Nervous Tissue

NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous Tissue
• It is composed of cells that forms integrated
network, distributed throughout the body that
makes up the nervous system.
• Anatomically : CNS and PNS
• The human nervous system, is a complex system

formed by a network of many (billion) nerve cells
(neurons) and supporting glial cells.
Development of Nervous Tissue
• Outermost of the three early embryonic layers (ectoderm) at
the inception of the third week of development.
• With signals from the underlying axial structure, notochord,

ectoderm on the mid-dorsal side of the embryo thickens to
form the epithelial neural plate.
• The lateral sides of this plate fold upward, bends and grow
toward each other medially, and within a few days fuse to
form the neural tube.
• Cells of this tube give rise to the entire CNS, neurons and most
glial cells.
Neurons
• It is a functional unit (cell) composed in the nervous tissue.
• It is composed of 3 parts; cell body, dendrite and axon.
• Cell body - Nucleus surrounding cytoplasm and cell organelles
• Dendrites - elongated processes composed of dendritic

spines.
• Axon - Long processes composed of myelin shealth, originates

from axon hillock composed of axolemma (axoplasm).
Diagram of a Neuron
Neuron Classification
• Neurons can be classified according to the number of processes
extending from the cell body.
• Multipolar neurons - one axon and two or more dendrites.
• Bipolar neurons - one dendrite and one axon
• Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons - a single bifurcated processes

with long branches.
• Anaxonic neurons - many dendrites but no true axon
• Functionally neurones can be classified into sensory (aff) and motor

neuron (eff)
Nerve Impluses (Action Potential)
• They travels along an axon (explosive’s fuse) like a spark.
• Involves electrochemical process initiated at the axon hillock

reaching a certain threshold for communication.
• The action potential is signalled as a wave of membrane

depolarization by voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels in the
axolemma that allow diffusion of these ions into and outside
the axoplasm.
• This produces a potential electrical difference (resting potential)

across the axolemma of about -65 mV, with the inside negative
to the outside.
Synaptic Communication
• Synapses are sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from
one neuron to another or from neurons and other effector cells.
• The structure of a synapse ensures that transmission is

unidirectional.
• convert an electrical signal (nerve impulse) from the presynaptic

cell into a (chemical signal) postsynaptic cell, through
neurotransmitters.
• Synapse: Presynaptic axon terminal, postsynaptic cell

membrance and synaptic cleft
• Synapse types: axosomatic, axodendritic and axoaxonic synapse

Synaptic Component
• The chemical transmitter used at neuromuscular junctions is acetylcholine,
found within the CNS.
• Categories of neurotransmitter: catecholamine, amino acids and small

peptides
Glial Cells
• They are supporting cells for neuronal activity and are
10x abundant in the brain than in neurons.
• Develops from progenitor cells of the embryonic neural

plate.
• In the CNS they surrounds both the cell bodies, which

are larger than the glial cells, and the processes of axons
and dendrites occupying the spaces between neurons.
• Such processes are collectively called the neuropil

Micrograph of Glial cell
Glial Cells
• They are 6 major glial cells and 4 are found in
the CNS and 2 in PNS.
• CNS: Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal

cells and microglial cells.
• PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells

Satellite Cells
Cell Comparism
CNS
It consist of the brain, spinal cord, neurons,
neuronal process, supporting cells, BV and
Meninges in CSF (choroid plexus).
Histologically is made of gray and white (grouped

as tract) matter.
Meninges: membraneous C.T found btw bone and

nervous tissues. Composed of 3 layers
Choroid Plexus
• It is a vascular structure arising from the wall
of the 4th ventricle of the brain and produces
CSF.
• It is composed of arachnoid villi
• Helps to remove water from the blood and

releases it as CSF
Micrograph of choroid plexus
BBB
• It is functional barrier that is tightly regulate
and control the passage of substance moving
from blood to the CN tissue
• Composed: foot process of astrocytes, capillary

endothelial cell junctional complexes and
capillary BM.
• Function: Protect the CNS tissue against toxins

and infection agents and insulate the neurons
PNS
• Composed of nerves, ganglia and nerve endings.
• Nerves: appear in fibers (axons) surrounded by
schwann cells and C.T layers.
• These fibers are myelinated (series) or unmyelinated

(single).
• 3 nerve Organization: endoneurium, perineurium

(wrap the fasicles) and epineurium.
• Ganglia: sensory and autonomic ganalia

Myelinated Fiber
Unmyelinated fiber
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NERVOUS TISSUE

• Anatomically : CNS and PNS

• The human nervous system, is a complex system

• With signals from the underlying axial structure, notochord,

• It is composed of 3 parts; cell body, dendrite and axon.

• Cell body - Nucleus surrounding cytoplasm and cell organelles

• Dendrites - elongated processes composed of dendritic

• Axon - Long processes composed of myelin shealth, originates

• Multipolar neurons - one axon and two or more dendrites.

• Bipolar neurons - one dendrite and one axon

• Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons - a single bifurcated processes

• Anaxonic neurons - many dendrites but no true axon

• Functionally neurones can be classified into sensory (aff) and motor

• Involves electrochemical process initiated at the axon hillock

• The action potential is signalled as a wave of membrane

• This produces a potential electrical difference (resting potential)

• The structure of a synapse ensures that transmission is

• convert an electrical signal (nerve impulse) from the presynaptic

• Synapse: Presynaptic axon terminal, postsynaptic cell

• Synapse types: axosomatic, axodendritic and axoaxonic synapse

• Categories of neurotransmitter: catecholamine, amino acids and small

• Develops from progenitor cells of the embryonic neural

• In the CNS they surrounds both the cell bodies, which

• Such processes are collectively called the neuropil

• CNS: Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal

• PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells

Histologically is made of gray and white (grouped

Meninges: membraneous C.T found btw bone and

• It is composed of arachnoid villi

• Helps to remove water from the blood and

• Composed: foot process of astrocytes, capillary

• Function: Protect the CNS tissue against toxins

• These fibers are myelinated (series) or unmyelinated

• 3 nerve Organization: endoneurium, perineurium

• Ganglia: sensory and autonomic ganalia

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