Musical Signal Processing

MUSICAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
BY
S.SIDDHARTH (222002)
M.KISHAN KUMAR (222015)
CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Time domain operation
 Frequency domain operation
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 Almost all musical problems are produced by the two stages.
 Sound from each individual instrument is recorded in an acoustically insert
studio.
 Signals from each track are manipulated by the sound engineer by adding special
audio effects and then combined in a mix-down system to generate the final
stereo recording
 Sound recorded in a inert studio is different from that recorded in a closed space.
 Digital filtering can be employed to convert the sound recorded in an inert studio
into a natural sounding one by artificially creating the echoes and adding them to
the original signal
Sound recorded in a inert studio is different from that recorded in
a closed space.
 Digital filtering can be employed to convert the sound recorded in
an inert studio into a natural sounding one by artificially creating
the echoes and adding them to the original signal
TIME DOMAIN OPERATION :
ECHOGENREATI
ON
PHASING REVERBRATION
CHORUSGENERATIO
N FLANGING
TIME DOMAIN SIGNALS:
• Time domain signals represent sound as amplitude variations over time. They
form the basis of audio processing.
• Characteristics features include amplitude, frequency, and phase. These
define the sound's loudness, pitch, and timing.
ECHO GENERATION :
SIGNAL ECHO FILTER:
• Echo are simply generated by delay units.

• The direct sound and a single echo appearing R sampling periods later can be
generated by the FIR filter.
• The impulse response and magnitude response of the signal echo filter for 0.8
and R= 8 are shown below
MULTIPLE ECHO FILTER:
• The FIR filter generates a fixed number of multiple echoes spaced R

Sampling periods apart with exponentially delaying amplitudes.
• The impulse response of multiple echo filter with 0.8, N= 6, R= 4
• An infinite number of echoes spaced sampling period apart with
exponentially decaying amplitudes can be generated by the IIR filter.
• The impulse response of the IIR multiple echo filter with 0.8, R= 4.
REVERBERATION
• The sound reaching a listener in a closed space, such as a concert wall,

consists of several components:
• direct sound ,early reflections, reverberation
• composed of densely packed delayed and attenuated echoes.
• 1000 echoes per sec are necessary to create reverberation.
• This number of echoes are generated by reverberator
FLANGING
 Is an audio effect produced by mixing two identical signals together, one

signal delayed by a small and gradually changing period, usually smaller than
20 milliseconds.
 The digital filter structure can be used to create the flanging effect
SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION
• Sampling
• Converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital samples. Higher
sampling rates capture more detail.
• Quantization
• Assigns digital values to sampled amplitudes. Higher bit depths provide more
amplitude resolution.
PITCH SHIFTING AND TIME
STRETCHING
• Pitch Shifting
• Changes the pitch without affecting duration. Useful for harmonization and
correcting off-key notes.
• Time Stretching
• Alters duration without changing pitch. Helps synchronize audio to specific
tempos or lengths.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN OPERATIONS
• The frequency responses of individually recorded instruments or musical
sounds of performer are often modified by the sound engineer.
• These effect is achieved by passing signals through an equalizer.
• The equalizer is usually formed by cascading first order and second order
filters with adjustable frequency responses
FREQUENCY DOMAIN:
• Time Domain
• A signal's amplitude is measured over time.
• Frequency Domain
• A signal's frequency components are analyzed, showing the strength of each
frequency.
• Transformations
• Tools like Fourier transform convert signals between the time and frequency
domains.
FILTERING IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
• High-Pass Filter
• Allows high frequencies to pass while attenuating low frequencies.
• Low-Pass Filter
• Allows low frequencies to pass while attenuating high frequencies.
• Band-Pass Filter
• Allows a specific range of frequencies to pass, attenuating others.
TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
• Short-Time Fourier Transform
• Analyzes sound in short segments to capture time-varying frequencies.
• Wavelet Transform
• Uses wavelets, localized functions, to provide both frequency and time
resolution.
ADVANTAGE:
• An information can be conveyed, displayed or manipulated.

• Perfect reproducibility- identical performance from unit to unit.
• Guaranteed accuracy is only determined by number of bits used
DISADVANTAGE:
• Speed and cost can be expensive.
• Dsp designs can be time consuming plus need the necessary resources.
• If only a limited number if bits is used due to economic consideration serious
regeneration in system performance may result
THANKING YOU

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MUSICAL SIGNAL

SIGNAL ECHO FILTER:

• Echo are simply generated by delay units.

• The FIR filter generates a fixed number of multiple echoes spaced R

• The sound reaching a listener in a closed space, such as a concert wall,

 Is an audio effect produced by mixing two identical signals together, one

• An information can be conveyed, displayed or manipulated.

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