LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Chapter 4 Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 29

Plant Diversity I: How Plants

Colonized Land

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview: The Greening of Earth
• First 3 billion years: terrestrial surface was
lifeless
• 1.2 byo: Cyanobacteria
• 500 myo: small plants, fungi, and animals
emerged on land
• ~ 290,000 living species of plants
• Land plants: terrestrial ancestors, though some
are now aquatic
– Does not include photosynthetic protists (algae)
– supply oxygen and source of most food eaten by land
animals
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 29.1

1 m
 Concept 29.1: Land plants evolved from
green algae
• Green algae (charophytes) are the closest relatives of land plants
– both nuclear and chloroplast genes
• land plants share 4 traits with only charophytes
– Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
– Peroxisome enzymes
– Structure of flagellated sperm
– Formation of a phragmoplast

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 29.3

5 mm Chara species, a pond organism

Coleochaete orbicularis, a
disk-shaped charophyte
that also lives in ponds (LM)

40 m
1 m
Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
• Charophytes: sporopollenin layer prevents
exposed zygotes from drying out
– Also in plant spore walls
• Moving to land
– Pros: provided unfiltered sun, more plentiful CO2,
nutrient-rich soil, and few herbivores or pathogens
– Cons: scarcity of water and lack of structural support

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Derived Traits of Plants
– Alternation of generations and multicellular,
dependent embryos
• Haploid gametophyte  haploid gametes (mitosis)
• Fusion of the gametes  diploid sporophyte  haploid spores
(meiosis)

– Walled spores produced in sporangia

• sporophyte  spores in sporangia
• diploid sporocytes (meiosis)  haploid spores
• Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes them resistant
to harsh environments

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 29.5c

Spores
Sporangium

Longitudinal section of
Sphagnum sporangium (LM)

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

1 m
Sporophytes and sporangia of Sphagnum (a moss)
Derived Traits of Plants
– Multicellular gametangia
• Gametes are produced in gametangia
• Female gametangia (archegonia)  eggs (site of fertilization)
• Male gametangia (antheridia)  sperm (pollen)
– Apical meristems
• Plants sustain continual growth
• Cells differentiation
• Additional derived traits include
 Cuticle: waxy covering
 Mycorrhizae: fungi and land plants symbiosis
 Secondary compounds deter herbivores and parasites

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 29.5d

Female Archegonia,
gametophyte each with an
egg (yellow)

Antheridia
(brown),
containing
sperm

Male
gametophyte
Archegonia and antheridia of Marchantia (a liverwort)

1 m
Figure 29.5e

Apical meristem Developing

of shoot leaves

Apical meristems of plant

roots and shoots

Apical
meristem
of root
Root Shoot
100 m 100 m
1 m
The Origin and Diversification of Plants
• Fossil evidence: plants on land 475 myo
– grouped on presence of vascular tissue
– Bryophytes: nonvascular plants
• Seedless vascular plants
• Lycophytes (club mosses)
– Pterophytes (ferns)
• Seed Plants
– Gymnosperms: conifers, naked seed
– Angiosperms: flowering plants

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 29.7

1 Origin of land plants (about 475 mya)

2 Origin of vascular plants (about 425 mya)
3 Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya)
Liverworts

Land plants
(bryophytes)
plants
Nonvascular
ANCESTRAL
GREEN 1 Mosses
ALGA

Hornworts

Lycophytes (club

Vascular plants
plants
vascular
Seedless
mosses, spike
mosses, quillworts)
2 Pterophytes (ferns,
horsetails, whisk ferns)

Seed plants
Gymnosperms
3
Angiosperms

500 450 400 350 300 50 0

Millions of years ago (mya)

1 m
Concept 29.2: Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles
dominated by gametophytes

Concept 29.3: Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the
first plants to grow tall
 Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
 Vascular tissues: xylem and phloem
 allowed for increased height  evolutionary advantage
 Well-developed roots and leaves
•Increased height and photosynthesis removed CO2 from the
atmosphere  contributed to global cooling
• The decaying plants of these forests eventually became coal

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 29.9c

Polytrichum commune,
hairy-cap moss

Sporophyte
Capsule (a sturdy
plant that
Seta takes months
to grow)

Gametophyte

1 m
Plant Parts
• Xylem: water and minerals and includes dead cells
called tracheids
– Lignin: provide structural support
• Phloem: living cells and distributes sugars, amino
acids, and other organic products
• Roots: anchors
– absorb water and nutrients from the soil
• Leaves: increase the surface area  solar energy
for photosynthesis
 Microphylls: single vein
 Megaphylls: highly branched

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 29.15b

Athyrium Equisetum arvense,

filix-femina, field horsetail
lady fern
Vegetative stem

Strobilus on
fertile stem

25 cm

1.5 cm
Psilotum
nudum,
a whisk
fern

1 m
4 cm
 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 30

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution

of Seed Plants

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview: Transforming the World
• 360 myo: seed plants
• Seeds & pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
– The gametophytes develop within the walls of spores
– Heterospory:
• Megasporangia: female gametophytes (ovule)
• Microsporangia: male gametophytes (pollen)
– Ovule:
• Gymnosperm: one integument
• Angiosperm: two integuments
• Pollination: pollen transferred to ovules

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds
• A seed: sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply,
packaged in a protective coat; the whole ovule
• evolutionary advantages
– dormant for days to years until favorable conditions
germination
– stored food
– transported long distances by wind or animals
• Gymnosperms: seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form
cones
• Angiosperm: seeds are found in fruits, which are mature
ovaries
– most widespread and diverse of all plants

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 30.3-3

Immature
ovulate cone

Seed
Female coat
Integument (2n)
gametophyte (n) Spore
Spore wall
wall
Megaspore (n) Egg nucleus
(n)

Discharged
sperm nucleus Food
Megasporangium
(n) supply (n)
(2n)
Pollen tube
Male gametophyte (n) Embryo (2n)
Micropyle
Pollen grain (n)
(a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed
Figure 30.5e

Common juniper

Douglas fir

Sequoia

European larch Wollemi pine Bristlecone pine

Angiosperms
• cross-pollination: different plants of same species
• Flower: sexual reproduction
– pollinated by insects, animals, or wind
• modified leaves
– Sepals: enclose the flower, green bud
– Petals: brightly colored to attract pollinators
– Stamens: produce pollen, male
• filament (stalk) with anther that produces pollen
– Carpels: produce ovules, female
• ovary (base), style (stalk), & stigma (receives pollen)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 30.7

Stigma
Carpel
Stamen Anther
Style
Filament Ovary

Petal

Sepal

Ovule
Fruits
• A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but
can also include other flower parts
• Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
• Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry

Animation: Fruit Development

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 30.8
Tomato
Ruby grapefruit

Nectarine

Hazelnut

Milkweed
Figure 30.9
Wings

Seeds within berries

Barbs
 • Double fertilization: pollen tube discharges two
sperm into an ovule
– One sperm fertilizes the egg
– other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the
female gametophyte and initiates development of food-
storing endosperm
• nourishes the developing embryo
• Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and
two seed leaves called cotyledons
– Monocots (one cotyledon)
– Dicots (two dicots)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 30.10-4
Microsporangium
Anther
Mature flower on Microsporocytes (2n)
sporophyte plant
(2n) MEIOSIS Microspore (n)

Generative cell
Ovule (2n)
Male Tube cell
gametophyte
(in pollen
Germinating Ovary grain) (n) Pollen
seed MEIOSIS grains
Megasporangium (2n) Stigma
Pollen Sperm
Embryo (2n) tube
Endosperm (3n) Seed Surviving
megaspore
Seed coat (2n) (n)
Antipodal cells
Female Style
Central cell
gametophyte
Synergids Pollen
(embryo sac) tube
Nucleus of Egg (n)
developing Sperm
endosperm Egg
nucleus (n) (n)
(3n)
Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION

Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n) Discharged sperm nuclei (n)
Figure 30.13c
Monocots
Orchid Lily

Pygmy date palm

Anther
Stigma
Ovary
Filament
Barley, a grass
Figure 30.13ea
Monocot Eudicot
Characteristics Characteristics

Embryos

One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Leaf
venation

Veins usually Veins usually

parallel netlike

Stems

Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue usually arranged
scattered in ring
Figure 30.13eb
Monocot Eudicot
Characteristics Characteristics

Roots

Root system Taproot (main root)

usually fibrous usually present
(no main root)

Pollen

Pollen grain with Pollen grain with

one opening three openings

Flowers

Floral organs Floral organs

usually in usually in multiples
multiples of three of four or five
 • Seed Plants are key sources of food, fuel,
wood products, and medicine
– Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes,
cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of
the calories consumed by humans

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Threats to Plant Diversity
• Destruction of habitat is causing extinction of
many plant species and is accompanied by loss
of the animal species
• At the current rate of habitat loss, 50% of Earth’s
species will become extinct within the next 100–
200 years

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 30.16

A satellite image
from 2000 shows
clear-cut areas in
Brazil surrounded
by dense tropical
forest.

By 2009, much
more of this same
tropical forest had
been cut down.

4 km
 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 31

Fungi

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview: Mighty Mushrooms
• Fungi break down organic material and recycle
vital nutrients
• Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
– enzymes break down complex molecules into smaller
organic compounds
– Decomposers
– Parasites
– Mutualists

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Structure
• Yeast: most common body structures are multicellular filaments and
single cells
• Mycelia: networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
– High surface area-to-volume ratio
• Chitin: in cell walls
• Septa: divided hyphae into cells with pores for cell-to-cell movement of
organelles

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.2

Reproductive structure

Hyphae

Spore-producing
structures

60 m

Mycelium
Specialized Fungi
• Haustoria: specialized hyphae
allow them to penetrate the
tissues of their host
• Mycorrhizae: symbiosis
between fungi and plant roots

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Concept 31.2: Fungi produce spores
through sexual or asexual life cycles
• Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of hyphae from
different mating types
• Asexually reproduction:
– mold: produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia
– Yeast: cell division and the pinching of “bud cells” from a parent cell
– Deuteromycetes: no sexual stage, or imperfect fungi

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.5-3

Key

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic

PLASMOGAMY
Heterokaryotic stage

Diploid (2n)

Spore-producing
structures KARYOGAMY
SEXUAL
Spores
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL Mycelium Zygote
REPRODUCTION

GERMINATION MEIOSIS
GERMINATION

Spores
Figure 31.6

1.5 m
Figure 31.7

10 m

Parent
cell

Bud
Concept 31.3: The ancestor of fungi was
an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
• Fungi and animals are more closely related to
each other than they are to plants or other
eukaryotes

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.11 Hyphae 25 m
Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

25 m
Fungal hypha

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Types of Fungi
• Chytrids
– freshwater and terrestrial habitats
– Zoospores: flagellated spores
• Zygomycota: fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts;
black bread mold
• Ascomycota: Asci: sexual spores
– sac fungi
– yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels
• Basidiomycota: mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi, mycorrhizae, and
plant parasites
– club fungi
– decomposers of wood

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.14

0.5 mm
Figure 31.16

Morchella esculenta,
the tasty morel

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Figure 31.18
Shelf fungi

Puffballs emitting
spores

Maiden veil fungus

(Dictyphora)
Figure 31.20
 Symbiosis
•Fungi: efficient decomposers of organic material
• essential recycling of chemical elements between
the living and nonliving world
• Fungi form mutualistic relationships
• Plants harbor harmless endophytes that make toxins
that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens
• break down plant material in the guts of cows and
other grazing mammals
• Many species of ants use the digestive power of fungi
by raising them in “farms”
• Lichen: photosynthetic microorganism (algae or
cyanobacteria) and a fungus

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.22
Figure 31.23

A foliose
(leaflike) lichen
Crustose
(encrusting) lichens

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

Figure 31.24

Ascocarp of fungus
Soredia
Fungal
hyphae Algal
layer
50 m

Fungal hyphae
Algal cell
Fungi as Pathogens
• About 30% fungal species are parasites or pathogens, mostly on or in
plants
• 10%-50% of the world’s fruit harvest is lost due to fungi each year
• Some food crop fungi are toxic to humans
– Ergots contain lysergic acid, the raw material for LSD
– Ergotism: gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, and temporary
insanity
• mycosis: fungal infection in animals
– Ringworm and athlete’s foot
– Candida albicans: yeast infections

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.25

(b) Tar spot

fungus
on maple
leaves

(a) Corn smut on corn

(c) Ergots on rye

Practical Uses of Fungi
• Humans eat many fungi and use others to
make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and
bread
• Some fungi are used to produce antibiotics
for the treatment of bacterial infections
– ascomycete Penicillium

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 31.27

Staphylococcus Penicillium
Zone of
inhibited
growth