#3 - 2G BSS Radio Parameter

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Nokia Siemens Networks

2G BSS Radio Parameter


Prepared by :
Andy Nugroho
E-mail : andy.ngh@gmail.com
Module Objective

• Idle Mode Operation


• Power Control
• Handover Control
• Frequency Hopping
Idle Mode Operation
Idle Mode Operation
Normal Cell Selection

During normal cell selection, the MS tries to select the most suitable cell to camp on .
A cell is considered suitable if:
 it belongs to the selected PLMN
 it is not barred (Note: When a cell is barred it will not be camped on by an MS in idle mode,
however, an MS in dedicated mode can perform handover to it)
the cell selection criterion is fulfilled (C1 > 0)

MS will search all the RF channels, take samples during 3-5 s and calculate averages. And put them in
ascending order with respect to signal level. Then tune to the strongest RF channel.
C1 Criterion

C1 = A – max(B,0)
= RLA_C – RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN – max(MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH – P , 0)

RLA_C = avg received RxLev on BCCH


P = MS max output power

I am
outside

I am inside, but
B,0)
have not enough x(
power ma
C2 Criterion

C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET – TEMPORARY OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME - T)


C2 = for PENALTY_TIME  640
C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET for PENALTY_TIME = 640 s

C2
no TEMPORARY OFFSET

serving cell: C1
• C2:
new candidate
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
List of 6 = former serving
strongest cell
T
carriers:
• C2: C2
• C2:
• C2: C1
• C2:
• C2:
• C2: CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
new candidate
= formerly non-
serving cell TEMPORARY OFFSET
T
PENALTY_TIME
Cell Reselection

C2 (neighbour) > C2 (serving)  (same LAC)


C2 (neighbour) > C2 (serving) + Cell Reselect Hysteresis  (different LAC)

C2
cell 1 cell reselection &
cell 3
location update

cell
reselection cell 2

CELL_RESELECT_
HYSTERESIS (HYS)

5 seconds 5 seconds time

LAC = A LAC = B
Location Area Update

Types of location updating defined :


• Normal , change LAC
- Location Area under the same MSC / VLR
- Location Area under another MSC / VLR => HLR will be updated
• Periodic registration (MS -> MSC/VLR)
• IMSI attach , MS power on
Location Area Update Procedure

MS BSS MSC VLR HLR

LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST

REQUEST SUBSCRIBER ID

SEND SUBSCRIBER ID

REQUEST SUBSCRIBER INFO

SEND SUBSCRIBER INFO

AUTHENTICATION

AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE

ALL OK - HLR UPDATE


Power Control
Power Control

Main objectives of Power Control :


• To adapt the transmit power of the MS as well as of the BTS to reception conditions

The advantages of Power Control are :


• Reduction of the average power consumption (especially in the MS)
• Reduction of the interference
Power Control Motivation

Reduced interference
on DL/UL

• Longer service time of battery


• Realization of power class
• Supported by default on UL

Activation of DL power control

powerCtrlEnabled (PENA) Y,N

Power control independent

• for DL and UL
• for each call
Power Control
Parameter Maximum MS output power

msTxPwrMaxGSM (PMAX1) 5..39 dBm GSM 900 TCH


msTxPwrMaxGSM1x00 (PMAX2) 0..36 dBm GSM 1800 TCH
0..32 dBm & 33 dBm GSM 1900
TCH
Power msTxPwrMaxCCH (TXP1) 5..39 dBm GSM 900 CCH
class msTxPwrMaxCCH1x00 (TXP2) 0..30 dBm GSM 1800 CCH
dependent 0..32 dBm GSM 1900 CCH
range
Power Values Minimum MS output power

minMSTxPower (PMIN) 5..39 dBm GSM 900


0..36 dBm GSM 1800
0..32 dBm GSM 1900

Maximum BTS output power (by minimum attenuation)

Attenuations bsTxPwrMax (PMAX1) 0..30 dB GSM 900


bsTxPwrMax1x00 (PMAX2) 0..30 dB GSM 1800/1900
30 dB
Range Minimum MS output power (by maximum attenuation)

bsTxPowerMin 0..30 dB
Power Control Parameter
Power Change step sizes
Power Control Strategy
Measurement Averaging

POWER
POWER CONTROL
CONTROL
UPLINK
UPLINK
UL Quality <Av_RXQUAL_UL>

UL Level <Av_RXLEV_UL> THRESHOLD


COMPARISON
DL Quality <Av_RXQUAL_DL>

DL Level <Av_RXLEV_DL>
POWER
POWER CONTROL
CONTROL
DOWNLINK
DOWNLINK

Power control interval


powerCtrlInterval (INT) 0..31 s
Power Control Strategy
Triggering

Nx samples
Less than Px samples exceed threshold
No power change triggered
Actual average samples

threshold

Nx samples
Signal level thresholds Px samples are equal to or exceed threshold
Power change triggered
pcUpperThresholdLevelDL/UL (UDR/UUR) -110..-47 dBm
pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL (LDR/LUR) -110..-47 dBm
Power change step size estimation
Signal quality thresholds

pcUpperThresholdQualDL/UL (UDR/UUR) 0..7


pcLowerThresholdQualDL/UL (LDR/LUR) 0..7

Number of average samples (for each threshold)

Nx 1..32
Px 1..32
Power Control Strategy
Scenarios

Exceeded threshold Action Reason

pcUpperThresholdLevelDL BTS power decrease Signal level


pcLowerThresholdLevelDL BTS power increase Signal level
pcUpperThresholdLevelUL MS power decrease Signal level
pcLowerThresholdLevelUL MS power increase Signal level

pcUpperThresholdQualDL BTS power decrease Signal quality


pcLowerThresholdQualDL BTS power increase Signal quality
pcUpperThresholdQualUL MS power decrease Signal quality
pcLowerThresholdQualUL MS power increase Signal quality
Power Increase due to signal level
For MS & BTS

Actual receive level RXLEV_DL/UL

pcLowerThresholdsLevelDL/UL

Power control triggered


UL: Power increase of MS
DL: Power increase of BTS

RXLEV_DL/UL > pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL - 2 powerIncrStepSize

Yes No

Fixed step size Variable step size


PWR_INCR_STEP = powerIncrStepSize PWR_INCR_STEP = pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL –
RXLEV_UL/DL
Power Decrease due to signal level
For BTS

pcUpperThresholdsLevelDL

Actual received level RXLEV_DL


Power control triggered
Power decrease

RXLEV_DL < pcUpperThresholdLevelDL + 2 powerDecrStepSize OR

variableDLStepUse (VDLS) = No

Yes No

Fixed step size Variable step size


PWR_DECR_STEP = powerDecrStepSize PWR_DECR_STEP = Min (RXLEV_DL – pcUpperThresholdLevelDL, 10)
Power Decrease due to signal level
For MS

pcUpperThresholdsLevelUL

Actual received level RXLEV_UL


Power control triggered
Power decrease

RXLEV_UL < pcUpperThresholdLevelUL + 2 powerDecrStepSize

Yes No

Fixed step size Variable step size


PWR_DECR_STEP = powerDecrStepSize PWR_DECR_STEP = RXLEV_UL – pcUpperThresholdLevelUL
Power Increase due to signal quality
For MS & BTS

Actual receive quality RXQUAL_DL/UL

pcLowerThresholdsQualDL/UL

Power control triggered


UL: Power increase of MS
DL: Power increase of BTS

Variable step size based on actual quality

PWR_INCR_STEP = (1 + Max (0,QUAL)) * powerIncrStepSize

Take largest step size QUAL = RXQUAL_DL/UL – pcLowerThresholdQualDL/UL

Step size based on actual level

Take algorithm for power increase due to signal level


Power decrease due to signal quality
For MS & BTS with no power optimization

pcUpperThresholdsQualDL/UL

Actual received quality RXQUAL_DL/UL


Power control triggered

Actual RXLEV_DL/UL – pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL < 6 dB

Yes No

No power decrease Power decrease


• Avoid ping pong effect • Take algorithm for power decrease due to signal level
(different for MS & BTS power decrease)
Power control summary
-110 dBm Lower Level Upper Level -47 dBm

Qual 0
Power increase Power decrease Power decrease
due to level 6 dB due to quality due to level
or quality
Upper Quality

Power increase Power decrease


No action due to level
due to level

Lower Quality
Power increase Power increase Power increase
due to level due to quality due to quality
or quality

Qual 7
Handover Control
Handover Control

Main objectives of HO are:


• maintenance of connection in case of cell change (movement)
• channel change in case of severe disturbance (interference)
Handover Types
- Intra cell Handover
- Inter cell Intra BSC Handover
- Inter BSC Intra MSC Handover
- Inter MSC Intra PLMN Handover
- Inter PLMN Handover
Handover Criteria
Handover Triggering

Nx samples
Less than Px samples >= threshold
No handover triggered
Actual average samples

threshold

Signal interference thresholds Nx samples


hoThresholdsInterferenceDL/UL (IDR/IUR) -110..-47 dBm Px samples are >= threshold
Signal quality thresholds
handover triggered
hoThresholdsQualDL/UL (QDR/QUR) 0..7

Signal level thresholds


hoThresholdLevelDL/UL (LDR/LUR) -110..-47 dBm Target cell selection
hoThresholdRapidLevelUL (RPD) -110..-47 dBm

MS speed thresholds Trigger Point – When the set


upper/lowerSpeedLimit (USL/LSL) 0..255 (unit = 2km/h) threshold has been met or
exceeded Px times of Nx times
Number of average samples
Nx 1..32
Px 1..32
Handover Priorities
More than one handover criterion fulfilled -> process of higher priority performed
Handover and power control criteria fulfilled -> handover performed

1) Interference (uplink or downlink)


2) Intra-segment inter-band because of downlink level (from higher to lower frequency band)
3) Uplink quality
4) Downlink quality
5) AMR unpacking (uplink level and also uplink unpacking quality triggers)
6) Uplink level
7) AMR unpacking (downlink level and also downlink unpacking quality triggers)
8) Downlink level
9) Coverage based inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
10) IMSI-based inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
11) IMSI-based handover
12) DTM-based handover to WCDMA RAN
13) Inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
14) MS-BS distance (maximum or minimum)
15) Turn-around-corner MS
16) Rapid field drop
17) Slow/fast-moving MS
18) Umbrella
19) Power budget
20) DTM-based handover to a GSM DTM cell
21) BSC-initiated TRHO
22) IUO
23) Intra-segment HO based on load
24) AMR packing because of good uplink and downlink quality
25) AMR unpacking because of bad uplink or downlink quality
26) PC because of lower quality thresholds (uplink and downlink)
27) PC because of lower level thresholds (uplink and downlink)
28) PC because of upper quality thresholds (uplink and downlink)
29) PC because of upper level thresholds (uplink and downlink)
Handover Region
Level vs Quality
Standard target cell ranking

Adjacent Cell Load Threshold


Can be checked only for cells belonging to the same BSC as the serving one
btsLoadThreshold (BLT) 0..100 %

Adjacent Cell Priority


hoPriorityLevel (PRI) 0..7

Overloaded Cell -> Reduction of Priority


hoLoadFactor (OF) 0..7

Ranking (not for imperative and traffic reason handover)


1) Corrected priority
2) Cells with same priority -> RX level
Handover decision due to RX Level

Any kind of handover (except umbrella)

1a AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) – P)


P depends on MS power class

Umbrella handover

1b AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)

Minimum allowed signal level for target cell

rxLevMinCell (SL) -110..-47 dBm any handover (except umbrella)


hoLevelUmbrella (AUCL) -110..-47 dBm umbrella handover
Handover decision due to Power Budget
General case

2a PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n)


PBGT = (msTxPwrMax - msTxPwrMax(n)) –
(AV_RXLEV_DL_HO - AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) -
(btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)

Handover due to RX level, RX quality, distance and umbrella handover

2b PBGT > hoMarginLev/Qual(n)


PBGT = (AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO) -
(btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)

Power budget margin to prevent repeated handovers between adjacent cells


hoMarginPBGT (PMRG) -24..63 dB general case

RX level and RX quality margins to prevent repeated handovers between adjacent cells
hoMarginQual (QMRG) -24..24 dB handover due to signal quality
hoMarginLevel (LMRG) -24..24 dB handover due to signal level
EnableHOMarginLevQual (MRGS) Y/N required to enable margins
Handover due to uplink / downlink interference
If the HO threshold comparison indicates that a handover because of uplink or downlink
interference is required, the BSC may perform either an intra-cell handover or an intercell handover.

AvRX level  hoThresholdsInterferenceDL/UL AND


AvRX quality value  hoThresholdsQualDL/UL

If hoPreferenceOrderInterDL/UL = INTER
(perform Intra cell HO if preference is INTRA)
Ranking of adjacent cells

enableHOMarginLevQual = Y enableHOMarginLevQual = N

Check of adjacent cells with Check of adjacent cells with


conditions 1a and 2b conditions 1a and 2a

Suitable adjacent cell ?

Yes No

Inter cell handover Intra cell handover (if Otherwise


enabled) Handover failure
Parameter Interference Handover

Thresholds

hoThresholdsInterferenceDL/UL -110..-47 dBm


hoThresholdsQualDL/UL 0..7

Intra / inter cell handover

hoPreferenceOrderInterDL/UL (HDL/HUL) INTRA for network without


frequency hopping
INTER for network with
frequency hopping
enableIntraHOInterDL/UL Y/N required to enable intra
cell handover
Interference Handover
Example
hoThresholdQualDL =4 /Px:4, Nx:6 hoPreferenceOrderInterfDL = INTER
hoThresholdInterferenceDL = -85 dBm /Px:1, Nx:1 enableHandoverMarginLevQual =Y
hoMarginQual = 0 dB BTS output power =
Maximum

Adjacent
Adjacentcells
cellsevaluation
evaluation
BOTH
BOTHthe
theQuality
Qualityand
andInterference
InterferenceThreshold
Thresholdisisexceeded
exceeded • • Conditions 1a and 2b:
(bad_RxQuality/good_RxLevel) INTERFERENCE Conditions 1a and 2b:
(bad_RxQuality/good_RxLevel) INTERFERENCE
HO AV_RXLEV_NCELL
AV_RXLEV_NCELL––
HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO>>
hoMarginQual
hoMarginQualfulfilled
fulfilled
Adjacent cell(n)
RX Quality RX Level • • If no adjacent -> Intra HO
If no adjacent -> Intra HO

2
Adjacent cell(n)
Serving cell Serving cell
3 -80

4
hoThresholdQualDL -85 hoThresholdInterferenceDL
5 Suitable HO target
Suitable HO target
cell:
HO -90 cell:
HO RxLev(n)≥ RxLev
RxLev(n)≥ RxLev
6

t1 t2 t1 t2
Handover due to uplink / downlink quality
If the HO threshold comparison indicates that a handover because of uplink or downlink
quality is required, the BSC evaluates the radio link properties of the adjacent cells to
find a target cell for the handover.
Thresholds
hoThresholdsQualDL/UL 0..7

AvRX quality value  hoThresholdsQualDL/UL

Ranking of adjacent cells

enableHOMarginLevQual = Y enableHOMarginLevQual = N

Check of adjacent cells with Check of adjacent cells with


conditions 1a and 2b conditions 1a and 2a

Suitable adjacent
cell ?
Yes No

Inter cell handover Handover failure


RX Quality Handover
Example
hoThresholdQualDL =4 /Px:4, Nx:6 enableHandoverMarginLevQual =Y
hoMarginQual = 3 dB BTS output power = Maximum

Adjacent
Adjacentcells
cellsevaluation
evaluation
Quality
QualityThreshold
Thresholdisismet
met(bad_RxQuality)
(bad_RxQuality) QUALITY
QUALITYHO
HO • • Conditions 1a and 2b:
Conditions 1a and 2b:
AV_RXLEV_NCELL
AV_RXLEV_NCELL––
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO>>
hoMarginQual
hoMarginQualfulfilled
fulfilled
RX Quality RX Level • • If no adjacent -> HO Fail
If no adjacent -> HO Fail
Adjacent cell(n)
2
Serving cell
-80
Adjacent cell(n)
3
hoThresholdLevDL
-85
4
hoThresholdQualDL
Serving cell Suitable HO target
-90 Suitable HO target
5 cell:
cell:
RxLev(n)≥ RxLev
RxLev(n)≥ RxLev
HO
HO
6

t1 t2 t1 t2
Handover due to uplink / downlink level
If the HO threshold comparison indicates that a handover because of uplink or downlink
level is required, the BSC evaluates the radio link properties of the adjacent cells to find
a target cell for the handover.
Thresholds
hoThresholdsLevDL/UL -110..-47 dBm

AvRX level  hoThresholdsLevDL/UL

Ranking of adjacent cells

enableHOMarginLevQual = Y enableHOMarginLevQual = N

Check of adjacent cells with Check of adjacent cells with


conditions 1a and 2b conditions 1a and 2a

Suitable adjacent cell ?

Yes No

Inter cell handover Handover failure


RX Level Handover
Example
hoThresholdLevDL = -95 dBm /Px: 1, Nx: 1 enableHandoverMarginLevQual =Y
hoMarginLevel = 3 dB BTS output power = Maximum

Adjacent
Adjacentcells
cellsevaluation
evaluation
Level
LevelThreshold
Thresholdisismet
met(bad_RxLevel)
(bad_RxLevel) LEVEL
LEVELHO
HO • • Conditions 1a and 2b:
Conditions 1a and 2b:
AV_RXLEV_NCELL
AV_RXLEV_NCELL––
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO>>
hoMarginLevel
hoMarginLevelfulfilled
fulfilled
• • If no adjacent -> HO Fail
RX Level RX Level If no adjacent -> HO Fail

Serving cell
-90 Serving cell
-90
hoThresholdLevelDL 3 dB
-95
-95 Adjacent cell(n)
Suitable target cell:
HO
HO
Suitable target cell:
-100 RxLev(n)≥ RxLev+3dB
RxLev(n)≥ RxLev+3dB

t1 t2 t1 t2
Handover due to Power Budget
The power budget handover procedure ensures that the MS is always handed over to
the cell with the minimum path loss, even though the quality and the level thresholds
may not have been exceeded.
.
Must be enabled with
enablePwrBudgetHandover (EPB) Y/N
Periodic check of RX levels of adjacent cells
hoPeriodPBGT 0..63 SACCH
periods

Estimation of RX levels of adjacent cells

Ranking of adjacent cells

Check of adjacent cells with


conditions 1a and 2a

Adjacent cell with sufficient RX level / power budget

Yes No

Inter cell handover No handover


Power Budget Handover
Example

Serving Cell: Best Adjacent Cell:

AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm


msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm
BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm
hoMarginPBGT(n) = 6 dB

1a AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax)


-80 dBm > -99 dBm + (33 dBm - 33 dBm) = -99 dBm fulfilled

2a PBGT = (msTxPwrMax - msTxPwrMax(n)) –


(AV_RXLEV_DL_HO - AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) -
(btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)
PBGT = (33dBm - 33dBm) - (-90 - (-80)) - (42dBm - 42dBm) = 10 dB > 6 dB
PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n) fulfilled
Umbrella Handover
Parameter

Must be enabled with


enableUmbrellaHandover (EUM) Y/N

Serving cell measurements need not exceed a threshold

Periodic check of RX levels of adjacent cells


hoPeriodUmbrella 0..63 SACCH periods

Thresholds to determine layers of adjacent cells


gsmMacrocellThreshold (GMAC) 5..43 dBm for GSM 900 / 800
dcsMacrocellThreshold (DMAC) 0..36/32 dBm for GSM 1800 / 1900
gsmMicrocellThreshold (GMIC) 5..43 dBm for GSM 900 / 800
dcsMicrocellThreshold (DMIC) 0..36/32 dBm for GSM 1800 / 1900
Umbrella Handover
Adjacent Cell Classification

Maximum MS output power allowed on TCH: P TCH -> defined for every adjacent cell
Maximum MS output capability : P MAX -> defined by power class

Cell classification criteria (what cell type is the adjacent cell): consider PTCH

• PTCH >= Macrocell Threshold -> adjacent cell = macro cell


• Microcell Threshold < PTCH < Macrocell Threshold -> adjacent cell = middle size cell
• PTCH <= MicrocellThreshold -> adjacent cell = micro cell

Handover criteria (where is the MS allowed to handover to): consider PMAX

• PMAX >= Macrocell Threshold -> only handover to macro cell


• Microcell Threshold < PMAX < Macrocell Threshold -> only handover to middle size cell

• PMAX <= MicrocellThreshold -> only handover to micro cell


Handover due to Umbrella
The umbrella handover procedure enables network-directed traffic control between umbrella cells
(macrocells) and microcells

Estimation of RX levels and PTCH check of adjacent cells

Ranking and layer classification of adjacent cells

Check of adjacent cells with


condition 1b

Adjacent cell with sufficient RX level and of correct layer

Yes No

Inter cell handover No handover


Umbrella Handover
Example

hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm PTCH (msTxPwrMax(n)) = 30 dBm -> micro cell


gsmMacrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
PMAX = 30 dBm -> handover to micro cell only
dcsMacrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
hoThresholdLevelDL = -95 dBm

900 ‘Macro’

A
1800 ‘Micro’
Threshold umbrella handover –
85 dBm

Threshold RX level
handover –95 dBm

Umbrella
Umbrellahandover
handovertoto RX
B RXlevel
levelhandover
handover
1800
1800cell back
cell back to 900cell
to 900 cell
Directed Retry Handover
Parameter

No TCH available during call set up in serving cell -> handover to TCH of other cell

Must be enabled with


drInUse (DR) Y/N

Thresholds to be exceeded by target cell according condition (1a)


drMethod (DRM) 0/1 Defined type of
threshold
rxLevMinCell -110..-47 dBm Used if drMethod = 0
drThreshold (DRT) -110..-47 dBm Used if drMethod = 1 and
drThreshold >
rxLevMin Cell
Timers (to be counted from TCH assignment)
minTimeLimitDirectedRetry (MIDR) 0..14 s No target cell
evaluation allowed
maxTimeLimitDirectedRetry (MADR) 1..15 s Target cell
evaluation allowed
TCH
SDCCH minTimeLimitDR

Assignment
congested Request Time
maxTimeLimitDR

DR not allowed
DR allowed
Handover due to Directed Retry
No TCH available during call set up in serving cell than handover to TCH of other cell

TCH available in serving cell

Yes No

Normal call Estimation of RX levels


set up of adjacent cells

Ranking of adjacent cells

Check of adjacent cells with


condition 1a

Adjacent cell with sufficient RX level

Yes No

Directed retry handover Call set up fails


Handover due to Traffic Reason
To share the load between the cells, the MSC may request the BSC to perform a specified number of
handovers from one specified cell (high load) to other specified adjacent cells which have less load

MSC handover request

Ranking of adjacent cells


only according RX level
Deactivation
trhoTargetLevel = N
Check of adjacent cells with
condition 1a for
rxLevMinCell (SL) and
trhoTargetLevel (TRHO)

Adjacent cell with sufficient RX level

Yes No

Inter cell handover Handover failure


Handover Strategy
BSS BTS Family (Ultrasite, FlexiBTS, FMR)
Handover Strategy
Existing BR 9 to BSS BTS Family (Ultrasite, FlexiBTS, FMR )
Handover Strategy
BSS BTS Family to Existing BR 9
Handover Strategy
GEMINI (BTS Plus)
Handover Strategy
Existing BR 9 to GEMINI (BTS Plus)
Handover Strategy
GEMINI (BTS Plus) to Existing BR 9
Frequency Hopping
Principle of Frequency Hopping

Frequency hopping techniques

hoppingMode (HOP) BB,RF,N


BB = base band hopping (1)
RF = RF hopping (2)
N = no frequency hopping at all (0)

Frequency
Call is transmitted through several frequencies to
• average the interference (interference diversity)
• minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

F1

F2

F3

Time
The Benefit of Frequency Hopping

1. Frequency diversity; Compensates the frequency selective fast


fading
Signal
Level

F1
F2
F3

MS Location Distance

Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may
still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.
The Benefit of Frequency Hopping

2. Interference diversity; the interference is averaged over


multiple users

Interference With hopping


Interference No hopping

F1 F1

F3 F1

F1

F2 average
F2 F3 F2 F3
F2 F
3

MS_1 MS_2 MS_3 MS_1 MS_2 MS_3


Base Band Hopping
TRXs do not hop
Physical channels moved from one TRX to another

Hopping sequence
hoppingSequenceNumber (HSN) 0..63
0 = cyclic hopping
1..63 = pseudorandom hopping

Baseband Hopping

0 1 2 7 Timeslot

TRX 1 BC f1 HSN1 (BB hopping group 1 and RF hopping)


CH
Timeslot 0 hops over TRXs 2-4 only
TRX 2 f2
BCCH does not hop
TRX 3 f3

TRX 4 f4 HSN2 (BB hopping group 2)


Timeslots 1-7 hop over all TRXs
RF Hopping
Standard technique

All TRXs hop except TRX1 (provides BCCH)


Up to 63 frequencies available defined by mobile allocation list -> better hopping gain

mobileAllocationList Setting of ARFCN values


usedMobileAllocation (MAL) 0,1...2000 0 = BTS detached from any list
1..2000 = indicates list which shall be
used

0 1 2 7 Timeslot
TRX 1 BC
CH f1 – no hopping

TRX 2

f2,f3..fn – hopping according


TRX 3 mobile allocation list
One hopping sequence
number only
TRX 4
RF Hopping
Freefrom Hopping

Standard technique MAIO


Offset MAI
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8 TRX-1 (BCCH) -
But 3 frequencies available for every TRX only TRX-2 0
Sector-1 0
TRX-3 1
Freeform hopping
TRX-4 2

For every sector same


TRX-5 (BCCH) -
mobile allocation list
hopping sequence number TRX-6 3
Sector-2 3
frame number (frame synchronization) TRX-7 4
TRX-8 5
For every sector different
starting points for hopping sequence TRX-9 (BCCH) -
possible by mobile allocation index offset
TRX-10 6
Sector-3 6
maioOffset (MO) TRX-11 7
0..62 TRX-12 8

setting of MAIO
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8
9 frequencies available for every TRX
RF Hopping
Flexible MAIO Management

MAIO MAIO
Freeform hopping Offset Step MAI
TRX-1 (BCCH) -
• Not adequate for MA list with consecutive ARFCN values TRX-2 0
• Avoids co-channel interference but not adjacent channel Sector-1 0 2
TRX-3 2
interference TRX-4 4

Flexible MAIO management TRX-5 (BCCH) -


TRX-6 6
Sector-2 6 2
MAIO increases with constant step size from one TRX to the TRX-7 8
next one TRX-8 10

maioStep (MS) 1..62 TRX-9 (BCCH) -


TRX-10 12
maioOffset = 0, 6, 12 for sector 1, 2, 3 Sector-3 12 2
TRX-11 14
maioStep = 2
TRX-12 16
18 frequencies required (2 * number of hopping TRXs)
RF Hopping
Tight frequency reuse

Freeform hopping Flexible MAIO management


MAIO Offset MAIO Offset + MAIO Step

Band allocation: Band allocation:

BCCH BCCH

MA list MA list
Non-adjacent ARFCN Consecutive ARFCN

MA
MAlist
listand
andBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
required Only
OnlyBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
required
Thank you.
APPENDIX
Power control parameter
With power optimization

TRX Level
Activation of power optimisation

optimumRxLevDL (LEVD) -109..-47 dBm


optimumRxLevUL (LEV) -109..-47 dBm

BTS Level
Maximum decrement step size in dependence on signal quality

pwrDecrLimitBand0 (PD0) 0..38 dB used for quality 0


pwrDecrLimitBand1 (PD1) 0..38 dB used for quality 1
pwrDecrLimitBand2 (PD2) 0..38 dB used for quality 2
and worse

Enable power decrement below optimum level for UL

powerDecrQualFactor (PDF) 0,1 enabled, if set to 1


Power Decrease Due to Signal Quality
With power optimization

Power
Power decrease
decrease step
step size
size for
for MS
MS

PWR_DECR_STEP
PWR_DECR_STEP == Min
Min (pwrDecrLimit,
(pwrDecrLimit, Max
Max (A,B))
(A,B))

AA == Max
Max (0,
(0, RXLEV_UL
RXLEV_UL -- optimumRxLevUL)
optimumRxLevUL)

BB == (powerDecrQualFactor
(powerDecrQualFactor ++ Max
Max (0,QUAL))
(0,QUAL)) ** powerDecrStepSize
powerDecrStepSize

with
with QUAL
QUAL == pcUpperThreshold
pcUpperThreshold -- <RXQUAL_UL>
<RXQUAL_UL>

Term
Term A:
A: Would
Would bring
bring actual
actual receive
receive level
level exactly
exactly to
to optimum
optimum level
level

Term
Term B:
B: Considers
Considers difference
difference between
between average
average receive
receive quality
quality and
and threshold
threshold quality
quality

Power
Power decrease
decrease step
step size
size for
for BTS
BTS

PWR_DECR_STEP
PWR_DECR_STEP == Min
Min [Min
[Min (pwrDecrLimit,
(pwrDecrLimit, Max
Max (A,B)),10]
(A,B)),10]
TCH Allocation
With power optimization

Modified maximum acceptable interference level

Call set up or intra cell handover

MAX_INTF_LEV = max (min (RXLEV_UL + msTxPrwMax - MS_TXPWR, optimumRxLevUL),


RXLEV_UL + msTxPrwMin - MS_TXPWR) - cnThreshold

Inter cell handover

MAX_INTF_LEV = max (min (AV_RXLEV_NCELL (n) - rxLevBalance, optimumRxLevUL (n)),


AV_RXLEV_NCELL (n) - rxLevBalance +
msTxPrwMin (n) - msTxPrwMax (n)) - cnThreshold (n)
Optimization of MS Power Level
In call setup

MS_TXPWR_OPT =
MsTxPwrMaxGSM(BTS) - MAX( 0,( RXLEV_UL - OptimumRxLevUL ))

• RXLEV_UL is measured during the initial signalling period of call set-up


• RXLEV_UL is the uplink signal level when the mobile station is transmitting at the maximum RF
power that an MS is permitted to use on a channel in the serving cell.
Optimization of MS Power Level
Intra BSC Handover

• When the handover to be performed is an inter-cell handover, the optimization is controlled by the
parameter MS pwr opt level(n).
• When the handover to be performed is an intra-cell handover, the optimization is controlled by the
parameter optimum RX level uplink.

Inter-Cell MS_TXPWR_OPT(n) =
Handove MsTxPwrMaxGSM(ADJ)(n) - MAX(0,(AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - MsPwrOptLevel(n)))
r • AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) is the averaged downlink signal level of the adjacent cell (n)
• MsPwrOptLevel(n) (POPT) is set for each adjacent cell

Intra-Cell MS_TXPWR_OPT = MsTxPwrMaxGSM(BTS) -


Handove MAX( 0,(AV_RXLEV_UL_HO+(MsTxPwrMaxGSM(BTS)-MS_TXPWR)-OptimumRxLevUL) )
r • OptimumRxLevUL (LEV) is set for every TRX
optimumRxLevDL
optimumRxLevUL
PC Interval
PC Inc step
PC dec step
MS Distance handover
A handover caused by the MS-BS distance prevents the MS from exceeding cell boundaries.The
handover threshold comparison varies depending on whether the cells concerned are extended range
cells or normal cells.
IMSI based handover
• Typically the GSM/EDGE cells can have four types of neighbouring cells:
– Operator's own GSM/EDGE cells
– Operator's own WCDMA cells
– GSM/EDGE cells of a roaming partner
– WCDMA cells of a roaming partner
• IMSI Based Handover enables a control of handovers between networks of different operators:
– The mobile subscriber in a home or visited network can measure selectively only the cells of
specified PLMN areas (PLMN id)
– Making handovers to specified PLMNs
– The functionality is based on the international mobile subscriber identity
• Main benefits:
– The access of the partners‘ subscribers can be limited to defined cells only  maintaining
service preference to own subscribers
– The partners can prefer their own cells and thus optimize costs caused by network visits
IMSI based handover
• Authorised Networks (ANE)
– Group of network PLMN identifiers having similar access rights
 a subscriber has the same access rights to all networks of the Authorised Networks
• Subscriber Group (SG)
– All subscribers of an operator, which are identified with the home PLMN code of IMSI
• When a mobile subscriber belongs to a Subscriber Group and its IMSI can be recognized:
– It is possible to make handovers to the Authorised Networks (ANE) (GSM/WCDMA)
– It is possible to prevent the handovers of unwanted subscribers
IMSI based handover
• ANE Lists & SGs:
– Allows to define that BSC performs handovers only to
certain cells
– Each SG is attached to a ANE List containing all network
PLMN identifiers of the alliance GSM GSM
GSM GSM
• The application software consists of two parts depending on Operator
OperatorAA Operator
OperatorAA
which network type the handover is directed to:
– Support for GSM-GSM Handover
– Support for GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover GSM WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
Operator
OperatorAA Operator
OperatorAA

GSM
GSM
Operator
OperatorAA
GSM/WCDMA
GSM/WCDMA
Roaming
Roamingpartner
partnerBB
Signalling chart of Handover
Basic Handover Timers
Minimum time between consecutive handovers related to same
connection
minIntBetweenHOReq (MIH) 0..31 s

Minimum time between consecutive handover attempts after


failure
minIntBetweenUnsuccHOAttempt (MIU) 0..31s

Time interval between consecutive RX level estimations of the adjacent cells for power
budget and umbrella handover
hoPeriodPBGT (HPP) 0..63 SACCH periods
hoPeriodUmbrella (HPU) 0..63 SACCH periods

Basic timers do not stop averaging and threshold comparison


Guard Handover Timers
First handover Back handover Guard Time

Interference / RX quality power budget 2 * hoPeriodPBGT


Interference / RX quality umbrella 2 * hoPeriodUmbrella

Interference slow MS 255 s

Distance any 20 s +
minIntBetweenHOReq

Traffic reason power budget / umbrella 20 s + minIntBetweenHOReq

Intra cell Intra cell 4*


minIntBetweenUnsuccHOAttempt

Guard timers do not stop averaging and threshold comparison


MS Power Class
MS Power Level
BS Power Level
C/I Estimation Method
HO Period Power Budget
HO Period Umblella

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