1 Pengantar Statistika

Introduction To Statistics
„There are three kinds of lies: lies,

damned lies, and statistics.“
(B.Disraeli)
Visi Fakultas
“Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret
(FP UNS) sebagai penyelenggara pendidikan
dan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi di bidang pertanian terpadu
berkelanjutan yang unggul di tingkat
internasional”
Visi ITP
“Menjadi program studi unggul di tingkat
internasional dalam bidang ilmu dan teknologi
pangan yang berorientasi pada pembangunan
pertanian terpadu berkelanjutan bagi
peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat"
Not all dreamers are winners, but all winners
are dreamers
"The greatest danger for most of us is not that
our aim is too high and we miss it, but that it is
too low and we reach it." - Michelangelo
"Vision without action is a daydream. Action
with without vision is a nightmare." - Japanese
Proverb
 "Vision without execution is hallucination." -
Thomas Edison
"Leadership is the capacity to translate vision
into reality." - Warren Benni
Misi:
Menyelenggarakan pendidikan di bidang
ilmu dan teknologi pangan untuk
menghasilkan sarjana yang kompeten dan
mampu bersaing di tingkat internasional.
Menyelenggarakan penelitian untuk
mengembangkan ilmu dan teknologi
pangan guna menunjang pembangunan
pertanian terpadu dan berkelanjutan.
Menyelenggarakan pengabdian kepada
masyarakat untuk membantu memecahkan
permasalahan di bidang pangan.
Why study statistics?
1. Data are everywhere

2. Statistical techniques are used to make
many decisions that affect our lives
3. No matter what your career, you will make
professional decisions that involve data. An
understanding of statistical methods will
help you make these decisions efectively
Applications of statistical
concepts in the business world
Finance – correlation and regression, index
numbers, time series analysis
Marketing – hypothesis testing, chi-square
tests, nonparametric statistics
Personel – hypothesis testing, chi-square
tests, nonparametric tests
Operating management – hypothesis
testing, estimation, analysis of variance,
time series analysis
Statistics
The science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting
data to assist in making more effective
decisions
Statistical analysis – used to manipulate
summarize, and investigate data, so that
useful decision-making information results.
Types of statistics
Descriptive statistics – Methods of
organizing, summarizing, and presenting
data in an informative way
Inferential statistics – The methods used
to determine something about a population
on the basis of a sample
Population –The entire set of individuals or
objects of interest or the measurements
obtained from all individuals or objects of
interest
Sample – A portion, or part, of the population
of interest
Inferential Statistics
 Estimation
e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the
sample mean weight
 Hypothesis testing
e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is
70 kg
Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making

decisions about a population based on sample results
Sampling
a sample should have the same
characteristics
as the population it is representing.
Sampling can be:
with replacement: a member of the
population may be chosen more than once
(picking the candy from the bowl)
 without replacement: a member of the
population may be chosen only once
(lottery ticket)
Sampling methods
Sampling methods can be:
 random (each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected)
 nonrandom
The actual process of sampling causes sampling

errors. For example, the sample may not be large
enough or representative of the population. Factors
not
related to the sampling process cause nonsampling
errors. A defective counting device can cause a
nonsampling error.
Random sampling methods
 simple random sample (each sample of the
same size has an equal chance of being
selected)
 stratified sample (divide the population into
groups called strata and then take a sample
from each stratum)
 cluster sample (divide the population into
strata and then randomly select some of the
strata. All the members from these strata are
in the cluster sample.)
 systematic sample (randomly select a
starting point and take every n-th piece of data
from a listing of the population)
Descriptive Statistics
Collect data
e.g., Survey
Present data
e.g., Tables and graphs
Summarize data

e.g., Sample mean = X i
n
Statistical data
The collection of data that are relevant to the
problem being studied is commonly the most
difficult, expensive, and time-consuming part
of the entire research project.
Statistical data are usually obtained by
counting or measuring items.
Primary data are collected specifically for the
analysis desired
Secondary data have already been compiled
and are available for statistical analysis
A variable is an item of interest that can take
on many different numerical values.
A constant has a fixed numerical value.
Data
Statistical data are usually obtained by
counting or measuring items. Most data
can be put into the following categories:
Qualitative - data are measurements that
each fail into one of several categories.
(hair color, ethnic groups and other
attributes of the population)
quantitative - data are observations that
are measured on a numerical scale
(distance traveled to college, number of
children in a family, etc.)
Qualitative data
Qualitative data are generally described by words or
letters. They are not as widely used as quantitative
data
because many numerical techniques do not apply to
the
qualitative data. For example, it does not make sense
to
find an average hair color or blood type.
Qualitative data can be separated into two subgroups:
 dichotomic (if it takes the form of a word with two
options (gender - male or female)
 polynomic (if it takes the form of a word with more
than two options (education - primary school,
secondary school and university).
Quantitative data
Quantitative data are always numbers and are
the
result of counting or measuring attributes of
a population.
Quantitative data can be separated into two
subgroups:
 discrete (if it is the result of counting (the
number of students of a given ethnic group in a
class, the number of books on a shelf, ...)
 continuous (if it is the result of measuring
(distance traveled, weight of luggage, …)
Types of variables
Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous
Amount of
Children in
Gender, marital Brand of Pc, income tax
family, Strokes
status hair color paid, weight of
on a golf hole
a student
Numerical scale of
measurement:
 Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number
of respective observations is recorded. The categories are in
no logical order and have no particular relationship. The
categories are said to be mutually exclusive since an
individual, object, or measurement can be included in only
one of them.
 Ordinal – contain more information. Consists of distinct
categories in which order is implied. Values in one category
are larger or smaller than values in other categories (e.g.
rating-excelent, good, fair, poor)
 Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the
distance between numbers is of a known, constant size.
 Ratio – consists of numerical measurements where the
distance between numbers is of a known, constant size.

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1 Pengantar Statistika

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Introduction To Statistics

„There are three kinds of lies: lies,

1. Data are everywhere

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making

The actual process of sampling causes sampling

Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous

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