Bio-inorganic Chemistry

⬥ Bioinorganic chemistry is made up of three

words: bio (living), inorganic and chemistry
(the branch of science that deals with
matter). Together this word represents an
important branch of chemistry i.e. the branch
that studies the relationship between
matter(i.e. metals) and biology.

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⬥ It is the branch of chemistry which deals with
the study of different metals, inorganic
substances in biological and biochemical system
.It can also help in preventing certain problems
by understanding which metals are responsible
for transport, structural support, defense,
toxicity, nutrition in our body. This branch
involves the study of the interaction of metal
ions with living tissue through their direct effect
on enzyme activity.
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 Significance
⬥ The principles of bioinorganic chemistry are used in
several fields like medicine, environment, chemical
reactions, and much more.

⬥ Further, the importance of this field increases because

humans and other organisms are made up of different
chemical elements like oxygen, sulphur, calcium,
sodium, nitrogen, etc. These chemical elements have
varying properties and differ from each other. This is
why it is important to understand them to understand
their properties and their result in our body. 3
⬥ Studies about the properties of metals, their impact and
application and explores certain elements that can be toxic
to the body.

⬥ It holds immense importance in the field of medicine

because metals are used in making several pharmaceuticial
drugs
⬥ and thus, helps to prevent certain diseases and
⬥ infections. For instance, cisplatin, the widely used
⬥ drug for cancer, is made up of several
metals.

⬥ The field even plays an important role in analyzing

environmental problems, like arsenic poisoning. 4
 Essential Elements
⬥ These are the elements required by an organism
for healthy growth. It may be required in relatively
larger amounts or in very small amounts. There
are few elements which are very important for
biological system but present in small amount
[less then 0.1%] in human body. These are called
trace elements (Micro-Elements). Some of the
elements utilized by the biological system in
significant amount, these elements are called bulk
elements.
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Essential elements can be further classified into three
 Classification of Essential Elements
Bulk H,C,N,O
elements [present in high
percentage]

Essential
Elements

Micro Macro
elements Elements
Na ,K ,Mg, Ca, Cl, P
[more than 0.1% ]
[Trace Elements] Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, I,
Co, Ni
⬥ Macro and Micronutrients

As per the amount required for human

body, the nutrients which we take are
categorized into macronutrients and
micronutrients. The food and agriculture
organization of the united nations
describes macronutrients and
micronutrients as following,

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 Macro Nutrients
⬥ The nutrients which are required in large quantity for the
normal growth, health and survival of organism are
called macro nutrients. For examples, carbohydrate,
liquid, protein, fiber and water are the example of the
macro nutrients
Micro Nutrients
⬥ The nutrients which are present in a small amount in our
body are called micronutrients. Their main function is to
enable the many chemical reactions to occur in body. They
have no role to produce energy. Vitamins and minerals are
Importance of metal ions in Biological system

Function of K+
⬥ It regulates the opening and closing of
stomata and maintains turgor pressure in the
plant. It helps in photo synthesis by regulating
opening and closing stomata and helps in
production of ATP. It helps in heart function,
skeleton, and muscle contraction. It controls
the chance of kidney stone problems by
lowering the amount of calcium in the urine. It
is important for synthesis of ribosomes. It also
helps in regulating the fluid balance in the
body.
⬥ Low concentration of potassium may cause
 Function of Na+
⬥ Sodium ion (Na) is found in body fluid ,present
inside the nerve cells which regulates the flow
of water across the membrane, maintain blood
volume and blood pressure ,it also assists the
movement of glucose into cell. It is a part of the
bicarbonate buffer system. It balances the
electric charges of the cell and maintains the
osmotic pressure inside the cell so as to prevent
the chance of collapse of the cell .
⬥ Very low percentage of sodium ion in blood may
cause headache and coma.
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⬥ Its high percentage in the blood increases high
 Function of Magnesium (Mg)++

⬥ Magnesium ion is essential in catalyzing more than 300

biochemical reaction in the body. It helps in supporting
healthy immune system, keeping heartbeat steady,
adjusting proper blood sugar level and supporting the
production of protein and energy. It helps in healthy brain
development, activation of enzymes, strengthens the
structural component of teeth and bones. In plant, it is
major element of chlorophyll and helps in photosynthesis.

⬥ Low intake of magnesium may cause weakness and

depression. 11
 Function of Calcium (Ca)++
⬥ It is essential for making strong teeth and bones.
It plays important role in muscle contraction, fluid
balance, regulation of nerve impulses, regulation
of proper heart beat and blood clotting. It helps in
improving the cholesterol level. In plants, it is
necessary for the cell wall.

⬥ Deficiency of calcium can cause alternation of

dental structure and brain, cataract and
osteoporosis.

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 Biological importance of trace metals :

Function of Zn ions
⬥ It plays an important role in cell division, cell growth, healing of
wound, carbohydrate digestion and maintenance of immune
system. It enhances the action of insulin. It is needed for proper
growth of child in infancy and childhood. It is also necessary for
gene expression
⬥ .In plant, zinc plays important role. It helps in metal storage.e.g
metallothionein. It helps in the body metabolism such as protein
synthesis and DNA synthesis. It also regulates the function of
insulin.

⬥ Deficiency of zinc may cause problems like retardation of growth

and sexual maturation, loss of appetite, hair loss, and diarrhea and
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testosterone deficiency
 Function of Copper(Cu) ions
⬥ It is essential for the formation of hemoglobin in the
blood and normal bones. It helps in the formation of
the pigment melanin in the skin and for healthy hair.
It helps in the synthesis of phospholipids. It is
important for pregnant women for developing fetus.
In plants, it helps in metabolism of carbohydrates,
photosynthesis and lignin synthesis.

⬥ Deficiency of copper in the body can cause malfunctions like

weakness, premature grey hair, brittleness of bones,
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memory loss, high cold sensitivity and loss of vision.
 Function of Iron (Fe) ions.
⬥ Fe+3 acts as iron storage proteins [ferritins] . It
helps in conversion of N2 to NH3 [nitrogen fixation].
In heme-synthesis process it forms hemoglobin
which acts as oxygen carrier in the blood.
Similarly, myoglobin stores and releases oxygen
to sustain aerobic metabolism in the muscle of
marine animals. It also help to maintain a normal
immune system and normal functioning. In
plants, it is an important constituent of some
enzyme and pigments.
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Its deficiency in body can cause decrease in RBC.
 Function of Nickel (Ni) ions.
⬥ It is found in nucleic acid. It helps in iron absorption,
adrenaline metabolism, glucose metabolism,
improvement of bone strength.
⬥ Deficiency of nickel may cause some problem like
histological and biochemical change and disturbance in
zinc and calcium metabolism.
Function of Chromium (Cr) ions.
It is necessary in breakdown of carbohydrate and fats. It helps
the function of insulin and in thyroid metabolism. It also helps in
fatty acid synthesis, RNA synthesis and cholesterol synthesis. .
In plants, chromium helps in regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism.
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Deficiency of it can cause malefactions like weight loss,
 Function of Cobalt (Co) ion
⬥ It is the constituent of cobalamin [vitamin B12],
which helps in the normal functioning of the brain
and nervous system. It involves formation of
RBC .It helps in stimulate the production of
thyroxin, a thyroid hormone. In plant, it helps in
increasing drought resistance and in nitrogen
fixation.

⬥ Deficiency of cobalt causes the diseases like

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anaemia and decreased nerve function.
 Symptoms of elemental deficiency
in humans
1.Zinc deficiency causes stunted growth, skin damage and retarded maturation.

2. lodine is an important constituents of thyroxine and its

deficiency causes goiter

3. Iron deficiency in blood causes anemia.

GOITRE
4. Copper deficiency causes anemia, heart and circulation
problems, bone abnormalities etc. Wilsons disease
is a genetic disorder characterized by excess storage of
copper in the bodys tissues, in liver brain, corneas of eyes.
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5. Calcium deficiency causes retarted skeletal
growth, low concentration causes rickets in child.

6. Magnesium deficiency causes neuromuscular

dysfunction, muscle cramps (an uncontrollable
and painful spasm of a muscle) etc.

7. Potassium deficiency causes paralysis

of muscles, irregular heart rhythms.
Facial paralysis
8.Chromium deficiency
causes diabetes symptoms.
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LET’S REVIEW SOME CONCEPTS
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and
and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and historically been
yellow is found between green on the optical associated with sacrifice,
green and orange. spectrum. danger and courage.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and
and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and historically been
yellow is found between green on the optical associated with sacrifice,
green and orange. spectrum. danger and courage.

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THANKS
!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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2
TEAM PRESENTATION

Imani Jackson Marcos Galán Ixchel Valdía Nils Årud

JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE
Blue is the colour of the Blue is the colour of the Blue is the colour of the Blue is the colour of the
clear sky and the deep clear sky and the deep clear sky and the deep clear sky and the deep
sea sea sea sea

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