, refers
to hypothetical machine that could possess cognitive abilities similar to those of human brain.

• The idea behind artificial brain is to create a machine that can learn reason and solve
problems in the same way that humans do.

• However the development of the artificial brain is still in the early stages and there are many
technical ethical and philosophical challenges that need to be addressed.

• Artificial intelligence systems are designed to perform the specific task such as image
recognition, speech recognition or decision making but they are not capable of general
intelligence.

• This is because AI system are designed to operate within a narrow domain and lack the
ability to learn from new experiences Generalize from past experiences or reason about the
world in the same way that human do.
• The development of artificial brain requires a deep understanding of the human
brain and it functions as well as advanced computer science and engineering skills.

• Researchers are working on creating artificial brain model that can simulate the
complex process of human cognition and adopt to new situations.

• Despite the significant challenges, some experts believe that artificial brains are
the realistic possibilities and that they have the potential to revolutionize the field
of AI and bring about new technological advancement.

• However others argue that it is unlikely that we will ever be able to recreate the
human brains in the machine due to complexity and intricacy of the brain structure
and the functions.

• In conclusion, the development of artificial brains is an exciting & rapidly

advancing field of research that has the potential to change the world in many
ways, however it is important to approach this research with caution & to consider
the ethical & philosophical implications of creating a machine that can think like a