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    Hydrometeorological Hazards

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    Hydrometeorological Hazards

    Uploaded by

    tthristsndizon93
    6 views48 pages

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    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views48 pages

    Hydrometeorological Hazards

    Uploaded by

    tthristsndizon93

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 48

    Hydrometeorological

    Hazards
    Hydrometeorological
    Hazards
    In this unit, you should be able to:
    ● distinguish and differentiate among and between different hydrometeorological
    hazards;

    ● recognize signs of an impending hydrometeorological hazard;

    ● apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after


    hydrometeorological hazards;

    ● interpret hydrometeorological maps; and

    ● use available tools in monitoring hydrometeorological hazards


    Essential Questions

    ● What is the difference between a typhoon


    and a thunderstorm?
    ● How are storm surges different from
    tsunamis?
    ● What can you do to help lessen the
    destruction caused by a typhoon?
    ● Is it possible to predict hydrometeorological
    hazards?
    ● How can you monitor incoming
    hydrometeorological hazards?
    The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
    Services Administration (PAGASA)

    TROPICAL
    CYCLONES
    TROPICAL CYCLONES
    The PAGASA, which classifies tropical cyclones into five categories,
    namely:

    Tropical depression,
    Tropical storm,
    Severe tropical storm,
    Typhoon, and
    Super typhoon.

    Severe tropical storm and super typhoon were only officially included as
    categories in PAGASA’s public storm warning list in 2015.
    PAGASA’s Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
    Category Sustained Winds
    (kilometers per hour)

    Super Typhoon > 220

    Typhoon 118 - 220

    Severe Tropical Storm 89 - 117

    Tropical Storm 62 - 88

    Tropical Depression </= 61


    Remember
    Typhoons are from the northwest Pacific.
    Hurricanes are from the Atlantic and the east
    Pacific. In the south Pacific and the Indian Ocean,
    they are called Cyclones.
    Public Storm Warning Signal
    PAGASA monitors tropical cyclones and low-pressure areas (LPA’s) as soon as
    these enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). After compiling data from
    concerned weather stations and monitoring agencies, they release forecasts and
    weather bulletins.
    A Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) is issued in the affected areas to inform
    the public on the projected impacts of the storm and how soon these are expected
    to be felt. Similar to the aforementioned new tropical cyclone categories, PSWS
    no. 5 was also recently added. It is raised when a super typhoon is affecting the
    area
    PAGASA’s Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS)
    Precautionary Measures for a Typhoon
    In case of an incoming typhoon, you can do the following:
    ● Stay updated on the location and expected impacts of the typhoon through
    whatever device is at your disposal;
    ● Stay indoors and ensure that windows and doors are locked; ● Bring in any
    belongings that may be blown/washed away by the typhoon;
    ● If in a coastal area, seek higher ground. This is especially important if a storm
    surge is anticipated in your area; and
    ● Do not go out until doing so has been declared safe.
    Thunderstorm

    A thunderstorm is weather condition


    characterized by heavy rain and wind
    accompanied by lightning​, thunder​;
    sometimes with hail and tornadoes​. It can
    last for 30 minutes to several hours.
    Thunderstorm Formation

    Convection is the key mechanism in thunderstorm formation.

    Warm air near the ground rises and cooler air sinks. Warm surface air will continue
    to rise since it is less dense than the surrounding air.

    The rising air is called updraft​, while the downward moving air is called downdraft​.
    Thunderstorms form when there is a balance of updrafts and downdrafts.
    Lightning and Thunder

    Lightning

    Plasma travels downward to create a path for the current to flow. The electrons
    surge down to meet the streamers, creating lightning​.

    Thunder

    Thunder is a shockwave caused by this explosion, which manifests as a loud


    booming sound.
    Types of Thunderstorms

    1. Single cell thunderstorm is a short-lived storm consists of a single updraft-downdraft couplet. It


    is capable of producing heavy rainfall and lightning.

    2. Multi-cell thunderstorm is a system of individual cells. Each cell usually lasts for 30 minutes to
    an hour, while the entire system can last for hours. Multi-cells may produce hail, flood, and brief
    tornadoes.

    3. Supercell thunderstorm is a highly organized thunderstorm with a large rotating updraft that
    can be 20 km in diameter and 15 km in height. It can last for several hours and produces violent
    tornadoes.

    4. Squall line is a group of storms arranged in a straight line. It is shorter-lived than multi-cells
    and supercells, and are less likely to produce tornadoes. Squall lines are typically 15 to 20 km
    long, but can reach up to hundreds of kilometers.
    Precautionary Measures Before and During a Thunderstorm

    ● Stay indoors and make sure windows, doors, or other openings are locked;

    ● Seek shelter. A car is ideal for this purpose because it lets the current bounce around its
    walls, not because the rubber tires keep the charges away;

    ● Unplug electrical appliances and avoid using corded phones or any gadget physically
    connected to the wires outside. It is safe to use cellular phones and remote controls;

    ● Avoid any contact with water. This includes bathing and washing your hands;

    ● If on water, get to land immediately; and

    ● If in an open field, keep distance from trees/high points because they have a higher
    possibility of being struck by lightning.
    Flooding

    Flooding is when areas usually not covered by water


    are engulfed or submerged. It is usually caused by a
    temporary rise in or overflowing of streams, rivers, or
    confined bodies of water.
    It may also be caused by heavy and prolonged
    rainfall, tsunamis, and storm surges​.
    What are the common causes of flooding

    1. Heavy Rains.
    2. Overflowing Rivers.
    3. Broken Dams
    4. Clogging drainage system
    5. Storm Surges and Tsunamis
    6. Lack of Vegetation
    Factors that Influence Flooding

    ● Rainfall intensity and duration,


    ● Topography
    ● Soil conditions
    ● Ground cover
    How DOST/PAGASA works?

    PAGASA makes use of aerial photographs


    and satellite images to produce a preliminary
    flood hazard map.
    NOAH

    Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards


    (NOAH) Website http://noah.up.edu.ph/#/
    What to do

    Before, During, and After Flooding


    BEFORE A FLOOD (WHEN FLOODING IS FORECAST)

    Be alert. Monitor your surroundings.


    Monitor NOAH If a flash flood warning is issued for your area:
    Climb to safety immediately.
    Flash floods develop quickly. Do not wait until you see rising water.
    Get out of low areas subject to flooding.
    If driving, do not drive through flooded roadways!
    DURING A FLOOD

    Be alert.
    Monitor your surroundings.

    Monitor NOAH or Weather in Radio

    If you must drive, travel with care.

    Get to high ground – Climb to safety!

    Evacuate immediately, if you think you are at risk or are advised to do so!

    Never try to walk or swim through flowing water.


    AFTER A FLOOD

    Wait until it is safe to return.


    Travel with care.
    Your home is no longer a safe place.
    Storm Surge
    Storm surge

    A Storm surge is an abnormal rise in seawater level


    during a storm. Similar to tsunami formation, the
    water undergoes wave shoaling.
    Storm Surge Preparedness

    PAGASA makes use of a color-coded storm


    surge warning system which is based on wave
    heights, with an increasing danger level from
    green to red
    End of Lesson 4
    Lesson 5 : El Niño and La Niña
    ● Have you ever felt like the weather is too hot and dry,
    even for months when it is supposed
    ● to be warm? Have you experienced a time when it seems
    like it is raining more than usual?
    ● Why do unusually long dry and wet spells occur?
    Discussion:

    1. How are the following


    affected by too little
    rain?
    ● a. food supply
    ● b. health
    ● c. freshwater supply
    Discuss :

    1. How are the following


    affected by too much
    rain?
    ● a. food supply
    ● b. health
    ● c. freshwater supply
    El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle

    El Niño and La Niña are the warm and cold phases


    of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
    The ENSO cycle refers to the changes in oceanic and
    atmospheric temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. It
    significantly affects not only ocean processes, but also
    rainfall, wind, and tropical cyclone patterns.
    El Niño is a Spanish term that translates to “The Little Boy”
    or “Christ Child.” It was originally
    observed in Southern America as unusually warm seawater.
    It was named such because the phenomenon typically
    occurs around Christmas..
    El Niño in the Philippines usually starts between December
    and February. It is indicated by a delayed onset or early
    termination of the rainy season, and weak monsoon and
    tropical cyclone activity.
    A primary concern during El Niño season is water supply. It
    is important to regulate your usage as much as possible
    and minimize the adverse effects of this shortage.
    How to minimize the adverse effects of this shortage

    ● Stay hydrated.
    ● Prepare a specific amount of running water used for brushing or bathing.
    ● Collect rainwater whenever possible but make sure your containers are
    properly covered to keep mosquitoes from breeding there.
    ● Reuse water from laundry/cooking to clean bathrooms, wash your car, or water
    the plants.
    La Niña, meaning “The Little Girl,” is characterized by sea
    surface temperatures lower than average. It is also
    referred to as El Viejo (The Old Man) or anti-El Niño, since
    its local effects on weather are generally the opposite of
    those of El Niño.
    La Niña in the Philippines causes an increase in rice output.
    However correlated with destructive typhoons, heavy
    rainfall, and associated landslides and floods.
    End of Lesson 5

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