12 Radio Analytical Techniques

RADIOANALYTICAL
METHODS
INTRODUCTION...
Radio analytical techniques focuses on the
analysis of sample for their
radionuclide content.
Radio analytical methods are characterized
by good accuracy and their ability to be
adapted to a wide number of applications.
Another advantage to this method is that
they minimize or even eliminate the need for
separations that are required in other
analytical methods.
ISOTOPES
For example, tritium

All isotopes of an can substitute for
element have the hydrogen, and
same atomic either 125 iodine or
number, and their 131 iodine can
chemical behavior substitute for 126
is very similar iodine in chemical
reactions
RADIOACTIVE
ISOTOPES
As a result, either
new isotopes or
Radioactive
new elements are
isotopes have
produced isotopes
unstable nuclei that
have unstable
spontaneously
nuclei that
change to form
spontaneously
more stable nuclei
change to form
more stable nuclei
Radioactive isotopes
(radionuclides), undergo
spontaneous disintegration,
which ultimately leads to stable
isotopes. Radioactive decay of
isotopes occurs with the emission
of electromagnetic radiation in
the form of x-rays or gamma ray.
Accompanying this emission is
the formation of electrons,
positrons and the helium nucleus
or fusion in which a nucleus
breaks up into smaller nuclei.
ALPHA DECAY...
Alpha decay is a common radioactive
process encountered with heavier isotopes.
this decay causes the parent nucleus to
decrease by two protons and two neutrons.
The alpha particle is a helium nucleus having
a mass of 4 and a charge of +2. Alpha
particles progressively lose their energy as a
result of collisions as they pass through
matter and are ultimately converted into
helium atoms through capture of two
electrons from their surroundings.
ALPHA DECAY
BETA DECAY...
Beta decay is a radioactive process in which, the
atomic number changes but the mass number stays
the same
There are types of  decay are encountered:
negatron formation
positron formation
electron capture
BETA
RADIOACTIVITY
Beta particles are just electrons from the
nucleus, the term "beta particle" being an
historical term used in the early description
of radioactivity . The high-energy electrons
have greater range of penetration than alpha
particles , but still much less than gamma
rays . The radiation hazard from betas is
greatest if they are ingested
GAMMA DECAY...
Gamma rays are produced by
nuclear relaxations. Gamma-
ray emission is the result of a
nucleus in an excited state
returning to the ground state in
one or more quantized steps
with the release of
monoenergetic gamma rays.
Gamma rays, except for their
source, are indistinguishable
from X-rays of the same
energy.
RADIOACTIVE
Radioactivity is Quantitative
measured by information about
means of a detector decay rates is
that produces a obtained by
pulse of electricity counting these
for each atom pulses for a specific
undergoing decay period
INSTRUMENTATIO
N...
Radiation from radioactive sources can be
detected and measured in essentially the
same way as X-radiation.
Gas-filled transducers
scintillation counters
semiconductor detectors
these are all sensitive to alpha and beta
particles and gamma rays because
absorption of these particles induces
ionization or photoelectrons, which can in
turn produce thousands of ion pairs.
GAS IONIZATION
DETECTORS
SOLID-STATE
DETECTORS
THE SCHEMATIC BELOW SHOWS
A WELL-TYPE SCINTILLATION
COUNTER
RADIOANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES
Samples with very low concentrations are
difficult to measure accurately due to the
radioactive atoms unexpectedly depositing on
surfaces.
Various solutions are known to circumvent
these losses which include adding an
inactive carrier or adding a tracer.
Research has also shown that pretreatment
of glassware and plastic surfaces can reduce
radionuclide sorption by saturating the sites
CARRIER OR TRACER
ADDITION
Since small amounts of radionuclides are
typically being analyzed, the mechanics of
manipulating tiny quantities is challenging. This
problem is classically addressed by the use
of carrier ions.
The carrier is of the identical element but is non-
radioactive. The carrier and the radionuclide of
interest have identical chemical properties.
The use of carries was heavily used by Marie
Curie and was employed in the first
demonstration of nuclear fission.
THERE ARE THREE
TYPES OF RADIO
ANALYTICAL METHODS...
Activation analysis.
 Tracer method.
Isotope dilution
method
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Activation analysis is an analytical method for

determining the concentration of trace
elements in the bulk of a sample.
it is based on nuclear reactions leading
to radionuclides specific for a given element.
After irradiation these radionuclides are
measured.
Identification of the radiation emitted by
measuring its energy and/or half-life provides
qualitative analysis, while measuring the
number of particles or photons emitted per
second yields quantitative analysis.
TYPES
 Charged particle activation analysis

 Neutron activation analysis
 Photon activation analysis
Advantage:
 activation analysis is that it can be
used for the simultaneous
determination of a number of elements
and complex samples.
Disadvantage:
 Speciation is not possible in this
method
A sample is irradiated to form an amount R of
radioactive nuclide according to the
relationship:
The unknown and a known standard of
similar composition are irradiated and
counted in an identical fashion.
A direct comparison can be made
according to the following relationship:
Wu/Wo=Ru/Ro
USES
In forensic science, by using NAA to measure the
composition of the material adhering to a hand
which has held a gun during firing, it is possible
to determine the type of ammunition and even
the number of shots fired.
Trace metal analysis of plants can be used to
determine the location in which that plant has
been grown (for identification
of marijuana growers).
USES
Activation analysis of the mineral content of pigments
has enabled scientists to determine the authenticity
of paintings attributed to certain artists since, in times
past, each artist prepared his own paints by distinctive
and individual formulae.
A painting entitled “Christ and Magdalene” done in the
Old Dutch style was proved to be a twentieth
century forgery when NAA showed lesser than 7 ppm
silver and lesser than1.3 ppm antimony in the white
lead paint. The sixteenth and seventeenth century
Dutch paintings have white lead with about 10 - 1000
ppm silver and 50 - 230 ppm antimony.
REFERENCES
WIKIPEDIA
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BY J.D.LEE
SCIENCEDIRECT.COM

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RADIOANALYTICAL

For example, tritium

Activation analysis is an analytical method for

 Charged particle activation analysis

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