Notes on

Urban Forestry (Elective)

Course Code: SFM 613
For B.Sc. forestry 4th year students
KAFCol

2024 ,May

Prepared by:
Prem Khanal
 Urban Forestry(Elective)
Course code : SFM 613
Credit Hour: 3
Lecture Hour :60
Full Mark :75{ Final-60, Internal Assessment-15 (Exam-7.5,Class performance-4.5 and Attaindance-3 )}
Overall course objective
• Understanding of the concept ,benefits and management of trees and forest of cities/towns with special emphasis on growing urbanization
in Nepal.
Specific objectives
• Become familiar with the concept of cities as socio-ecological system (SES) and the roles of tress and urban forests.
• Awareness and familiarity with urban forest governance systems and it's management
• Familiarity with street tree biology and management
• Become familiar with street and urban forest inventory
• Understanding of urban forest sustainability and programs of modern cities and towns.
• Familiarity of open space management in cities and towns
• Conduct a case study of "neighborhood "urban forests
 Text and References
• Urban forests and trees: A reference book by Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg
• MOFALD,2013.Environment Friendly Local Governance Guideline 2013, Ministry of Federal Affairs
and Local Development , GoN, kathmandu
• Inventory guideline prepared by MoFSC
• Planning the Urban forests: Ecology, Economy and community Development by James C. Schwab,
General Editor
• Hand Book of urban Forest Bangalore
• Urban and Recreational Forestry by Dr. S.S Negi
• Existing forest laws, Rules and regulations of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and its provinces
• Fifth year plans of Nepal
• Urban forest guidelines prepared by DoFSC
• Local Municipal guidelines on urban forestry
• Previous lecture notes on urban forestry
• Case studies, Research papers and various articles
Unit 1. Urban Forest Introduction
1.1 Urban Forest : understanding its scope and management
What is an urban forest ?
• “An integrated, city wide approach to the planting, care and management of trees in the city to
secure multiple environmental and social benefits for urban dwellers.” (Miller, 1988).
• Urban forestry is the mgt. of trees of urban society for…………..
 physiological
 Sociological and
 economic well-being
• Urban forestry is the management of urban forest ecosystems. But these ecosystems are quite
varied or complex, ranging from city parks, watersheds, public rights of way, canal side to
individual uses etc. However, these ecosystems include
 Trees
 Street trees
 Plants
 Animals
 Natural landmarks and
 Waterways.
 Urban Forest contd……….
Urban forestry is :
“the art, science, and technology of managing trees and forest resources in and around urban ecosystems for the
psychological, sociological, economic, ecological, and aesthetic benefits trees provide society.” - J.A. Helms, ed. 1998, The
Dictionary of Forestry
Types of urban Forestry
Networks or systems comprising all woodlands , group of trees ,individual trees located in urban and peri-urban areas.
Therefore Urban forest includes :
• Trees in parks
• Gardens
• Avenues (pathways)
• Woodlands
• City forests
• Biodiversity parks
• colony parks
• playfields
• children parks
• street trees
• Trees in derelict (Fallow land) areas
• Green belts and diffused tree population etc.
 Urban Forest contd……….
Urban forest provides :
• significant environmental services.
• material benefits
• Urban greens are milestone for making a city ecologically sound
• Making city environmental friendly and sustainable.
• Adequate green and open spaces for clean air
• Nourishing environment provided by trees, in meadows (grass lands ) and streams (small rivers )
• Creating opportunities for recreation and social gathering.
• The Green spaces should be designed using locally adaptive/ native plant materials and natural
processes that will give some sort of permanency to natural environment.
• Urban Forestry/ Greens management is a multidisciplinary art which encompasses
understanding and knowledge of Forestry, Arboriculture, Landscape Architecture, Land use &
Urban Planning, Horticulture, Social Science, Public Policy & Administration, Soil Science, Spatial
Ecology, Green Laws, Parks & Recreation Management etc.
 Urban Forest contd……….
• Urban forestry includes the management of
 individual and
 group of trees
• Urban forestry is the care and management of
 single trees and tree populations in urban settings …………for the purpose of improving the urban
environment.
• Urban forestry advocates the role of trees as a critical part of the urban infrastructure.
• Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate tree and forest preservation,
conduct research and promote the many benefits trees provide.
• Many urban trees may have established naturally. Urban forestry also includes the management
of forests at the urban fringe. (Miller, 1988:28). Urban fringe covers peripheral part of urban
areas.
• Urban forestry is practiced by municipalities, environmental policymakers, city planners ,
consultants, educators, researchers and community activists all need to work together for the
development of urban forests.
 The concept of urban forest
management
• Management – carrying out activities by actors (people and institutions)
• Management is a activity oriented process
• Overall visions for management are developed
• Policies ,planning ,objectives and targets are formulated
• Time frame is set
• Specific and well defined tasks are defined
• Operational forest management is prepared for specific period eg. 5 year, 10 year etc
• Management is a much more dynamic and creative concept for both development and maintenance
aspects in which various actors, participation and communication are involved
• Maintenance is associated with keep, preserve and conserve
• In the development of sustainable urban forest mgt .concept – Ecopolis- concept (Tjallingii 1995) is
familiar which is based on urban ecology and dynamic character of management
• Ecopolis concept of urban forest is a triangle made by forest area, its flows and actors for forest
management.
 Management of Urban Forest in
Europe
• In Europe municipal organizations dominate management in UF.
• Private sector is involved for outsourcing income
• Peri-Urban woodland is managed by state forest service
• Significant Urban forest resources are owned and managed by private
actors
 Strengths of Urban Forestry
Key Strengths of Urban Forestry Approach (Konejnendijk et al 2005 ):
• It is integrative and incorporative of different elements of Urban green structure as a whole
• It is strategic and aimed at developing longer term policies and plans for urban tree resources connecting to
different sectors and programs
• It is aimed at delivering multiple benefits, stressing the economic, environmental, social and cultural goods
and services
• It is multi-disciplinary and aiming to become interdisciplinary involving experts from natural as well as social
science
• It is participatory, targeted at developing partners between all stakeholders
• Urban forests and green spaces can play an important role in sustainable development of urban settlements
by their multiple functions;
• Improving environment through reduction of pollution, providing livelihood to the urban poor through their
products and services,
• Enhancing the quality of urban life,
• Conservation planning
• Using a green infrastructure approach helps communities to balance environmental and economic goals to
achieve smarter, more sustainable land use patterns
Strengths of Urban Forest
contd…………….
• Providing places for meetings and learning (Ulrika et al., 2006).
• Avenue trees add variety to the urban forest, reflecting interest of
the landowners (Miller, 1997).
Role of Urban forest
Urban forest has its role in-
• Improving aesthetic quality
• Ecological maintenance
• Cleaning the air and modifying the temperature extremes has been
pointed out by various researchers (Dwyer etal…1991, Keller
1979,Negi 1998)
Issues, scopes and opportunities of
urban forestry
issues Scopes and opportunities
1.Food security Provide food, fodder, clean water and fuel
2.Urban poverty Create jobs and increase income
3.Soil and landscape degradation Improve soil condition and prevent from soil erosion
4. Reduced Biodiversity Protect and increase biodiversity
5. Air noise/sound pollution Remove air pollutants and buffer noise
6.Greenhouse gas emission Sequester carbon and mitigate cc, improve micro
climate and build resilience
7.Energy shortage Save energy through shading cooling, grow wood fuel
8.Extreme weather events Mitigate local climate and build resilience
9.Heat island effect Cool the built environment through shade and
Evapo-transpiration---
Contd…..

10. Limited Accessible Green Space Provide more accessible natural and green space
11. Public Health Improve the Physical and Mental health of residents
12. Flooding Mitigate storm water runoff and reduce flooding
13. Limited Recreational Opportunities Provide opportunities for recreation and environment
education
14.Exposure Provide shelter

15. Limited Water Resources Enable infiltration and reuse of water

16. Lack of Community and Social Cohesion- Provide distinctive places for formal and informal
outdoor recreation
 Scope of Urban Forestry in Nepal

Urban Forestry has following Scopes :

• It provides food, clean water and fuel, create green jobs and increase income thus reduce the
urban poverty
• It prevents soil erosion and land degradation in turn improving the condition of Soil and
Landscape degradation
• It Preserves and increase biodiversity and reduces the trends of biodiversity loss
• It removes Air Pollution and Noise pollution
• It helps to reduce the Greenhouse gas emission and Sequester Carbon and Mitigate Climate
Change, thus Improves local climate and build resilience
• It saves energy and solves the energy shortage through shading cooling and growing wood fuel
• It reduces the Heat Island Effect through generating cool on the built environment through
shade and Evapo- transpiration
• It increases the limited accessible green space into more accessible natural green space by
proper utilization of waste land, unused and left over sites at urban and cities,
• It helps to mitigate extreme local weather events and reduce the impacts of climate change and
build resilience
Assessment of opportunities and challenges of Urban Forestry( A research conducted by
Pragya sharma and Promod Ghimire ,2019, Nawalparasi)

Opportunities
1. People become aware about the importance of plants and are willing
to participate in plantation activities
2. The number of community forest has increased
3. Inclusion of urban forestry development in local level government plan
4. Caring and proper management of naturally regenerated trees
5. Involvement of people in different greenery concerned organizations
6. Inclusion of UF development activities while making plans for local,
regional and national development activities
Contd…..
7. Increase number of eco-clubs working in the field of urban forest
8. Identification of public and barren lands for sustainable planning and
management of urban green, park and green spaces
9. The local level government is powerful , independent and resourceful for planning
and implementing urban forestry activities. It can manage the semi-urbanized
wards that leave certain spaces for greenery before any infrastructural
development
10. There are remarkable number of CF in the area which are well managed
11. High level of willingness of local people to participate in UF development
activities
12. Identification of fallow and barren lands which will be beneficial for the parks
and green belt development
13. Increase the number of eco-clubs can conduct plantation activities
Constraints of Urban Forestry (In Nepalese
context)
1. Lack of public space for urban parks
2. Narrow roads
3. Increasing fragmentation of lands
4. Lack of coordinated and planned efforts
5. Widening of roads caused cutting trees along the roadside
6. Lack of knowledge about species selection for plantation activities
especially in economically and environmentally beneficial trees
7. Lack of policy and plans
8. Haphazard urbanization/ unplanned urbanization
9. Contradiction between Nepal forest Act,2076 and Local government
Act,2073 on control over trees and maintenance etc.
Any Questions??????

Thank you
Unit 1.2 urban socio-economic
context
• The spatial distribution of urban greenery within a city is largely
influenced by land use configuration and social factors.
• Forest structure measured as described by canopy cover, stem
density, species diversity and defined set of socio-economic variables.
• urban forest is unevenly distributed,
• wealth, education, racial composition, and home ownership playing
different roles in shaping the forest structure.
• Many challenges that the urban forest is currently facing and
highlights key priorities for future planning and management efforts
towards a healthier, more diverse regional forest.
Contd…..
• Urban forests constitute an important part of metropolitan region
landscapes. They provide a wide spectrum of benefits in the form of
reduced air temperature and energy use, improved air and water
quality, reduced water runoff, more diverse wildlife habitat, and
increased property value (Barron et al., 2016, Nowak et al., 2006,
Siriwardena et al., 2016, Talarchek, 1990).
• Additionally, it improve human health and well-being by providing
numerous health and recreational benefits, making the urban
environment a more pleasant and aesthetic place to live (Akpinar et
al., 2016, Payton et al., 2008, Ulrich, 1986)
Contd…
• Urban forests can be considered both natural and anthropogenic in a sense that they exist as
a result of ecological, social, and political actions and decisions (Talarchek, 1990).
• Land use has been associated with urban forestry as a physical attribute that creates spaces
for trees (Rowntree, 1984, Sanders, 1984). However, land use by itself fails to adequately
describe forest patterns as it involves various human activities that generally are not directly
related to trees.
• Socio-economic conditions are an important driver of forest distribution and structure (Hope
et al., 2003, Iverson and Cook, 2000, Watkins et al., 2017), and studies have identified strong
relationship between canopy cover and neighborhood socio-economic characteristics (Grove
et al., 2006, Heynen and Lindsey, 2003, Landry and Chakraborty, 2009).
• Such within-region variation could contribute greatly to disparate access to positive urban
amenities and their environmental, social, and health benefits among different social groups,
as indicated in the income inequality hypothesis (Conway and Bourne, 2013, Grineski et al.,
2007, Heynen et al., 2006).
Contd…
• To date, most urban forest research has focused on forest structure
represented by canopy cover (Grove et al., 2006, Iverson and Cook,
2000, Talarchek, 1990).
• Urban tree canopy cover is relevant as many tree benefits and
ecosystem services are linked directly to the leaf area of plants
(Bhaskaran, Paramananda, & Ramnarayan, 2010).
• Further, the advancement of geographic information technologies and
availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery provide unique
opportunities for effective urban forest mapping at unprecedentedly
large spatial scales (MacFaden et al., 2012, Myint et al., 2011, Zhou and
Troy, 2008).
Contd…
• Stem density is another important attribute of forest structure that has received
relatively less attention in urban forest research.
• It measures the number of stems per unit area and is an important indicator of
stem abundance in a region.
• In contrast to tree canopy, stem density treats all trees equally regardless of their
canopy size. A high stem density in urban areas may serve as a positive indicator of
an expanding urban forest, while in urban woodlands and savannahs it could also
indicate an over abundance of invasive or successional species.
• In comparison with canopy cover, stem density is under immediate control of forest
managers and land owners and thus is hypothesized to show great variations
across land use types and socio-economic groups (Conway & Bourne, 2013).
Contd…
• Urban biodiversity has a wide spectrum of biological and social functions to the city, including ecosystem
services, biological resources, and education and recreational opportunities (Jim & Chen, 2009).
• In addition, higher levels of species diversity provide effective protection against environmental changes
and abrupt conditions such as climate change, disease, and pest outbreaks (Alvey, 2006).
• There has been a growing body of literature focusing on species diversity in relation to socio-economic
conditions such as income, attitudes, housing density, and building age (Acar et al., 2007, Hope et al.,
2006, Kirkpatrick et al., 2012, Martin et al., 2004, Nitoslawski et al., 2017).
• Much fewer studies, however, have examined the variation in species diversity across land use types,
with a few studies focusing exclusively on one land use (Hobbs, 1988, Li et al., 2006, Trammell and
Carreiro, 2011), or a combination of all land use types in a region (Heynen and Lindsey, 2003,
Muthulingam and Thangavel, 2012).
• Since many planting options, decisions, and actions are land use-dependent, studying species diversity in
the context of land use classes is needed to understand the mechanism and factors driving diversity, and
to provide guidance for future planning and management (Bourne and Conway, 2014, Nitoslawski et al.,
2016).
1.2 Urban Socio-economic
context
Understanding Social –Ecological System (SES)
• Urban areas are spots with complex and dynamic systems. These systems are formed by social
components and ecological components.
• Urban areas are hot spots that consist of social components and ecological components with their
own internal patterns and processes . These patterns and processes interact across the urban
system in a number of ways to produce overall urban system dynamics, resilience, sustain with
developing behavior. In social–ecological principles, the interaction between urban development,
local ecosystems and green spaces takes place.
• We can also consider Urban Social–ecological system (SES) as a human- environment system, which
is a complex system that includes human and environmental subsystems interacting together for
better socio-economic development, disaster management of urban communities and sustainable
management of urban ecosystem ( natural resources)
• In the discourse of interaction the influences of external drivers in the urban system are
fundamentally important which can affect social and ecological components and processes within
the urban system with different strengths.
Contd…….
• Whatever may be the definition, we should understand that these systems i.e social and ecological
systems are interlinked, multi-dimensional systems that provide essential ecological and social
services to urban society such as supply of food, fiber, energy, and drinking water (Berkes and Folke
1998), equity, governance, people’s attitude and behavior, health and well being, migration,
information and communication and so on.
• Other terms used to denote such systems are “socio-ecological system” (Gallopín 1991) or “human-
environment system” (Turner et al. 2003a, Scholz 2011).
• The SES system is dynamics e.g change over time, how and to what extent social structures and
ecology of the system change, how and to what extent the social system plays a role, or what patterns
of growth or change occur within the ecological system.
• The SES is dynamic and complex since the flow and use of critical resources such as natural,
socioeconomic, and cultural resources of urban society are regulated by a combination of ecological
and social systems, which are perpetually dynamic and complex and needs continuous adaptation.
• In the urban socio–ecological systems (SES), the combined effect between the ecological and social
factors in urban areas are noticeable at spatial(Place), temporal(time), and organizational scales.
Contd…..
Social and Ecological Systems
a. Social Patterns (Systems) or Human System of Urban/Cities contains following elements :
• People’s behavior, perception and values
• Governance of urban society
• Urban planning and design
• Urban economics, finance and private sectors
• Migration pattern
• Population pressure
• Urban structures
• Transportation/waste management/health and well being of the urban/cities
• Formal and informal settlements
• Information and communication
• Equity and environment justice
• Exposure of urban communities to the risk of hazards ( including climate )
Contd….
b. Ecological Patterns or System or Environmental System of the Urban/Cities:
• Climate of the ecosystem
• Topography of the ecosystem
• Built form and structure of the ecosystem
• Ecosystem functioning
• Hydrology and Biodiversity of the ecosystem
• Nutrient cycling and energy flow within the ecosystem
These two systems interact each other at temporal and spacious scales and the likely consequences of these
interactions will be :
• Change in urbanization pattern
• Change in land-use/land cover/ ecosystem services
• Change in urban heat island
• Change in production and consumption patterns
• Change in disasters/extreme events
The external drivers such as global climate change, global politics and economic conditions also influences and play
important roles in the interactions of ecological and urban social systems
Contd………..
Contd……

Ecological Patterns
Social Patterns (Systems) or
(Systems) or Environmental
Human System of
System of Urban/Cities
Urban/Cities

Zone of Interactions that produce :

-- Change in urbanization
-- Change in land-use/land cover/ ecosystem services
-- Change in urban heat island
-- Change in production and consumption patterns
-- Change in disasters/extreme events
Research Result
• A research related with Human eco-cultural relation was conducted
by khanal, 2008 in kaprechhap community forest Bisankhunarayan
VDC and had found out 8 different forest based occupation made by
local ecological dependency .The occupational dependency was linked
with eco-cultural relationship between local society and forest
ecosystem.
• The forest based occupation were:
Animal herding/shepherd, poaching, encroachment, honey collection,
carpentry, Liquor making ( Local tharra),blacksmith and wood cutter.
 Interaction Between the Social and
Ecological Systems and its Dynamics

• Let us consider, social system (S) and the ecological system (E) then the 3
conceptual models of interaction between the social system (S), and the
ecological system (E), follows the following 3 forms as classified by Scholz
and Binder (2003) and Scholz (2011) :
• 1. E → S: the ecological system influences the social system
2. S → E: human activities affect the ecological system or ecosystem services

3. S ↔ E: the reciprocity between the social system and the ecological

system is considered, including feedback loops and learning processes in the
social system in response to changes in the ecological system.
• In the urban socio–ecological systems (SES), the combined effect of
interactions between the ecological and social factors in urban areas are
noticeable at spatial, temporal, and organizational scales.
Contd….
Types of Social- Ecological Systems :
It has been mentioned that there are Four types of Social-ecological systems. They are :
a. Microsystem, b. Mesosystem, c. Exosystem and d. Macrosystem.
a. The Microsystem is the simplest type of human-ecological system, and it consists of the direct
relationships between an individual and his or her environment. An example of this system is
the effect a person has on the environment by driving to work, dropping trash(dirty things) on
the ground or participating in city beautification projects.
b. The Mesosystem is a relationship between social groups (systems), such as the effect a social
group has on another social group. An example of this type of system is the overall effect a
group of people has on a public park or recreational facility.
c. An Exosystem is a more generalized type of system that has to do with the effect one group has
on the interactions between other groups. An example of an exosystem is the effect a particular
family has on the interactions between other families visiting a public place.
d. The Macrosystem is a top-level system in society, that is the overall effect of the environment
on the culture, government, politics and religion of a group of people.
Contd…
Scope / Importance of Socio- ecological system (SES) :
• SES helps in Urban planning and design to provide insight for developing and managing urban areas
to meet the needs of expanding populations in a changing climate scenarios. It provides and
generates knowledge and sustainability of urban population . It helps to alleviate poverty of urban
communities
• Building climate and natural disaster resilience of communities and ecosystem are another scope of
SES. The importance of SES in Community and ecosystem conservation, conservation planning of
urban built up system, safeguarding from climate change impacts are highlighted in several literatures
• The interdisciplinary approach of SES has been recognized as key for developing a perspective to
explore how urban built ecosystems, and their complex and broad–ranging connections can help
communities to become more sustainable.
• SES helps educate people about the importance of ecosystem services, identification of urban
pressure on urban ecosystem.
• SES play important roles as a vital source of income of local people, government and institutions
• SES explain how the human-environment interaction, human-environment transactions, nurturing
human growth and development in particular environments are taken place
Urban socio-ecological context in
sum
• Urban forest may enhance social life of people as an individual / groups
• positive vs negative experience
• Calming and harmonious exposure to nature
• psychic (spiritual) feelings
• Park and woodlands provide the setting for many social activities eg..
walking, sitting, looking the view, having a picnic and social intercourse
with family and friends.
• Urban forest can be used as an neutral place for various ethnic and
social groups as a common property.
Contd….
• Urban play ground
• Aesthetic and aromatic qualities
• Symbolic message to the visitors to be close with nature
• Open space to the society
• Social system made by ecology
• Introduction of exotic plant species in urban
• Natural capital
• May increased land value
• Habitat and recreational spots
• Creating a sense of mystery
Any Questions????????

Thank you
 1.3 Historical Perspectives of Urban Forestry and its Practices

Ancient Ages (Before Industrial Revolution)

• Human population started to settle after the development of agriculture since 10,000 to
15,000 years ago
• Tress were used as a primary source of food materials
• Ancient Greek, Asian and Chinese civilizations planted more and more trees to fulfill
their aesthetic, spiritual values and utilization
• Ancient cities such as Babylon Hanging Garden was a highly developed park and also
had other green spaces.
• Ancient Greece- planted fruit bearing trees around the cities
• In 1552,King Henry II of France issued planting and maintenance of trees in Paris
• In 16 th century Rome started to plant trees on the streets
• Ancient gardens were surrounded by trees and ponds e.g. Royal garden of ancient Egypt
 Ancient age contd…….
Hanging Garden……….????
• One of the seven wonders of the ancient world
• Made by Hellenic culture (Now Iraq). Hellenic culture was the fusion of ancient Greek, western Asia and
northern African culture . The culture was adopted by indigenous people.
• It was located near the Tigris River of modern Iraq (Stephanic Dalley,2013)
• The park offers outstanding sunset views of the Arabian sea
• Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II was made it in the 6 th century B.C. as a gift to his wife .
• The Garden was destroyed by several earth quakes
Middle Ages ( In and around Industrial Revolution)

• It was the age of feudalism in Europe and during this time various cities and towns were established.
• Cities and towns were often surrounded by natural land scape and agricultural land
• Peri-urban wooded lands were accessible for recreational hunting and royalty collection
• Such types of land were also used as a grazing pasture land
• Gradual population growth put a lot of pressure on urban spaces resulting in the deterioration of green
areas(Botanical gardens and other green sectors)
• Urban forestry practices by extensive roadside tree plantations were carried out in China, Mexico city and
India
Middle Age contd…..

• In India several kings ordered the development of urban parks

• Germany started management of forest surrounding the city
• Prior to the industrial revolution in 17th century large number of royal forests were opened to the
public sectors
• London's Hyde Park was opened to the public in 1635 for royal celebrations.
• Post industrial revolution : Britain was first country to develop municipal park
• Parks were seen as "Green lungs" for cities especially after industrial revolution in Europe
Early Modern Period (After Industrial Revolution)

• In Europe the urban public forest concept was started

• Various parks provided goods and services to the city people .It creates beautification of city and
gave recreational benefits to the urban areas.
• The term "Arboriculture"(both cultivation of trees and shrubs) was used to create romanticism
• It was the period of 19th century and introduced pests and diseases in woodlands and urban trees
• In that period many developing countries were under colonization
• Trees in the urban environment were introduced by the colonial period "Milestone Period"
• In the year of 2000, the city of Florence Italy is an example of best urban forest. Whereas, 20% of
the city surface is covered with greenery.
• Similarly black country's urban forestry is gradually being enhanced by politicians, planners and
local people.
Early modern period cont ..

• Street tree planting was attained in Britain and Ireland in 1920 and 1930.
• John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) was a horticulturist. He published a book- "An encyclopedia of
Gardening" in 1822.
• Development of parks and open spaces in European cities
• Evidence of urban planting in selected European cities in 19th century. For e.g.- Brussels, Vienna,
Frankfurt, Geneva, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Rome, Dublin, London and Lisbon etc.
Western Historic and cultural practices

• Decorating and beautifying cities by urban green.

• Even in present situation many literature illustrated about urban trees and landscape architecture
in the west.
Changing Perceptions on Urban Forestry

• Urban forestry perceptions are changing since 1960.

• Nowadays, interdisciplinary and integrated approach is being used to grow trees in urban
environment like environmental services and economic benefits, open spaces, planning and
design.
• Urban forest and green areas contribute significantly to sustainable urban development and
improving the quality of life of people in Urban setting. (Alleviating poverty and supporting
livelihoods)
• Scientific and technical approach have been applied to urban trees.
Present scenario of urban Forest in Asia

• Malasia, Indonesia, singapore, China,India

• Nepal is just a beginner of Urban forestry
Urban Forestry

• The concept of urban forestry originated from North America during 1960 s. But, this concept first
emerged in early 19th century.
• Gradual recognition of urban forestry since 1960s.
• The society of American foresters initiated an urban forestry working group in 1972 (John Ston
1996).
Definition of Urban Forest

• "Urban Forestry not only deals with city trees or with single tree management, but also with tree
management in the entire area influenced by and utilized by the urban population".
• Costello (1993) defines urban forestry in short, as the management of trees in urban areas.
Management then needs to be regarded as encompassing planning, planting and care of trees.
• In the dictionary of forestry (Helms 1998) Urban forestry is described , according to the definition
given by Miller(1997) as- " The art, Science and technology of managing trees and forest
resources in and around Urban community ecosystem for physiological ,sociological, economic
and aesthetic benefits trees provide society".
• Thus, Urban forestry is the care and management of single trees and tree populations in Urban
setting for the purpose of improving the Urban environment.
History of Urban Forest in Nepal
• The practice of Urban forest dates back to the Malla regime.
• King Jayasthiti Malla (1380-1395 AD) planted trees alongside walking streets and wells.
• Period of King Ram Shah…….?
• In Nepal roadside plantation is said to have begun from the Rana regime.
• Then, Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Rana was the Pioneering figures in introducing Urban
Forestry in Nepal.
• Nowadays, Urban forestry is developing in Kathmandu valley ,Lalitpur,Bhaktapur along the
roadside, Manohara and Bagmati corridor etc.
History of Urban Forest in Nepal contd…….

• Urban forestry from Maitighar to Tinkune ,kathmandu is precious.

• Only 2.2% of the entire kathmandu metropolitan city is covered with forest.
• Likewise Bhaktapur Municipality has only 0.2% of Urban forest.
• Lalitpur Metropolitan city is covered with 2% Urban forest.
• Other cities with Urban forestry are- Pokhara metropolitan city, Hetauda and Bharatpur.
• Currently ,DOFSc has planted more than 10 kilometers roadside trees from Koteshwor to Kalanki
Ringroad as a good initiation in this Endeavour.
Any Questions ?????

Thank You…..
Unit 1.4. GON Rules,Regulations and
priorities
• The Forests Act, 2019 (2076) Date of Authentication 2076.06.27 (14th
October, 2019) Act No. 12 of the year 2019 (2076)
• An Act Made to Amend and Consolidate Law Relating to Forests Preamble:
• Whereas, it is expedient to amend and consolidate the prevailing laws on
forests in order to manage the national forests as the Government
managed forest, forest protection zone, community forest, partnership
forest, lease-hold forest and religious forest and to make contribution to
national prosperity by protecting, promoting and utilizing the wildlife,
environment, watersheds and bio-diversity, while promoting the private,
public and urban forests;
Now, therefore, the Federal Parliament has made this Act.
Terminologies used in Forest Act
• “Forest” means an area fully or partly covered by trees or plants
(Buttyan).
• "Forest area" means any grass field, pasture land, naked hill whether
or not covered with snow, road, pond, lake, stream, wetland, river,
rivulets, riverine land, barren or area covered by uncultivated land,
which is surrounded by, or situated within, the forest, whether not
marked with the forest boundary, except that which is subject to
private ownership, right and possession, and that with respect to
which otherwise is provided by the prevailing laws.
Urban Forestry provision in Forest
Act
• 38. Development and Management of urban forest:
• (1) The Local Level may, on its own or in partnership with any body,
organization or the private sector, develop and manage forest in places
such as public roads and parks in the urban area and settlement within
its area.
• (2) The Division Forest Office or Sub-Division Forest Office shall provide
necessary technical assistance for the development of the urban forest
to be established pursuant to sub-section (1).
• (3) The concerned Local Level may use, as prescribed, the forest
products of the urban forest to be established pursuant to sub-section
(1)
National Forest Policy 2019
• New Forest Policy 2075 released on International Day of Forest
• Policy no.8.6 .1 Focused on Forest out side national forest in which
urban forest can be promoted by facilitating loan.
• 8.6.2 Focused on extension ,transfer of technology ,and skill
development activities for urban forest.
Local govt. operation act 2074
• Responsible for biodiversity conservation outside national forest
• Responsible for Roadside plantation and management
• Greenery promotion in local level
• Biodiversity record keeping
• Fallow and public land management and record making
Some tips on urban forestry of
Nepal
• Urban Forestry is New to Nepal , study on possibilities and scope of
development of urban forests across the nation has not been fully conducted
and urban forests have not been adequately integrated into urban land use and
planning process in Nepal
• Therefore at present it does not have adequate rules, policy, laws and
regulations either at Central or Provincial or Municipality levels.
• Lack of rules, policy, laws, regulations, planning and management has caused
great damage to the green space allocated and urban trees planted along the
inner roads and Ring Road of Kathmandu Valley in the past (Kathmandu Valley
Development Authority).
• Due to the absence of rules and regulation, many existing urban parks and
greenbelts are not maintained properly, thereby increasing environmental stress.
Efforts to promote urban forestry in
Nepal
• Some efforts are being made to promote urban forestry in the country, they are :
• Strategic Development Master Plan (2015 – 2035) for Kathmandu Valley has considered the
aesthetic, psycho-social and environmental impact of urban forestry in Kathmandu Valley
• Urban dwellers are increasingly recognizing and articulating the importance of urban forest
as a vital component of urban landscape, infrastructure, and quality of life.
• Similarly, efforts are being made to promote urban forestry by preserving open spaces in
public places, schools, and even in private home gardens.
• Ministry of Forest and Environment has declared Forest Decade (2015-2025) with the theme
‘One house, one tree; one village, one forest; one city, one park’,” and Kathmandu
Metropolitan City has provisioned that all new households allocate space for at least two
trees.
• The Planning Guidelines of Urban development , 2015 also has a provision to declare public
and government-owned open spaces as ‘green areas’ to promote urban forest in the Valley.
• With the collective efforts of government agencies, private sectors and local communities
several tree plantation campaigns are under way in Kathmandu Valley.
Urban forest development
guidelines
1. Some of the guidelines of Ministry of Urban Development regarding the public
open space or green space are :
• Continue building green parks in public open space as a National Campaign
• Continue building such parks in order to provide ecological services to the urban
dwellers specially to the older people and children for recreations
• Because of the shortage of public open space in Kathmandu valley, green parks
are to be developed in the hinterland of Kathmandu Valley
• Because of the increasing trends of encroachment of public open land by
squatters( landless and homeless people/sukumbasi), it has been decided to
develop such public open spaces as green parks in the Municipalities as possible.
• It has been stressed that all the Provincial government and local government
across the country should start constructing green parks as their national
Campaign
Contd…
2. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) has
set some Standards and Norms for Open Space Management for Metro city,
Sub-Metro City, City, and Sub-city. These Norms and Standards are :
A. At every Metro City having population more than 3 lakhs, there should be :
a. provision of Open space of about 5 % of total area of metro city.
b. provision of one Neighborhood Park of 0.4 ha (with play equipment); one
local Local Park (1 ha) ; and one Community Park (2 ha)
B. At every Sub Metro City having population of 1 lakh + to 3 lakhs, there should
be open space of about 5 % of the total sub metro city area. There should be
one Neighborhood Park (with play equipment) @ 800 population (0.4 ha per
site). One Local park @ 10000 population (1 ha per site) ; one Community park
@ 20000 population (2 ha per site), one Zoo park/specialized park.
Contd……
C. At every City having population of 40,000 + to 1 lakhs, there should
open spaces about 5 % of the total area of the city. There should be one
Neighborhood Park (with play equipment) @ 10000 population (1 ha
per site); one Parade Ground ( Tundikhel ) @ 20000 population (2 ha
per site); one Local Park/ community park @ each city
D. At every Sub City having population of 10,000 to 40,000, there should
be provision of open spaces/ disaster management/ Recreation area-
Parks of about 5 % of the total area of the city; one Neighborhood Park
(with play equipment) @ 800 population (0.4 ha per site); one local
park @ 10000 population (1 ha per site).
News
Kantipur Daily ( Tuesday, Sept 4, 2018 )
Based on the above mentioned guidelines, Ministry of Urban Development has initiated
public open space management programs at 7 different places adjoining to Kathmandu valley
as follows :
• Two green parks ( 40 and 20 ropani each ) at Champa Devi, Dakchinkali Municipality – 1 are
under construction.
• One Model Development Park ( 10 ropani) is going to build in Tokha Municipality – 3 .
• Two green parks, one National Conservationist Memorial Park (18 ropani) and another
Switzerland Park ( 40 ropani) are under final stage of construction in Nagarjung Municipality – 7.
• One Historical Green Park ( 35 ropani) is under construction in Chandragiri Indrasthan
Municipality – 1
• One National Development Park (50 ropani) in Budhanilkantha Municipality – 1 is under
construction
Contd……
• Similarly, the process for building parks in Hetauda, Silgadi
Municipality ( 50 ropani) and Pokhara, LekhNath Municipality (40
ropani) are moving forward.
• Also it has been discussed in the Ministry of Urban development to
built more than two parks in each Municipality situated in the
hinterland (adjoining) of Kathmandu Valley.
• Ministry has stressed that all the Provincial government and local
government across the country should start constructing green parks
as their national campaign.
• The Ministry policy is to continue moving forward for building parks
as a National Campaign
The Road ahead
• Adequate debate among central, Provincial and local (Municipality)
government and the stakeholders is necessary for drafting urban
forestry policy, rules and regulation.
• Also in depth consultation and debate are necessary for developing
potential roles, policy, laws and regulations of central government in
determining provincial and local government urban forestry policies
and practice.
• However, that debate must first resolve the problem of how the
responsibilities for urban forests, urban trees and woodlands should
split between departments and agencies of central, Provincial and
local (Municipality) governments.
The Road ahead…….
• Once that has been clarified, the opportunity exists for central government
to give some clear guidance and directions to provincial and local
authorities on how to plan and manage their urban forests.
• Central government roles is to give local authorities clear guidance on a
wide range of urban forest policies and management practice
• Regular coordination and cooperation is must between central, province
and local government for open space plantation in the name of urban
forest
• Provincial govt. must play the role as a bridge in between central to local
level in these regards
• Technical support should be provide by DFOs
Any Questions …….?????????

Thank you
Unit 2.Forestry in urban Planning
2.1 Urban development and urban forestry
• Urban forestry was developed in North America during 1960s as an innovative approach to
manage natural resources in Urban environment
• Now integrated planning and management of tree based resources are prioritized by the
foresters and urban green professionals
• The concept of urban forestry found broader acceptance by urban society
• Forestry Paradigm shift from basic need to "sustained yield"
• The significant changes in Forestry can also be derived from changes in definition of terms as
"forest" "forestry" and forester over time(Helms, 2002).
• The role of Urbanization in the change of forestry should not be overlooked/ignored.
• Large parts of the world have become highly urbanized and the majority of the worlds
population now live in cities and towns (WRI, 2001)
• Some forest have been under the direct influence of cities and towns for ages and especially
in Europe (Hasmer,1922).
 Cont……
• "The dramatic urbanization" of the forest is a recent phenomenon.
• "Citification of the forest"
• Urban forestry research scene today is very well developed. Higher education in urban forestry exists.
• Nowadays urban forestry is a subject of pride itself.
• 1970-1980s was the decade of urban ecology and urban green structure planning
• Forest and the tree planting and management is used as a tool for environmental ,social and economic
development.
• Urban forest and tree plantation are now a significant part of major towns and cities not only in
America and Europe but also all over the world.
• Nowadays ,forest and tree plantation in and around cities are in the form of Avenues,boulevards,parks
and garden.
• Urban forestry activity is the pollution/ emission reduction phenomenon of development.
• Urban forestry development helps in :
 Reducing pollution
 Carbon sequestring
 Increasing the green cover
 Serving as a source of recreation
Avenues vs Boulevard
• An Avenue is a straight road lined with trees
• May or may not have a median
• Vehicles more fast in Avenue
• Roads are for vehicle use while pedestrians walk along the avenue
On the other hand,
• Boulevard is a wide road that has vegetation and trees on both sides and
• Multi-lane road
• Median in the middle
• Vehicles move slowly due to the presence of roadways on each side
• Pedestrians use the peripheral road
 MDGs and SDGs and other
• Out of 8 goals of MDGs, goal 7 was focused to ensure environmental sustainability which was
more closely related with urban forestry.
• Goal 8 of the millennium development goal focused on developing a global partnership for
development.
• Sustainable development goals/SDGs or global goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global
goals designed to be a "blue print to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".
• The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the UNO general assembly and are intended to be achieved by
the year 2030.
• The mission statement of SDGs was "A blue print to achieve a better and more sustainable
future for all people and the world by 2030".
• Among 17 SDGs goal number 11, 13 ,14 and 15 are more close towards urban forestry
development. However, goal number 11 focus on sustainable cities and communities meaning
that it focuses on green cities. Similarly goals number 13,14 and 15 focuses on climate action,
life below water, and life on land respectively.
• Agenda -21 of Rio declaration1992 sustainable mgt .of forest were adopted
• FAO's(2001) "food for cities" program aimed at addressing the challenges of environment and
focused on sustainable and resilient food system.
 MDGs…………?
• The United Nations Millennium Campaign, started in 2002, supports and inspires people from
around the world to take action in support of the Millennium Development Goals. Watch the videos
by the Millennium Campaign on poverty, education, women’s empowerment, maternal health and
the environment and discover how the lives of ten ordinary people around the world are impacted
in profound ways by the level of progress their countries have made towards achieving the Goals.

• "Eradicating extreme poverty continues to be one of the main challenges of our time, and is a major
concern of the international community. Ending this scourge will require the combined efforts of all,
governments, civil society organizations and the private sector, in the context of a stronger and
more effective global partnership for development. The Millennium Development Goals set
timebound targets, by which progress in reducing income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate
shelter and exclusion — while promoting gender equality, health, education and environmental
sustainability — can be measured. They also embody basic human rights — the rights of each
person on the planet to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible
and, together with the comprehensive United Nations development agenda, set the course for the
world’s efforts to alleviate extreme poverty by 2015. "
United Nations Secretary-General BAN Ki-moon
 Nepal's position in urban forestry
and urban development
• In Nepal, study on urban forests has not been fully conducted and urban forests have not been
adequately integrated into urban
• According to National Urban Development Strategy published by the Ministry of Urban Development, the
forest cover is only three per cent in Kathmandu against 10 per cent in Pokhara as of 2011.
• Nepal is one of the ten least urbanized countries in the world. However, it is also one of the top ten
fastest urbanizing countries.
• In 2014, the level of urbanization was 18.2 per cent, with an urban population of 5,130,000, and a rate of
urbanization of 3 per cent (UN DESA, 2014).
• For the period 2014-2050, Nepal will remain amongst the top ten fastest urbanizing countries in the
world with a projected annual urbanization rate of 1.9 per cent (ibid).
• Urbanization in Nepal is dominated by a few large and medium cities with an excessive population
concentration in the Kathmandu Valley.
• The urban population distribution is uneven across thee country. High urban growth is occurring in the
Kathmandu Valley, the Pokhara Valley, the Inner Tarai valleys, and in market and border towns located on
highway junctures between the east-west highway and the five main north-south corridors.
Nepal adopted the GRID (Green, Resilient
and inclusive Development) approach
• Nepal endorsed the GRID approach for the development ,recovery
and reconstruction process from the 2015 earthquake. The world
bank is honored and committed to continue supporting the
government and people for green , inclusive and resilient
development. GRID approach focused on climate and disaster
resilience at the center of development process (Faris Haded-zervos
and John Roome,2021, an article published in the Kathmandu post,
December 13,2021). The GRID approach may also be the milestone
for urban forest development in major cities of Nepal.
 Abstract
• Sustainable urban development requires providing a healthy and sustainable living environment with basic
services for all.
• A healthy and multifunctional Urban green structure is one of the basic service to provide.
• Urban and peri urban forestry (UPF) focusing on the tree dominated part of urban and peri- urban green
spaces , is a strategic, integrative, interdisciplinary and participatory approach.
• Its goal is to sustainably develop the multiple benefits of forest and trees in Urban environment.
• The food and agricultural organization(FAO) of the UNO has developed a mid-term strategy for promoting
and developing UPF as a component of sustainable urban development with emphasis on developing
countries.
• Some people love cities ,others hate them. While Henry David Thorace considered cities to be places
where "millions of people are feeling lonely (alone) together". (cited by Ponting 1990).
• By 2030,60% of all people are expected to reside in cities and town (Topfer 2001)
• Urban areas grow three times faster than their rural counterparts (Palijon,2002, WRI 2004).
• Ongoing urbanization has brought about a wide range of challenges across the globe.
• During the early 1990 more than a quarter of green spaces in Asia were expected to be lost within
decades due to continued Urbanization and suburbanization. (Kuchelmeister and Braatz 1993)
• In Nepal Urban forest is hoped to be developed fruitfully in coming future.
Any Questions??????

Thank you
2.2.Land use trends, urbanization
and expanding urban forest
Land use Trends (In the past)

• The land administration system of Nepal traces back to a long history. Pokharel (1991) has
mentioned that measurement of land was started in Lichchhavi Age (400-750 B.S.).
• King Jayesthiti Malla had started to measure the land in terms of Ropani and classified the
land into four classes namely, Abal, Doyem, Sim and Chahar based on agricultural
productivity.
• This system of measurement is still in practice. He had also started the transaction of land.
• Maintaining land records of the Terai area was started since the period of Prime Minister
Bhimsen Thapa in order to collect the land revenue (Pokharel, 1991).
•
• The system of ocular survey was applied to measure the land in some districts in 1847, 1854
and 1868 (Shrestha, 1999).
• Chain survey was started from Kabhrepalanchok and Sindhuli districts in 1952 B.S.
(Rajbhandari, 1990).
• In 1953 B. S., the first land office namely, Pahilo Mal, was established for the purpose of
collection of land revenue.
 Land use Trends in the present
• Now, we have different types of land use in Nepal - such as farmland, forest,
pasture, urban settlement, parks, conservation areas, water bodies .
• These lands have to be managed in order to keep its productivity at a
certain level that will be optimally beneficial for both the individual land
users and society as a whole.
• Policymakers ( government )have to define the framework (intentions,
objectives, programmes and operations) to manage and control land use.
• Land-use Planning should be aimed at selecting and adopting land-use
options which are most beneficial to land users in a sustainable manner
• It should safeguard/maintain land resources and the environment rather
than exhausting/ degrading them.
 Contd………
• In Nepal, Farming is a major form of land use it includes crops, rangelands and livestock
• Agriculture contributes about 35% to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and yet employs nearly
70% of the population.
• However, the level of farmer's efficiency from these land use is low because the land packages
belonging to individual farmers are small and scattered.
• As a result farmers' productivity is low and food supplies are unstable.
• In rural areas, population growth is high while proper infrastructure and basic services are
lacking.
• Improving the quality of life of those living in remote areas is difficult since farming barely
provides a living, and youngsters are going abroad and investing their earnings in urban real
estate in the hope that values will rise rather than improving the productivity of their parents'
farmland.
• The rural poor are massively migrating from hilly regions to settle down by encroachment on
plain fertile land near cities
• The surrounding land fulfils their basic needs for food, water, fuel, clothing and shelter, but they
exhaust natural resources in their attempt to survive
 Current status of different land
cover classes
• Forest occupies 6.54 million hectares which is equivalent to 44.47% of total
area of Nepal .
• After forest, Other land occupies the next greater land area (4.22 million
hectares) equivalent to 28.68% of total area.
• Then after, Cropland occupies 3.22 million hectares (i.e. 21.88% of total).
• Settlement and Wetland, on the other hand, cover 0.17 and 0.18 million
hectares of land those are proportionate to respectively 1.15% and 1.22% of
the total area of the country.
• Regarding Grassland, only 0.38 million hectares (equivalent to 2.60%) are
recorded .
Source :FRTC,2019 Kathmandu
Contd……….
 Land Use Policy 2015
Core Bases for Formulating the Policy
• (a) Constitutional Base The core base of this Policy is taken from the
underlying spirit and letters of sub-Section (e) (3) titled as: ''Policies relating
to Agriculture and Land Reform'' under Article 51 of the Constitution of
Nepal, 2015 on Chapter of ''Directive Principles, Policies and Obligations of
the State'', where it is envisaged that land management and
commercialization, industrialization, diversification and modernization of
agriculture shall be done by pursuing a Land use Policy (LUP).
• (b) Underlying Principles for Classification of Land Use Zones (LUZs) In
determining Land Use Zones (LUZs), following principles such as: Promoting
Complimentary(like civilian use) Land Use, Maintaining Competitive Land
Use and Avoiding Conflicting Land Use, have been adopted.
Land use policy…contd…
• (c) National Needs To ascertain of environment-friendly construction-works
by making optimum use of Lands and Land Resources (LLRs) in keeping with a
balance between the environment and development, to develop a hygienic,
beautiful, well-facilitated and safe human settlement; to enhance a planned
and sustainable urbanization of the country, and to achieve sustainable and
inclusive economic boost up through devising and executing of all regional
development plans of the country under a level-wise Land Use Plans (LUPs).
• (d) International Commitment to get needful preparations for international
commitments such as: to achieve the goals of sustainable developments,
provide a safe, dignified and well-facilitated human settlement for all, to
conserve biodiversities, to operate a campaign against desertification as well
as to mitigating risks from climate changes.
Objectives of land use policy….
• 1. To categorize/classify entire lands of the country into various Land Use Zones
(LUZs);
• 2. To devise of level wise (Federal, Provincial and Local) Land Use Plans (LUPs);
• 3. To ensure of the use of Land and Land Resources(LLRs) on the basis of land use
plans (LUPs) for protection of agricultural land, hygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated
settlement and sustainable urbanization and for forests areas including natural
heritages, biodiversities and historical, cultural and religious, archaeological and
areas of strategic importance;
• 4. To mitigate natural and human created-disastrous hazards;
• 5. To assess and apply minimum property valuation and progressive tax system
on lands on the basis of specific use after getting prepared of plot based records.
 Land use policy……Zoning
• 8. Policies & Strategies In order to achieve the aforesaid vision, mission and objectives, policy
1 focused on zoning system
• Policy 1 : Entire lands of the country shall be basically classified into following Land Use
Zones (LUZs) . Those zones could be sub-classified into Land Use sub-Zones as per necessity:
• (a) Agricultural Zone
• (b) Residential Zone
• (c) Commercial Zone
• (d) Industrial Zone
• (e) Mines and Minerals Zone
• (f) Cultural and Archaeological Zone
• (g) River and Lake-Reservoir Zones
• (h) Forest Zones
• (i) Public Use and Open Space Zone
• (j) Building Materials (Stone, Sands, Concrete) Excavation Zone
Contd……
• (k) Other Zones as specified as per necessity. Explanation: As Natural
disasters such as: devastating earthquakes, floods, among others, may
have adverse impact to one or more other land use zones (LUZs); so,
in order to secure human settlement, urbanization or infrastructure
development works in a sustainable and in a earthquake resistant
manner, the vulnerable zones shall be identified on the basis of
geological study and such vulnerable/hazardous zones shall be
denoted in the land use map.
 Trends in Land Use Policy :
Government of Nepal has been involved in initiatives to properly manage land and land
resources since very beginning
• 1956 to 1964 (Plan period) : Periodic development planning began in 1956. Transport,
communication and public works were given priority,
• 1964-1974 (Plan period) : Mainly addressed and more focus was given in agricultural
development.
• 1974-1984 (Plan period) : Emphasized reform in land-management systems to increase
agricultural production and conserve natural resources in order to reduce economic
inequality across the 75 districts.
• 1984 to 1996 (Plan period) : The main policy was to increase productivity, first in the
agricultural segment and then in forestry and other land uses.
• 1996-2001 (Plan period) : Land use was recognized as a major means for socio-
economic development and pieces of land were pinpointed for specific uses such as
agriculture, forestry, pasture, settlement, urban development and industrialization.
Contd….
• 2001-2006 (The tenth ‘Five Year Plan’): Emphasized social justice, poverty
alleviation and good governance through developing an effective and trustworthy
land administrative system based on modern technology and also addressing
historical and religious heritage and Guthi (religious trust) land through community
participation.
• 2007-2010 (Plan period) : More focus was given on land ownership, productivity
and management and on preparation of land-use zoning regulations.
• 2010-2013 (Plan period) : Stressed the importance of proper land management for
social and economic transformation.
• 2013 – 2018 ( Plan Period ) : Urban development, settlement,
• Current Fifteenth Plan (2019-2024 ): The government has set the Vision of
"Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali" and the ambitious goals in the current Fifteenth
Plan (2019-2024) aligning with graduation by 2022, achieving the Agenda 2030 and
becoming a middle-income country by 2030, and a high-income country by 2043.
 Contd……..
• Draft of 16Th plan :16th Plan stresses on integrated infrastructure
development, IT use
• Will focus on integrated infrastructure development and extension and
utilization of information technology.
• 16th plan will accord priorities to the agricultural commercialization,
promotion of product-based industries, employment-based education and
quality healthcare services.
• High priority should be given to promotion of tourism, creation of domestic
job opportunities and development of integrated settlement Plan
• will be achieved by an effective implementation of the Plan through a
collaborative approaches among all including three-tier government, private
sector, cooperatives and development partners.
Constraints :
• There are abundance of legislation in place on land rights and land use,
• Land use Politics- Many organizations have been set up to manage and
control land use, land reform, land surveying and registration, tax
collection and many other land-related activities.
• However, most of the efforts of governmental bodies are focused on
formulating policies and plans as concepts rather than implementing
them in practice;
• Objectives and intentions remain on paper rather than being followed
by proper action.
• These have resulted negative effects on present land use practices and
zoning of land
What should be done?
To achieve the sustainable socio-economic and environmental development
through the optimum use of land and its resources, following strategic
objectives need to be adopted :
• Putting land-use zoning in place
• Controlling and discouraging unauthorized land use
• Maintaining balance between development and environment
• Discouraging encroachment of river bed, forests land and marginal land
• Controlling the fragmentation of land and haphazard urbanization
• Determining allowed land use of specific land packages, and ensuring this
is implemented and monitored
• Determining appropriate policy measures
• Developing strategic plans for effective implementation.
Contd…..
• policy and plans should be developed in a co-ordinated way involving all
governmental and non-governmental stakeholders.
• To enhance involvement of local communities, the capacity of these
stakeholders should be strengthened.
• Vulnerable areas, areas suited for farming, conservation areas and
biodiversity hotspots should be prioritized.
• Urbanization should go hand in hand with the construction of roads,
sewerages, water supplies and other infrastructure.
• Legal provisions should allow the creation of slums resulting from
unregulated and haphazard expansion of urban areas as well as scattered
settling in remote areas
Contd…
• Plans for land development, environmental conservation, arrangements for
settlements and protection of cultivable land should be supported by legal
backing.
• Encroachment of public and state land should be drastically reduced through the
development of control mechanisms,
• Natural resources should be preserved by sustainable exploitation.
• Many organizations involved in land-related activities should be restructured so
that they co-operate together under the umbrella of one governmental
department.
• Develop a coherent policy and management approach and the formulation of
uniform specifications, norms and standards considerably easier to implement the
sustainable land use policy.
Forest land use change began to decline in
the later decades in all Physiographic units at
the gain of cultivated land

Year Hill slopes % Inner River Duns % Bhabar % Terai %

valley %

1954 92 72 48 79 30

1979 89 43 36 64 15

1994 85 24 29 58 10

2015 82 20 28 54 10
Forest land use change contd…..
• The rate of forest decline over the last six decades was high in arable
areas(suitable land for agriculture ) of river valleys and Bhawar.
• The highest rate of deforestation was observed in the west, compared to the
east and central part of the Chure–Tarai region.
• The proportion of shrub/grass areas increased notably in the Chure hill slopes,
inner river valleys, and Duns.
• This implies a degradation of forest, which is a threat to the ecology and
stability of such fragile slopes and terrain.
• Although, the general trend in recent decades have been Conversion of forest
for cultivated land, infrastructure development and urbanization
• Reclamation/recovery of forest, shrub, or grass from abandoned or damaged
cultivated areas represents quite a significant characteristic of the internal
dynamics of land cover change.
Root Causes
Following from the eradication of malaria in the 1950s and 1960s,
• resettlement programs planned
• implementation of development projects started and attracted people from
food-deficit conditions in the hills to the lowlands,
• causing a large-scale change in the land cover as well as the cultural landscape.
• Deforestation and reclamation of cultivable waste land for the purpose of
resettlement
• Attract hill people and Indian immigrants to expand settlements and agricultural
expansion ,
• consequently attracted hill people to settle in the lowlands of Tarai, Bhawar, and
Duns.
• The end of the Rana regime, through establishment of democracy, brought
reforms in land tenure and abolished anti-peasantry feelings, which
consequently attracted hill people to settle in the lowlands of Tarai, Bhawar, and
Duns.
 Urbanization and expanding urban forests
• We have not been much successful to achieve expected results in (Urban and peri-urban forestry )UPF
development, mainly due to three reasons.
• First, most cities have been built haphazardly and in a piece meal approach ( When you say something is
piecemeal, you mean that it was made or done in a series of steps, not all at once. Some of the
synonyms for piecemeal might explain the word better: gradual, one piece at a time, piece by piece, bit
by bit, or fragmented) rather than through planned and holistic approaches.
• With rapidly growing prices of land in the urban areas, the private interests have played a key role in city
planning; and spaces for trees have been rarely considered.
• Second, the open spaces like riverbanks and other public lands, in which urban forests could be
developed, have been encroached for gray infrastructure.
• Third, the distinct values of forests in and around urban areas have been hardly recognized; i.e. no
specific policies and plans have been in place for the management of urban and peri-urban forests.
• These have resulted in what we see and feel while living in crowded and polluted cities like Kathmandu
today.
• With the promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal in 2015, the nation has adopted the federal system
of governance.
• The federal structure includes three tiers of government, i.e one federal government, seven provincial
governments, and 753 local governments.
 Contd….
• The local governments include 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities
and 460 rural municipalities. The 3rd elected governments are functioning in all the three tiers of
governance. Sustainable development, in which protection of environment is one of the key
considerations, is the main goal of the governments in all levels.
• In the context of rapid urbanization, developing and managing urban and peri-urban forests are one
of the key functions of local governments, particularly metro/sub-metropolitan cities and
municipalities.
• It will also address at least a part of fundamental right of every citizen to live in clean environment as
ensured by Constitution of Nepal.
• The local governments have both opportunities and challenges for UPF in their territories. There
could be little room for developing UPF in the already crowded cities with narrow roads and limited
open spaces like Kathmandu, but there are ample opportunities for the new municipalities.
• The only thing they need to do is to introduce holistic urban plans, consisting of parks, gardens, and
green belts along the roadsides and riverbanks, and implement them strictly.
• One of the main challenges they would face is the fragmentation of lands coupled with their high
prices; this can be addressed through a land pulling mechanism as we have already experienced in
city planning in some areas around Kathmandu. Not Planting trees now would not be a big issue, but
not having a space for planting trees would be a very big issue for our cities in the future.
 Contd…
• Riverbanks are being eroded and forests and fertile land are degrading .
• In Kathmandu, valuable crop land has been converted into dense
settlements but nobody is taking action to protect such vulnerable areas.
• Land mafia uses the marginal fallow land and barren land outside forest for
plotting and sells illegally. This is the prominent issue .
• In short, Nepal is scourged by uncontrolled and haphazard urbanization; the
erection of slums on fertile land and encroachment of state land is putting
food security and ecological balance in danger.
 Contd…..
• Zoning should be done to segregate incompatible land uses, and this should
be controlled by local governments.
• Nepal does not have appropriate land use in place, nor it has land zoning
• Lack of effective land-use policy and land use planning mechanisms has
affected the overall governance in the country.
• People have adopted traditional land management rather than community-
driven sustainable land-use planning and zoning programmes.
• The impairments/destruction of proper land-use and zoning are visible
everywhere in the country.
 Expanding Urban forestry in the federal context of Nepal
• With rapid urbanization throughout the world, urban and peri-urban forestry (UPF) has
become a priority area for policy makers and development planners.
• UPF simply refers to the management of trees, shrubs and other vegetation in urban
areas. It includes urban parks and gardens, roadside plantations, trees along the banks
of rivers, streams and canals, surrounding houses and private properties and forests in
peripheral of urban areas.
• UPF is valued for its psychosocial, cultural, environmental and economic benefits to the
urban dwellers. It is regarded as the symbol of civilization and prosperity of any city.
• The concept of UPF was emerged worldwide in response to the adverse
environmental effects due to increased urban population and infrastructure.
• In Nepal, the practice of urban forestry dates back to the Malla reign. A review of
historical documents reveals that King Jayasthiti Malla (1380-1395 AD) issued an order
to his officials and commoners /masses to plant trees alongside walking streets and
wells.
 Contd…..
• This practice continued; and even some exotic trees were planted alongside streets and
in the premises of palaces in the Rana regime.
• During the Panchayat regime, the government introduced modern urban-environment
planning in the 1960s and 1970s, and renovated roads and trails in Kathmandu with
massive plantation along the sides. For example, the plan of the ring road had included
green belts on both sides, where thousands of fast growing trees were planted.
• Now, the government has emphasized urban forestry through its various programs,
including 'Nepal Clean Environment Grand Expedition 2075 AD' and the 'Forest Decade
Program (2014- 2023)
• The latter promoting afforestation in public and private lands with the theme of 'one
house: one tree, one village: one forest and one town: several parks
• The provincial governments of Nepal have been focusing on urban forestry expansion
• Now a days Ring road plantation program is precious for the capital city of Nepal
 Cases of Kathmandu Municipality
• In Kathmandu within ten years of time span land use has gone drastic change.
• Remarkable change is evident in agriculture and built-up classes which signifies
the rapid urbanization trend in the valley.
• Agriculture land coverage has decreased from 52.5 percent to 44 percent
whereas built-up area has increased from 23 percent to 31.5 percent.
• As compared to agriculture and built-up area, forest area has remained
relatively constant covering 22 percent of the valley.
• Major land use conversion observed during the last decade (2003-2012) with
decrease in prime and fertile agriculture land and increase in built up or
urbanization .
• Most of the agriculture lands next to the core area followed by surrounding
agriculture area have been converted to urban built-up during the decadal
period of 2003-2012.
Kathmandu Valley Land Use
Change from ( 2003 – 2012 )
Land Use Classes 2003 ( % ) 2007 ( % ) 2012%
Agriculture 52.58 46.58 44.70
Built up areas 23.25 29.59 31.54
Forest 22.61 22.35 22.20
Open space 0.93 0.90 0.93
Water body 0.15 0.12 0.15
others 0.45 0.45 0.45
Total 99.98 99.98 99.97

Source: (Calculated from GIS data, satellite image QB 2003, 2007 and IRS 2012)
 Efforts being made to promote urban forestry in Kathmandu

• Lack of urban forest planning and management in the past has caused great
damage along the inner roads and Ring Road of Kathmandu Valley, according to
Kathmandu Valley Development Authority.
• Many existing urban parks and greenbelts are not maintained properly, thereby
increasing environmental stress.
• Strategic Development Master Plan (2015 – 2035) for Kathmandu Valley has
considered the aesthetic, psycho-social and environmental impact of urban
forestry in Kathmandu Valley
• Urban dwellers are increasingly recognizing and articulating the importance of
urban forest as a vital component of urban landscape, infrastructure, and quality
of life.
Source: Himalayan News Service on May 22, 2017 4:42 am
Contd….
• However, efforts are being made to promote urban forestry by preserving open
spaces in public places, schools, and even in private home gardens.
• Ministry of Forest and Environment has declared Forest Decade (2015-2025) with
the theme ‘One house, one tree; one village, one forest; one city, one park’,”
• Similarly, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has provisioned that all new households
allocate space for at least two trees.
• The Planning Guidelines, 2015 also has a provision to declare public and
government-owned open spaces as ‘green areas’ to promote urban forest in the
Valley.
• With the collective efforts of government agencies, private sectors and local
communities several tree plantation campaigns are under way in Kathmandu
Valley.
Contd…
• The plantation and maintenance of approximately 700 trees and shrubs along the
350 metre Maitighar–Tinkune road length is an example of urban forest
management initiatives through the collaborative approach of public and private
sectors.
• Among the government agencies, District Forest Office has established two
nurseries in Godavari and Bajrabarahi that have provision of free distribution of
seedlings for plantation activities.
• In addition, with the concept of green economy which has a huge potential for
the promotion of urban forest
• Urban forests provide greenery, reduce pollution and balance CO2 level,
• Help to control erosion, moderate temperature, preserve natural diversity, add to
aesthetics of the city, provide open and social recreational space for public, add
value to the place and attract tourists.
2.3 planning at the national and
municipal level, storm preparedness
and response
Planning at the national and
municipal level
Introduction
• The Constitution of Nepal adopted in 2015 ended the unitary and centralized system of
governance.
• In its place, it established a federal structure that distributed legislative and executive
powers among three governmental levels: local, provincial and federal.
• The Constitution authorizes all three levels to legislate, formulate plans and policies, and
mobilize resources within jurisdictions delineated to them.
• Schedules 5 to 9 of the Constitution delineate the exclusive and concurrent responsibilities
and authorities of three levels of governments.
• Article 232 of the Constitution states that relations between federal, provincial and local
governments shall be based on the principles of cooperation, co-existence and coordination.
• Therefore, the successful adoption of federalism requires effective and efficient
interrelationships between three levels of governments.
 Planning at National vs Municipal Level
• Planning for Urban Forestry is more complex than other level of forestry planning
• It involves active involvement of urban and rural communities, urban planners, policy makers,
implementing agency,
• It involves every aspect of urbanization process and balancing gray and green infrastructure
• Any efforts to proactively manage urban forests should provide the greatest amount of benefits
to the people and communities.
• Planning requires sound policy and targets to satisfy the ecological, economic and
requirements and wide range of views of stakeholders that interest in urban forestry.
• It should be a collaborative planning with urban planning at national and municipal levels.
• Urban forestry planning should be an important component of urban planning at national and
municipality levels
• Planning should be done at short, mid and long term basis for long-term sustainability of Urban
Forestry.
• In many areas, planning regulations require intensification/strenthening in urban centers and
settlement areas in an attempt to control urban slump.
Challenges of Urban Forestry
Planning
• Trees are a long-term investment, and successes and failures can not be realized overnight
because trees can take years to respond to stress factors or improvements designed to
promote their health and longevity.
• Urban /Cities are difficult places to grow trees. Unlike in forests , urban soils are typically of
poor quality, limited in volume, contaminated and poor quality growing sites.
• Urban are often heavily modified, urban tree rooting environments have low biological
activity,
• Poor nutrient availability, compacted pore space and a number of other problems
• Furthermore, trees must compete for space with various forms of built infrastructure, such
as roads, foot paths, buildings and sewers.
• In many urban areas , grey infrastructure components take superiority over trees and other
forms of green infrastructure, this needs additional information to be included in urban
designs, which may not be feasible where budgets are limited
• Influx of urban citizens places increasing stresses on existing trees that ceases the better
growth of planted/natural trees.
Planning for urban forestry
Planning for Urban Forestry Should be done with a view to receive :
• Environmental/ecological benefits
• Social benefits
• Economic benefits
UFPlaning……….

Environmental
benefit

Economic
Social benefit
benefit
UF Planning

• Environmental benefits : Shade and cooling effect, Water conservation,

rain water harvesting, addressing water logging, ground water recharge,
bio-aesthetics, providing green character to cities and breaking monotony
of concrete building/ structures, Pollution mitigation, noise reduction,
urban biodiversity conservation, an identity to the city as eco-city
• Social benefits : social cohesion, playing and recreational avenues, shelter
to visitors, reducing congestion, fuel wood, fruits, , plantation, connect
people with nature, health benefits to the citizens
• Economic Benefits : Opportunities for green job, ecotourism, recreation
 Planning Steps for Urban Forestry at Municipality Level

1. Discussion with Municipality, local government and CBO and related institutions,
local urban people and leaders and Urban forestry stakeholders
2.Recognizing and surveying the area of existing urban forests and new urban
space to be developed as UCF at Municipality
3. Discussion and negotiation among urban community and stakeholders of UCF
such as municipality, DoR, DoF
4.Formation of a Urban Forestry Management Committee involving key
stakeholders of Urban forestry
5. Develop checklist of information to be collected for UFP
6.Develop appropriate formats to collect necessary information for planning
UFP
7.Discussions on the formats and checklists and interactions with the
Committee
Contd……
8. Approval of the formats and checklists from the Committee
9. Carry out field inventory/survey and collect information for planning
10. Preparation of Draft management plan ( Short-term, Mid-term and Long term)
and discuss with Committee
11. Appraise the management plan from the committee, register
in municipality and seek municipality approval
12. Incorporate the management plan in the Municipality Urban Development
Plan
13. Implementation of the plan in integration by the concerned government
institutions at municipality
14. Monitoring and evaluation of the implemented activities.
 Urban Forestry Planning Requires Planning at
Interface between Green Infrastructure and
Gray Infrastructure (Physical Infrastructure)

• Urban forests provide enormous environmental benefits — among them are improving
air and water quality and slowing storm water runoff.
• Over the last several years, naturally forested areas of the country have lost huge
percent of their canopy cover at the cost of increased impervious surfaces.
• Theses changes have ecological and economic impacts on air and water systems.
• The physical framework of a community is called its infrastructure. These infrastructures
of a city can be divided into two types: green and gray. Green infrastructure includes
areas covered with trees, shrubs, and grass
• Gray infrastructure refers to areas of buildings, roads, utilities, and parking lots.
• A community can measure the size, shape, and location of its green infrastructure and
accurately calculate the public utility functions perform by these areas perform.
Contd….
• Planning for Urban Forestry is more complex, involving every aspect of the urbanization
process and balancing gray and green infrastructure.
• While both gray and green infrastructure are important in a city, communities that foster
green infrastructure wherever possible are more livable, produce fewer pollutants, and are
more cost effective to operate.
• However, balancing the gray with the green can be a serious challenge.
• Moreover, an urban planning will help urban forestry professionals and advocates understand
how they might best interface with the urban planning process to maximize green
infrastructure and reduce gray infrastructure costs.
• Urban planners should plan Urban Forestry to influence the public how the built (gray
infrastructure) and natural environments (green infrastructure) are planned and designed to
work together.
• Planners have an opportunity to advocate for maximizing green infrastructure in a number of
ways.
 Urban Forestry Planning Requires Planning at
Interface between Green Infrastructure and Gray
Infrastructure ( Physical Infrastructure)

Gray Infrastructure U Physical Infrastructure

FP
Storm Preparedness and
Response
A disaster can be defined in several ways, but in all cases is a destructive
event that overwhelms (devastates) all available resources. Disaster could be
natural or manmade.
Storm disaster is a natural disaster is caused by the forces of nature such as a strong wind
or hurricane or tornado.(Storm includes strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning
or snow )
Storm Preparedness or Readiness :
• the process of ensuring the preventive measures,
• a planning stage to combat (contain) the effects of storm disastrous event to
minimize loss of life, injury, and property damage
• can provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the
consequences of the disaster.
• Preparedness for the first and immediate response is called emergency
preparedness.
 Disaster cycle
• The disaster cycle is a process that we constantly review to improve for the
future.
• It is important to understand each phase of the cycle to develop an effective
plan to keep us safe.
Storm Disaster Cycle
1. Preparedness : Plan a response prior to disaster
2. Response : Activities during a disaster to minimize hazards in effective,
efficient and equitable ways
3. Recovery : Return to normal following a disaster
4. Mitigation : Activities to reduce the impacts/effects of disaster
 Storm Preparedness : Plan a response prior to
storm disaster
• Plan for coordination, networking and information sharing mechanism among key responsible
agencies for storm havocs, assign responsibility and avoid conflicts
• Urban trees having decay wood, cracks, root problems, week branch unions, cankers, dead trees
top and branches are susceptible to storm
• Such trees can easily be blown up by storm and may cause serious damage to the life and
property of the urban communities
• Before the occurrence of storm, identify and inventory such urban trees or forests existed in the
community
• Before the occurrence of storm season, remove such trees grown on the foot trails, public
places, parking lots, public parks, private and public buildings compounds
• Prepare Tree Emergency response plan and Debris disposal plan: guide before and after storm
( prevention, clean-up, regulations, salvage/repair, replanting, mobilization agreements between
for people and equipments)
• Form a Tree Emergency Rescue team, assign roles and equip with necessary emergency facilities
and equipments and train to asses tree damage.
 Contd……
• Provide training to the team and vulnerable communities on storm and tree
disaster preparedness. Provide trainings on what to do ?, who does it ? and when
to do ?
• Train the team to evacuate the affected person and property including livestock
and lunch rescue works
• Identify tree and storm havocs vulnerable urban areas, categorize /prioritize them
and prepare mitigation plan with storm and urban trees hazard map
• Lunch awareness program to the storm and tree vulnerable communities
• Manage unorganized/ illegal settlements in the storm vulnerable urban forests
• Identify the local institutions that have potential resources and capacity and seek
their response at the time of tree and storm disaster
• Manage adequate rescue equipments and facilities including food, medicine and
water during the time of storm and tree havocs at local and municipalities levels
Contd…….
• The additional stress factors presented by climate change will continue to
affect urban forests
• In highly urbanized communities, climate change-related events such as
periods of extended drought, extreme winds, high temperatures and
shifting species distribution patterns
• Others climatic stress include increase in invasive species, pests and
pathogens,
• Limited knowledge of proper tree care practices, poor public perception of
trees, and inadequate maintenance and management practices.
• No matter what the threats are, attention needs to be given for an
appropriate planning for the future health and enhancement of the urban
forest resource in the community,
 Response
Response : Activities during a disaster to minimize hazards in effective, efficient and equitable ways Response
:
• Immediately administer search and rescue operations during and after the storm and tree
Disaster
• Immediately locate and consult the Emergency Plans, Debris Removal plan and contact list
prepared during preparedness cycle
• Carry out survey of immediate threats that is removal of uprooted, split trees, pruning
hanging/broken or cracked branches or trees
• Carry out damage survey of targets near trees like residential and office buildings, schools,
factories, storage facilities, sidewalks, roads, electric wires and other important structures
• Carry out survey of epidemics like water and air borne diseases, which may spread due to
contamination of water and air after storm and tree damage
• Identify Live Electric wires ( in, on, or under trees)
• Remove Debris and dispose off at the proper place ( this is the most difficult tree disaster
problem for communities and individuals)
 Contd….
• For Debris disposal, can use staging areas if needed like malls, parking lots, public open space, play
grounds. Clear those after things are calm down
• Clear priority traffic lanes and culverts
• Clear major walk ways
• Communication is critical with disasters. Actively manage information
• Set up clear communication channels among emergencies and responsible agencies
• Work with media early and often
• Deliver important messages to the communities
• Provide Health care, medicines and immediate relief (food, water, clothes and shelter) for needy
people of the communities
• Transfer women, children, elderly people, disable persons, pregnant women to the evacuation
shelter / house
• Conduct Awareness and education on Tree and Storm disaster to local communities
• Maintain coordination, networking and information sharing with concerned authority
• Conduct Monitoring and evaluation of the impacted ground scenarios, socio-economic situation of
the communities and services provided to the affected families of the communities
Storm tree havocs
Further, storm preparedness plan and response activities should also be
developed taking into consideration of the followings storm tree havocs :
• Preparing for natural disasters like storm can greatly reduce the risks to health
and the environment.
• Floods after storm can contaminate drinking water sources.
• Storm can cause forest fires and harm air quality.
• Strong Storm can damage houses, schools, factories or storage facilities. These
havocs can release contaminants where people live into the environment.
• Individuals and homeowners can plan an emergency plan ahead to protect
health for themselves and family members.
• Communities, schools, and businesses can plan an emergency plan ahead to
reduce risks and possible costs of storm-related spills or cleanup.
 Storm tree havocs……….contd

Storm damage in forests can affect a wide range of elements, both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living). Here are some of the key components that can be impacted:
1. Trees and Vegetation
Broken and Uprooted Trees: High winds and heavy rains can snap tree trunks, break branches, and
uproot entire trees.
Defoliation: Leaves can be stripped from trees, impacting photosynthesis and overall tree health.
Seedlings and Understory Vegetation: Smaller plants and seedlings can be crushed by falling debris or
eroded by heavy rains.
Habitat Loss: Destruction of trees and plants can lead to the loss of habitat for various wildlife species.
2. Soil and Ground
Soil Erosion: Heavy rainfall can wash away the topsoil, leading to erosion and loss of fertile ground.
Landslides: In steep areas, storms can trigger landslides, moving large amounts of soil and vegetation.
Waterlogged Soil: Excessive rainfall can saturate the soil, making it less stable and more prone to
uprooting trees.
Storm tree havocs……….contd
3. Wildlife
Direct Harm: Animals can be injured or killed by falling trees, flying
debris, or flooding.
Habitat Disruption: Loss of trees and vegetation affects the homes and
food sources of wildlife, potentially leading to displacement or
population decline.
Altered Food Chains: Changes in plant and animal populations can
ripple through the ecosystem, affecting predator-prey relationships
and other ecological dynamics.
 Storm tree havocs……….contd
4. Water Bodies
Sedimentation: Erosion and runoff can carry sediment into streams, rivers, and lakes,
impacting water quality and aquatic habitats.
Flooding: Increased water flow can lead to flooding, which can alter the course of rivers and
streams and damage aquatic ecosystems.
5. Infrastructure and Human Elements
Trails and Roads: Trails and access roads within forests can be blocked by fallen trees and
debris or washed out by heavy rains.
Buildings and Facilities: Any structures within the forest, such as ranger stations, visitor
centers, or research facilities, can be damaged.
Utility Lines: Power and communication lines that run through forests can be brought down
by falling trees and branches.
 Storm tree havocs……….contd
6. Ecological Processes
Nutrient Cycling: The decomposition of fallen trees and vegetation can alter
nutrient cycling within the forest.
Succession Dynamics: Storms can create gaps in the forest canopy, leading to
changes in species composition and forest structure over time.
7. Aesthetic and Recreational Aspects
Scenic Value: The visual appeal of a forest can be significantly altered by storm
damage, impacting its attractiveness for tourism and recreation.
Access and Safety: Damaged trails and fallen trees can make forests less
accessible and pose safety hazards for visitors.
Overall, the impact of storms on forests is multifaceted/complex, affecting
ecological, physical, and human aspects of these environments. Restoration and
management efforts often focus on mitigating these impacts to preserve forest
health and functionality.
Strom Disaster
Wind Disaster
Lightening disaster
Snowfall disaster
• ANY QUESTIONS…??????

Thank you
2.4. Review City, Regional and National Greening Initiatives
 Smart City
• A green city is a smart city
• Connecting and improving leafy open spaces would make Kathmandu more
live able
• For those growing up in the 1980s in Kathmandu, the ‘Green Belt’ became a
familiar term as poplars rose up along the Ring Road. Over the years, this
strip of green gave Kathmandu some breathing space as the city grew at
breakneck /rapid speed.
• Slowly, encroachment, carelessness and road expansion decimated the trees.
The poplars were the first to go, then the jacarandas that lined the streets
were cut, too.
 Contd..
• From a Green Belt Kathmandu has become a Dust Bowl. But all is not lost,
the tree-lined Darbar Marg to neighbourhood beautification at Narayan
Chaur have shown that if communities get together it is possible to revive the
Valley’s lungs.
• Kathmandu will benefit from developing a series of linked water bodies, open
spaces, parks and patches of urban forests, by not only connecting
fragmented green spaces but also increase their ecosystem services, a
concept that gives economic value to restoring nature.
 Contd…
• Lack of open, green spaces takes a daily toll(bell) on the lives of the residents who have
limited space for walking or other social activities. The object lack of greenery in Kathmandu
is a contributing factor to not just physiological but also psychological stress.
• Sprawling, insensitive and haphazard development over the years have over-run what
remained of open spaces. More recently, Kathmandu has experienced annual flooding
during monsoon and extreme temperatures, a new phenomenon for the city’s residents.
• According to the World Economic Forum, access to green open space and a feeling of social
connection creates liveable and vibrant cities. The small open spaces that remain are not a
result of planning but due to litigation (Tinkune) or neglect (Tundikhkel). But even here, they
provide people a place to unwind and de-stress with friends and family.
• The new corridors long the Bagmati, Dhobi Khola and other rivulets/stream have constricted
the floodplains, but at least the banks are tree-lined.
Contd…
• Restoring it to its original boundary would not only provide
Kathmandu with lungs, but also preserve its historical significance, as
well as serve as a refuge in future disasters as it did in the 1934 and
2015 earthquakes.
• The Kathmandu Valley Development Authority has identified
887 open spaces within the Kathmandu Valley: 488 sites in
Kathmandu, 345 in Lalitpur, and 53 in Bhaktapur. Among these, 58%
of the area is usable for public activities. These open spaces vary in
size, services, and function. But identifying open spaces alone cannot
guarantee their protection unless the feeling of ownership can be
developed among the communities.
Contd…
• Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) has been developing a plan to
carve out 36 parks of varying sizes and services in the city, in
collaboration with 11 municipalities to develop other green spaces
around the valley. So far, the plans have been restricts to maps and
their sustainable management will be a challenge. Issues of
ownership are unclear, and the lack of belongingness can lead to poor
maintenance, commercialization and encroachment.
 Contd…
• Kathmandu’s river corridors have been designed purely for vehicular traffic.
However, we can develop riverbanks as green corridors—which would also help
reduce flooding. Last spring’s colourful blossoms along the river corridor show
what is possible.
• Likewise, Kathmandu’s Ring Road and major road networks can create and
connect green spaces. Tree-lined streetscapes will create an ecological corridor,
providing a continuous shaded path to the urban population, and a movement
corridor for birds, insects, and small creatures.
• Technically, connecting green spaces is possible if the city’s environment
department stands up strong against destructive development. The bigger
challenge is a social and political willingness to participate in preserving and
taking ownership of nature’s aesthetics. (Nilima Thapa Shrestha
February 21, 2021)
Contd….
• Butwal: Green City of Nepal
• Butwal is a sub-metropolitan city and is one of the twin cities of
rapidly growing Butwal-Bhairahawa urban agglomeration in Nepal. It
lies in Lumbini Province, Rupandehi District. It was given the title
“Green City of Nepal 2019”. This city stands beside the bank of
Tilottama or Tinau River, and at the northern edge of the Terai plain
below the Siwalik Hills.
Contd…
• The Ministry of Population and Environment and Pokhara
Metropolitan City have joined hands to establish Pokhara as a ‘Green
City’.
• Pokhara is a beautiful lake city. Lake city to turn into ‘green city’
(Published On: December 6, 2018 09:09 AM NPT By: DHAN BASNET
December 18,2021 , Republica)
 Contd….
• Bharatpur Metropolitan city is one of the biggest cities of Nepal. With increase in
urbanization, greenery in the city area is decreasing and consequently, pollution is
increasing. Especially, the public areas were not well taken care of. It was felt that this
problem could be solved by imparting awareness among people and involving youth
participation in the process. Therefore, the project 'Bharatpur Bagaichanagar' was
launched under the collaboration between Maali Dai Agro Innovation, an emerging
startup of youths and Bharatpur Metropolitan, the local governing body. The project
recieved financial assistance from the local government. As a part of the project, the
major public places of the city that looked like waste disposal sites were cleared up and
planted with flowers, ornamental trees, and shrubs. In addition, plantation programs
were organized in areas around highways, junctions and hospitals. As an effort to
encourage youths to engage in sanitation cum plantation programs, flower cultivation,
rooftop gardening and solid waste management trainings were organized in a number of
schools and also among some other youth groups. Other local youth based organizations
also collaborated in some plantation programs. So far, the project has directly benefitted
more than a thousand people and indirectly, all the residents of the city.
Contd……
• Clean and Green city Hetaunda
• Clean and green city Dharan etc………
 2.5 Review neighborhood city and SAARC level greening
initiatives

SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation )Level Greening initiation
• SAARC Makes Headway in Greening Economies but More Investment in
Environment and Ecosystems Crucial for Meeting Development Goals.
• Achieving the ambitious 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in South Asia
will require a major shift towards sustainable consumption and production,
sustainable management of natural resources and fast action on building resilience
to climate change.”
• “Smart policies that increase investments in protection of biodiversity and
ecosystems and foster energy efficiency will not only drive inclusive growth but
also protect life-supporting systems that ensure food, water and livelihood security
for the people of the region.”
Contd…
• SAARC Member States have given high priority to systematically
addressing the pressing environmental challenges through enhanced
collaboration, partnership and regional cooperation towards
conservation, protection and management of our environment,” .
 Green and Happy South Asia
• April,2010,As the 16th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
conference gets under way in this serene and pollution-free capital city of
Bhutan the summit's key theme was "Towards a Green and Happy South Asia" .
• In Mexico conference2015 on global warming, eight South Asian nations -
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan and India
expressed their concerns collectively and effectively on global warming .
• SAARC Environmental Action Plan: The protection of the environment is
considered as the axis of the Action Plan, and human well-being is its ultimate
goal. Increasing people's sensitivity to and involvement in, finding solutions for
environmental problems in the region through awareness and educational
programmes.
 Kathmandu Declaration
18th SSARC (summit 2014 )
• In Kathmandu Declaration, all the heads of states of SAARC have expressed
‘their deep concern’ for the regional challenges related to environmental
degradation and climate change. They have recognized that these challenges
are ‘severely undermining the development process and prospects of the
member countries’, and they have ‘decided to intensify regional cooperation
with a view to strengthening their disaster management capabilities.’ In order
to do so, SAARC commissioned a study on the Protection and Preservation of
the Environment .
(Declaration of 18th SAARC Summit was made during SAARC Summit 2014 in
Nepal. The 18th SAARC summit was held in Kathmandu, Nepal from 26 to 27
November 2014.)
 Situation of Greenery in
neighborhood SAARC cities
• The Clean and Green Cities Programme will implement city cleaning, greening and beautification
activities in 10 cities in Afghanistan. In Kabul, five types of activities have been identified in
consultation with the community and Kabul Municipality. These are, (i) Solid waste collection from
households to collection points located in the Nahia, (ii) Tree Planting, (iii) Street sweeping, (iv) Curbs
painting, and (v) Cleaning roadside ditches(2017, Municipality program )
• A billion trees have been planted in recent years in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
about fifty kilometres from Islamabad, the country's capital. The landscape has been transformed,
and so has society. The fight against global warming and the fight against poverty are one and the
same.
• Islamabad: If you ever had a dream to wander through forest or by road and have the best of nature
by looking at amazing view of beautiful nature , mountains and the scenes will make you feel blessed
• In 2015 too, the government of India planned a tree census after the high court observed that the
city is not as green as official figures make it out to be. ... In 2017, a few government agencies and
civic bodies started a census and counted around 18 million trees. Oct 25, 2021
• Delhi is one of the greenest metropolitan cities of India with a 20% forest cover. But it still falls way
short of the 33% greenery prescribed by the national forest policy.
 Contd…
• Carbon sinks, 70% forest cover, powered almost entirely by mountain streams—Bhutan is a poster child
for green living. It is the only country in the world that is carbon negative, which means it produces more
oxygen than it consumes. Sep 24, 2016
• Studies warn/notify that the Forest cover of Timphu city will drop to 16.32 percent by 2050.A reduction
of more than half from the current coverage of 40.04%.
• AS citizens of Dhaka, it is very frustrating for us to see that there are too few patches of open spaces in
the city. We all are aware that greenery is essential for human beings to survive. More unfortunately, the
limited green space has been declining further because of the unruly land grabbers. This must not be
allowed to continue and we should preserve whatever open space we have with utmost care. When we
go to other big cities of the world, we find plenty of open spaces, gardens with trees and walkways. Sadly,
the once known capital of a well watered, well fruited and a green country, is now left with very little
open space. A city should ideally have 25 per cent of its area covered with greenery, but in today's Dhaka
hardly 5.0 per cent of area is green and open which is grossly inadequate and unhealthy for its citizens.
As a result of lack of greenery, we see temperature remains 2-3 per cent higher than normal. While it is
apparent that the number of trees in Dhaka city is gradually declining, we must protect the city from
further loss of trees. It is high time that we restore the city's atmosphere by preventing further
deforestation and create new green spaces and preserve the existing ones so that we can lead a healthy
life and reverse the damages done to our environment over the years
Contd….
• There are approximately 1190 islands in the Maldives with some form of vegetation
on them. Capital city Male is covered by greenery.
• Colombo City is sprawling(expanding ), resulting in a decreased green space. Thus,
the city had 35.7% green cover in 1956, and it was further decreased to 22.2% by
2010 (Wickramasinghe et al., 2013).
• Kathmandu metropolitans are now able to enjoy the greenery and open space. The
Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) has constructed more than 30 parks to protect
the encroached public and historical lands.(2020, kathmandu metropolitan office )
• Connecting and improving green open spaces can provide exponential benefits for
the people and the environment, and allow a suffocating Kathmandu to breathe
freely.
Conceptual Map of Kathmandu as a
Green Necklace
• Any Questions….?????

Thank u
Unit 3.Institutional Arrangements
and Governance
3.1.Role and involvement of
Government,Municipality,NGOs,other
organizations and volunteers in Urban
Forestry
(A) Central Government
• Although central governments usually determine the basic laws that apply
to urban trees and woodlands, the practical management of the urban
forest is essentially a municipal authority function.
• At present we do not have adequate roles, policy, laws and regulations
either at central or Municipality levels
• Therefore, adequate debate is necessary for developing potential roles,
policy, laws and regulations of central government in determining local
government urban forestry policies and practice.
Contd…..
• However, that debate must first resolve the problem of how
responsibilities for urban trees and woodlands are split at a national
level between different central government departments and agencies
• Once that has been clarified, the opportunity exists for central
government to give some clear guidance and directions to local
authorities on how to plan and manage their urban forests.
• Central government roles is to give local authorities clear guidance on a
wide range of urban forest policies and management practice,
 Local government ( Municipality )
• The role of local authorities in successfully implementing the UF approach is crucial.
• Local authorities should own and manage not only urban parks and roadside trees, but also
urban woodlots.
• Due to their close links to the local public, they are well-situated to enhance communication
with the public, public participation and involvement of stakeholders and forest users.
• When considering woodlots, no municipalities have been managing urban woodlots of the
urban areas. They are either managed by religious forests or protected forests managed by
Central Government or manage by community forests groups at local level.
• In developed countries, management of the wider urban forest as comprising e.g. parks and
trees are mainly done by the cities’ green service, being part of the public works, roads,
environmental or urban development department using local authority resources and
practices in managing urban trees.
• Urban forests including the woodlots of Municipalities should be managed by
municipality’s authority in coordination and technical support from the concerned
authority of the central government.
 Role of provincial Government
• Bridge in between central and local government system
• Allocation of budget for urban forest development and management
• Supervision and giving feed backs to the local government in urban forest
• Facilitation on policy , act , regulation and guidelines formulation process in
urban forestry to local municipality
• Provincial level urban forestry act formulation by parliament
• Direction to forest office under the province for urban forest and open
space development
• Monitoring and evaluation of urban forestry activities conducted by DFOs
• Provide creative suggestions to the central government to expand urban
forestry activities in local level
 Role of…..
Government departments
• Roles of Local and Central government departments responsible for forests, agriculture,
environment, soil conservation, road, irrigation, horticulture, drinking water, urban planning,
local NGOs, local park authorities and among others are highly crucial for planning,
implementation and management of Urban Forestry. These institutions should plan,
implement and manage the urban forestry in integration and coordinating environment. Local
government need to mobilize the local government and local resources.
Municipal authorities
• The support of local political leaders is often a key factor in the success of urban forestry. The
local mayor can strongly influence central government and local politicians on urban forestry.
Various greenery, planting and reforestation campaigns to ‘re-green the city’ can be initiated
by municipal authorities in coordination with local government authorities. Political support
for urban tree planting may even extend from central level. Municipal authorities often can
play a key role in advising and acting upon the legislative aspects of urban forestry.
Role of…….
• Local Government
(municipalities and councils)
Should act as the hub of urban forests through which all local development
interventions need to be planned, implemented and managed often through
the local government process, collect rates and taxes which could be channeled
to urban greening ,establish and manage municipal urban forestry nurseries,
develop and support the management of urban parks and open spaces
• Departments of Forest and Environment
Support the planting of indigenous trees in urban areas, support integrated
environmental planning, manage a departmental Urban Forestry Nursery,
provide technical and specialist knowledge in urban forestry and arboriculture
and landscaping
 Contd………..
Further,
There are numerous government level service providers with a role to play in urban
greening, who need to be encouraged to fulfill their urban greening mandates and
provide support to the local government planning process. Some of these service
providers are :
• Department of Education
Link urban greening issues into education curriculum, initiate school greening in the
academic institutions , provide a link to educational institutions throughout provinces
and municipalities , provide extension materials on Urban forestry to educational
institutions, teachers and pupils within a province and municipalities
• Department of Agriculture
Support the urban agriculture aspects of urban greening, provide means of including
a tree component in urban agriculture, implement food gardening programme to
improve nutrition including tree component supporting a fruit tree programme,
 Contd……..
District Forest Office
• Department of forest is one of the directly related organizations for the
development of urban forestry.
• The organization has conducted different promotional activities on urban
forestry and had also published various national journals to enhance the
awareness level among the students and concerned stakeholders.
• Besides, the office provides seedlings to different organizations such as clubs,
schools, colleges, government organizations as well as private organizations
for plantation with minimal cost and sometimes free of cost.
• It also organizes plantation activities to make the city green. Concerned forest
office in coordination with Metropolis/Sub-metropolis can carry out different
urban forestry activities in the city for the promotion of urban forestry in the
city
Contd…..
Department of Road
• Road side plantation is one example of the work conducted by Department
of Road in the development of urban forestry. The Department organizes
activity to remove hazardous tress and some tending activities as
demanded by people living nearby road.
• Department of road can work in collaboration with different clubs to carry
out roadside plantation in the city. Not only on city but the department can
also carry out such activities almost along all the district roads.
• For instances : Recently Kathmandu municipality and Nepal Police in
collaboration with DoR have planted trees in the road of Tangal,
Gairidhara and in other place in Kathmandu
Contd…..
• Non-Governmental Organizations and Community Based Organizations
Support community mobilization and empowerment and act as a
facilitator for their participation in local urban forestry planning and
management, initiate and manage urban forestry community nurseries,
initiate national awareness campaigns and specific interventions on urban
forestry
• Civic and Service Organizations
Rotary Club, Lions Club, FECOFUN, and among others provide
sponsorship or contributions in kind or cash to specific urban greening
activities /projects at provincial and Municipal levels
• Private Companies
Provide sponsorship or support to specific areas for urban greening,
 Contd….
• Donor agencies
In Nepal, urban forestry has played only a minor role in programmes of bilateral
and multilateral development agencies. Central government can advocate with
these donors for the support in developing the urban forestry. Central
government can develop long term plan and programmes with key activities to
implement and manage the urban forestry. UN park……….?
• Non-Governmental Organizations
In Nepal, varieties of local and international NGOs working at central and
municipalities level are capable to run programmes in urban forestry. These
institutions can include and implement small educational programmes to
relatively large-scale initiatives, involving the funding for green education,
nurseries, seedling distribution, tree planting, reforestation, fruits planting, urban
gardening, urban greening in some of its local and national programmes.
 Contd….
• Corporate bodies
Corporate business like local industries, companies, farms etc can take active role in urban tree planting as
part of attempts to reduce industrial pollution. In China for examples the industries are already taking an
active part in urban tree planting as part of attempts to reduce industrial pollution. In Guatemala, companies
and business men have financed in general urban tree planting campaigns. 60% of the funding for the ‘re-
greening the city’ campaign was being raised from private and corporate funding (Pokorny de Marcet, 1992).
• Academic institutions
Academic institutions either universities or other research bodies will be particularly important to support
urban forestry through conducting research and studies on selection of suitable species and various
technical, ecological/environmental, social and economic aspects of urban forestry and disseminate the
results to all the concerned institutions.
• Local groups of residents
In cities or towns of developing countries, local residents may organized themselves into groups in support of
urban tree planting and maintenance and any other progressive groups like Citizen groups, Tree associations,
Eco-clubs, Young groups of cities and towns can organize progressive campaign and perform street plantings
as a part of developing urban forestry. Under the leadership of local politicians and elites of cities or towns,
they can come forward and run campaigns to push for establishing green cities through the concept of urban
forestry.
 Contd…
• Individual urban residents
Individual urban dwellers can be particularly involved in urban forestry through
activities such as planting trees on their own land, or volunteering to become tree
wardens in towns/cities where such schemes exist. Ensuring the equitable involvement
of such people in the systematic, integrated management of urban forestry in Third
World towns and cities may be one of the greatest challenges for the future.
• Individual Institutions
Individual institutions like schools, colleges, hospitals/health posts, offices, army and
police posts, local clubs and associations can support for developing urban forestry
through conducting forest tree planting on their own land. These institutions can also
play pivotal role for providing trainings to local people and individual in urban forestry
and sensitizing them in the importance of green cities/towns and urban forestry.
 Contd…
Metropolitan and sub-metropolitan offices
• Another potential Government partners that can take lead in the development of urban forestry in
metropolitan cities of Nepal are Metropolitan and sub-metropolitan offices.
• These offices have Environment, energy and climate change sections to deal directly with
environment including promotion of urban forests.
• Municipality can also form a ward level coordination committee, as necessary, to create the
wards of Metropolis/Sub-metropolis environment-friendly environment and promotion of urban
forestry.
• These institutions have also mandate to coordinate with concerned GO and NGO for the
promotion of Urban Forestry in the Metropolis/Sub-metropolis institutions as required.
• For instance, Butwal sub-metropolitan office is one of the leading organizations in the sector of
urban forestry development in Butwal. The office has created a separate section called
environment planning which focuses on environment, sanitation and solid waste management.
• Among the environmental related activities, the development of urban forestry in Butwal sub-
metropolitan city is one of them. It has established some parks in collaborations with different
GOs and NGOs directly and indirectly. Most of the small urban parks in the city are managed by
the municipality office of Butwal.
 Contd…
Ward office
• In Butwal, at present mainly the plantation along roadside is directly under the
supervision of respective wards along with active public participation.
• Budget provided by the municipality was found not enough for the plantation and
management activities along the road side
• So they had made a rule of Rs 500/house and Rs 1000/ shop as a source of funding with
the co-ordination of local people.
• Their target of planting minimum of two seedlings per house. The work had already
started in Ward no 10 and 11 and other are in progress.

District Co-ordination Committee

District Co-ordination Committee is one of the important organizations responsible for the
development of urban forestry in District. DCC should provide financial support for
developing urban forestry. Similarly, DCC can play the role as a median between local
government and different line agencies for urban forestry development.
 Contd…..
Non-government organizations
• Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs)
It has been reported that various CFUGs are involved in the development of Urban
Forestry in Butwal. They have preserved the city forest and established different types
of parks in the city. CFUGs also coordinate with Municipality office for technical and
economic support for carrying out different urban forestry activities in Butwal
municipality city.
• Academic Institutions
In many Districts, many schools and colleges of Municipality have been conducting
and participating in the forest plantations and awareness raising activities in the city
areas and in environmental campaigns like rally, art competition etc. on the special
occasions like World Environment day, Biodiversity day etc. So these institutions can
play important role for the conservation and management of urban forests.
 Contd….
• Social Clubs and Banks

Social Clubs like Rotary Club, Leo Clubs, Lions Club, Police Clubs, Army Clubs and other
formal and informal clubs and Banks of municipal city areas have also been conducting
forest plantation activities in co-ordination with municipality and forest department.
These institutions are potential institutions that they can play important role for creation
and conservation of urban forestry in the cities.

• Tole development committee

In many municipality of Nepal, local peoples are found participating actively showing
higher interest in planting trees and flowers along the roadside in front of their house or
tole. In Butwal city, Tole peoples are found excited and as a competitor of showing
greenery and attractive road along their tole with other tole. Each people conduct
watering and cleaning the planted areas in front of their house regularly
Volunteers in urban forestry activities
• Conduction of free of cost service by an
individual/organizations/institutions/clubs etc. for urban forest
development in the following activities:
seedling production
plantation campaigns
forest extension
protection
tending /cultural operation and
skill development etc..
Effective volunteer events
• World Environment Day
• National forest Day
• Earth day
• Campus celebration Day
• Neighborhood tree planting program
• World wetland Day
• Biodiversity Day
• Civil services day etc……
Any Questions…?

Thanks
3.2.Introduction to institutional
arrangements/ constraints and possibilities of
urban forest Nepal
Institutions working in the field of urban
forestry
• There are several organizations working in the field of urban forestry
in Nepal. These organizations are involved in conducting number of
activities such as plantations, park development, greenbelts,
nurseries, researches, awareness raising activities etc. However we
described already in previous session about institutions involved in
urban forestry development in Nepal. This chapter also explain the
organizations involved in the development of urban forestry herewith.
 Government organizations involved
in urban forestry activities
• Department of Forest
• Division Forest office
• District Development committee
• Municipalities
• Sub metropolitan office
• Metropolitan office
• Ward office
• City Development committee/Nagar Bikas samiti
• Department of Roads
Ministries

• Ministry of forest and environment,

• Ministry of urban development,
• Ministry of land reform and mgt
• Kathmandu valley development authority,
• Department of survey,
• Kathmandu valley road improvement project
 Non governmental organizations
involved in urban forestry activities
• UNDP
• BCN
• NTNC (National trust for nature conservation)
• FECOFUN
• NFA
• Action Aid
• ICIMOD( The International Centre for Integrated Mountain development )
• IUCN
Constraints in urban forestry
development in general

• Though the urban forestry helps in different ways, we are not

benefiting directly from the urban forestry. So people are ignoring
plantation on urban areas. Each small patch of land in the urban area
is encroached for dwelling /habitat purposes. Only dwelling is not
important factor, we have to be conscious about the health. Land
availability in the urban areas is limited and even the available and is
stressful.
Contd…
• Ignorance and lack of awareness and education to the urban people
regarding the benefits has become a big hindrance to the success of
urban forestry (Pokharel, 2000).
• Trees face tremendous challenges within the built environment. Soil
quality, space limitations, as well as water and nutrient availability, are
all limiting factors to tree growth in built environments. Trees will
sustain themselves in these conditions only if they are stewarded by
communities of people. Maintenance of trees planted in public urban
areas is often very confused, with no proper arrangements. As a
result, many areas where trees have been planted suffer from
inadequate maintenance work (Widanapathirana, 1997) especially
where budgets are limited.
 Contd………..
• Unfortunately, urban forestry programs often receive scant/inadequate
funds from municipal budgets or limited attention from the decision makers
due to the financial demands of more pressing political and social problems
facing cities, such as crime and education (Parker, 1995; Tate, 2000).
• The result is that green spaces and trees disappear, and future options for
developing these are cut off.
• Another constraint facing urban forestry development is high prices for land
in urban areas. This leads to conversion of forest lands in sub-urban or peri-
urban areas and pressure on green areas in the urban centers (FAO, 1995).
 Constraints contd…
• Loss of green space is continuous as cities expand; available growing space is
limited in city centers. This problem is compounded by pressure to convert
green space, parks, etc. into building sites
• Inadequate space is allowed for the root system.
• Poor soil is used when planting specimens.
• Incorrect and neglected staking/hazard leads to bark damage.
• Larger, more mature trees are often used to provide scale and a sense of
establishment to a scheme. These trees grow more slowly and do not thrive
in alien soils whilst smaller specimens can adapt more readily to existing
conditions.
• Lack of information on the tolerances of urban tree to environmental
constraints.
Constraints contd….
• Poor tree selection which leads to problems in the future
• Poor nursery stock and failure of post-care
• Limited genetic diversity
• Too few communities have working tree inventories and very few have
urban forest management plans.
• Lack of public awareness about the benefits of healthy urban forests.
• Poor tree care practices by citizens and untrained arborists.
• Lack of integration
• Lack of Coordination
• Political unwillingness
• Lack of interest of local communities
Constraints of urban forestry in
Nepal
• The over all challenge of Urban Forestry is to increase awareness and understanding
about the value and benefits of urban forests, the proper care of urban forests, and the
need for urban forests to be considered essential infrastructure when planning and
managing communities. Without this awareness and understanding there will be a lack of
support for implementation and funding of urban forestry programs (NKUCFC, 2008).
• Management challenges include maintaining tree
and planting site inventories, quantifying and maximizing the benefits of trees,
minimizing costs, obtaining and maintaining public support and funding, and establishing
laws and policies for trees on public and on private land.
• Urban forestry also presents arboricultural challenges of limited root and canopy space,
poor soil quality, deficiency or excess of water and light, heat, pollution, mechanical and
chemical damage to trees, and mitigation of tree-related hazards (NKUCFC, 2008)
Constraints of urban forestry in
Nepal contd…
• Loss of green space due to rapid development of urbanization and population
pressure. Available space is limited to develop urban forestry.
• Available green space, parks, marginal land, woodlots etc. have been occupied for
constructing the development infrastructures like office buildings, factories, road,
electricity, drinking water, sewerage in the city
• Inadequate space is allowed for the root system to grow for trees due to
construction of physical infrastructure .
• Because of excessive use of city soil, the soil has become poor and polluted for the
growth of the trees
• Trees grow more slowly and do not thrive in polluted, poor and alien soils of the
cities.
• Lack of information to the urban dwellers about the importance of urban forests.
• Poor tree selection which leads to problems in the future
• Unavailability of desired tree species in the nursery for urban planting
Constraints of urban forestry in
Nepal contd…
• Lack of public awareness about the benefits of healthy urban forests.
• Urban forestry has not been recognized as a priority sector by
government so resources are not adequately allocated for its
development
• Municipalities and decision makers have not given adequate attention for
its development
• National Urbanization Strategy has not adequately integrated urban
forestry planning in its overall planning framework
• High price of land in urban cities for the development of parks, green
space and other form of urban forestry
Contd…..
• Lack of short and long terms National Urban Forest policy, Act, Regulation and
Urban Forestry Master Plan of the Municipalities
• No adequate data and information on existing urban forests across the country
• No Urban Forestry Strategy has been developed for effective planning,
coordination and formulating measures for implementation and management
of urban forestry programmes in the Municipalities and cities.
• Importance has not been given to integrate urban forestry activities into
urbanization development projects
• No education, research networks, communication and information sharing
mechanism on urban forestry
• There is no green structure plan of the municipalities
Possible opportunities of
urban forestry development in
general
• The possible opportunities are to the protection of existing green areas such as parks,
garden, play-grounds etc., increase roadside, avenue plantation and rooftop gardening,
introduce afforestation and nursery activities in newly developing areas in between built up
and peri -urban, promote homestead gardening and social or community forestry in peri-
urban areas (Ansari, 2008).
• As far as possible, a participatory approach should be adopted in future urban forestry
initiatives in developing countries. Ideally, from the choice of tree species to actual planting,
tending and (where appropriate) harvesting of tree products, urban dwellers should be able
to participate in decision-making and implementation if they so wish (Carter, 1993).
• This participation increases the success rate of the planting program. However, without local
involvement in the planning and planting of the trees, the efforts may be viewed negatively
by the residents (Miller, 1988).Urban forestry must begin with an initial assessment of
management needs and opportunities .People support what they believe to be valuable,
especially if they receive direct benefits from tree.
Possibilities of Urban Forest in
Nepal
• Development of Urban Forestry is not simply a matter of planting more
tree flora but also to carefully promoting greenery in the urban/semi-
urban areas by planting flowers that evoke the seasons and planting
evergreen, shrubs, vines(climbers) and fruit trees that lighten the
landscape and refresh the hearts of the people who live and gather in
the villages and cities and provide a space of safety and relaxation.
• Such planting also contribute to the beautification of the environment
and to mitigate the heat island phenomenon that help reduce the
impact of climate change.
• The rapid and unplanned expansion of settlements and physical
infrastructures in the Municipalities, districts, wards , VDC have placed
tremendous pressure on the green environment across the country .
Possibilities contd…
• Such pressure on green environment is likely to rise in future as
well, while operating and building the settlements and physical
infrastructures .
• However, there are ample opportunities yet remain to promote
urban forestry in all municipalities across the country. They are
Community and public Waste land/marginal land, degraded land or
unused open spaces at Municipalities, Wards, VDCs/DDCs can be
developed them into greenery park by planting suitable species of
flowering and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, grass and fruit trees.
Possibilities contd….
• Plantation around the corner and unused space of the private
buildings to create a beautiful landscape in and around the villages
and cities are another possibilities to make the metropolitan cities
smart green cities.
• Unused land owned by various entities such as the offices and
corporations can be used for planting suitable species of flowering
and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, grass and fruit trees .
• There are possibilities for creating green schools, campus and
academic institutions by maintaining and promoting greenery in
the complexes of schools, campus and academic institutions
existed in Municipalities, Wards, VDCs/DDCs .
Possibilities contd….
• We can promote and maintain greenery along the sides of roads
and irrigation and unused and waste lands of hydropower complex,
office complex , industrial complex existed in the municipalities
• Greenery in Landfill areas and Golf Course and health center and
Urban buildings are other possibilities for promoting urban forests
• Other possibilities are by introducing avenue tree plantation in the
pathways, roads and waste corners in the newly developed
settlements
• Rooftop gardening /bonsai technology can also be developed for
beautification of houses
• Development of homestead gardening is another possibilities
Possibilities contd…
• In Terai and Mid-hills, there are plenty of river reclaimed areas in the
periphery of urban and peri-urban cities, which can be developed into
urban forestry by planting suitable species of flowering and
ornamental trees, shrubs, vines(Climbers), grass and fruit trees.
• There are enormous open areas in almost all Municipalities, Wards and
VDCs, which are primarily used by livestock roaming for green grass.
These areas can be developed for urban forestry for the beautification
of Municipalities.
• Urban Forestry can be maintained by strictly protecting the existing
green areas like parks, garden, play grounds, Community and public
Waste land/marginal land, degraded land or unused open spaces etc.
Any Questions?

Thanks
 3.3.Municipal Governance,ordinances,city forest
trees and urban forest inventories: the benefits
and costs of trees and urban forests
Municipal governance/local governance
• Local government in Nepal is the third level of government division in Nepal, which is administered by
the provincial governments which in turn is beneath the federal government.Article 56 of the
Constitution of Nepal 2015 defines local government as rural municipalities, municipalities and
district assemblies.
• The governing body of the rural municipalities and municipalities is referred to as the village executive
and municipal executive respectively. The district assembly is governed by the
District Coordination Committee.
• There are 77 districts with their own district assembly and 753 local levels (including six metropolises,
11 sub-metropolises, 276 municipalities and 460 gaunpalikas) each with their own executive body.
• The Constitution of Nepal 2015 (Schedule 8) gives 22 powers to these local levels. This enables them to
formulate laws to implement these powers. Besides these single powers, there are 15 such parallel
powers that can be implemented by all three level of state, i.e., federation, province, and local levels,
in the principles of coordination, cooperation, and coexistence.
What is governance?

• Governance is made up of the political and institutional processes

through which decisions are taken and implemented. Good
governance is particularly important at local level, where
governments interact with citizens and communities on a daily basis.
Governance contd…

• Governance comprises the efforts, means and tools involved in

directing the actions of individuals, communities and groups towards
common goals
• More specifically, it is the development, application and enforcement
of generally agreed rules/regulations of the state.
• Whatever the definition, sound municipal governance implies a
fundamental shift or modification from the concept of local
government to that of local governance, in which all stakeholders have
responsibility for policy development, planning and management.
• Municipal governance is a part of local governance.
 Governance contd…
An effective municipal governance framework requires :
• Development of the necessary policies, incentives, laws and regulations
through multi-actor and multi-sectoral approaches
• Action that fully take into account all relevant economic, social and
environmental dimensions of the Municipality .
• Such a framework must also be based on a strategic vision and the
harmonization of planning, design and management of the municipality
Characteristics of Governance
• Participation
All men and women should have a voice in decision-making, either directly or through
legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their interests. Such broad participation
is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate
constructively.
• Rule of law
Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human
rights.
• Transparency
Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and
information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information
is provided to understand and monitor them.
• Responsiveness
Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders
Characteristics of Governance contd…
• Consensus orientation
Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best
interests of the group and,. where possible, on policies and procedures.
• Equity
All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.
• Effectiveness and efficiency
Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of
resources.
• Accountability
Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organisations are accountable
to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the
organisations and whether the decision is internal or external to an organisation.
• Strategic vision
A strategic vision is generally defined as an organization's capacity to establish a mission or
purpose, to determine long-term objectives, to make a substantive analysis of its performance
relative to its competitors .
Municipal Governance
characteristics (Contd….)
In Rising Nepal : Municipal Governance Popularism Vs Pragmatism(practicality ): Pranav Bhattarai , 28 th July 2018
(Bahulbad vs universal truth)
• Municipal governance is about sharing power and decentralizing fiscal, political and administrative jurisdictions to
sub-national units.
• In Municipal Governance, municipality should be financially independent and must be capable of carrying out
local economic development.
• They should not heavily dependent on intergovernmental fiscal transfers and grants from the central government.
• Able to carry out local economic development with their own resources,
• People living in the municipal areas should have effective basic services such as water supply, education, health
and transport, among others.
• The Report of the Financial Commission says that 13 out of the 58 old municipalities in Nepal are financially
independent.
• The remaining 45 municipalities cannot even raise enough taxes to meet their administrative expenses.
• One can easily predict what will happen to the newly declared municipalities (113) with regard to their capacity in
managing resources and accomplishing local economic development when the existing municipalities are trapped
in such resource crunch and shortage.
 Contd…
• Municipality should have adequate tax base, tax raising capacity, resource mobilization, people's
capacity to pay taxes and management of assets for their effective utilization are some of the
standard mark of municipal governance.
• Municipalities should have adequate administrative and fiscal strength and political will power to
meet the people's expectation for local development and delivery of services.
• Municipality should have built their capacity to enforce the laws, expand the tax base, raise taxes
and efficiently mobilize resources .
• Local leadership development and inter-municipal coordination are other areas of municipal
governance,
• Should be able to put forward and given attention to adequate infrastructure and technical capacity
for effective delivery of public services to the municipal citizen/resident
• Should have enough infrastructure such as access to roads, schools, hospitals, electricity and other
requirements
• Infrastructure development and capacity to provide essential and basic services effectively to the
municipal citizens should have been the foremost pre-condition for the creation of municipalities in
light of municipal governance
 Ordinances
• What is ordinances?
• Ordinance is an authoritative order
• A local ordinance is a law for a political division smaller than a state viz
government of municipality.
• A law, statute, or regulation enacted by a Municipality
• An ordinance is a law passed by a Municipal government.
• Ordinances constitute the subject matter of municipal law.
• The power of municipal governments to enact ordinances is
derived from the state constitution or statutes or through the legislative grant
of a municipal charter.
Tree Ordinances
• Tree ordinances reflect the values of a community and the worth of a
community’s trees or urban forest.
• A tree ordinance encourages tree planting and tree maintenance to
secure the beautification, air-cooling and purification, noise
abatement, property value enhancement, wildlife habitat, and the
public health and safety benefits trees provide.
• A tree ordinance is a tool to help protect and manage a
community's /urban forest's trees.
 Tree ordinances contd…
• An ordinance contains the legal provisions adopted by the local or
Municipal government to provide authority, define responsibility, offer
guidance to residents and establish minimum standards for a community’s
tree program/ urban forestry programs.
Key Benefits to Adopting a Tree Ordinance
• Provides permanent procedures and legal authority
• Establishes an official policy for the community
• Helps establish new tree management programs
• Identifies standards and regulations for arboricultural practices, such as
planting, removal, maintenance, and selection of appropriate tree
species for the public trees.
Tree ordinances contd…
• Makes the community’s tree management program more visible
• Establishes a program independent of changing public opinion and
finances
• Provides a channel through which governmental departments may
interact
• Establishes the nature and degree of public responsibilities to the
community’s trees according to specific standards
• Provides the means to educate the public about the benefits of the
urban Forest
Benefits and costs of trees and
Urban Forests
Environmental benefits :
• Shade and cooling effect,
• Water conservation, rain water harvesting, increase the level of soil fertility
• Addressing water logging & ground water recharge, storm water runoff reduction (rainfall
interception), improves Water quality
• Bio-aesthetics and providing green character to cities
• Breaking monotony of concrete building/ structures,
• Pollution mitigation : air pollution (carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
ozone, airborne particles, and volatile organic compounds), and noise reduction,
• Urban biodiversity conservation,
• Energy saving ( electricity and natural gas )
• An identity to the city as eco-city
Contd…
Economic Benefits :
• Opportunities for green job, ecotourism, recreation, Increased Property values
• Healthy trees mean high homeowner savings
• Strategically placed trees save annual air-conditioning costs.
• Evergreens that block winter winds can save on heating cost
• Healthy trees mean better income

Social benefits :
• Healthy trees means healthy communities/societies
• Social cohesion and connect people with nature
• Playing and recreational avenues, shelter to visitors, reducing overcrowding, fuel
wood, fruits,
• Health benefits to the citizens ??????????????????
Costs of trees ???
• Cost for Removal of uprooted, diseased, dying, decayed, pruning and disposal from
the site of urban forests
• Leaf litter collection, cleaning tree debris, cleaning –up streets and culverts
• Maintenance of disrupted utilities and tree damage
• Cost for preparation and implementing Urban forestry plan
• Cost for preparing and implementing storm preparedness plan, and rescue operation
• Cost for tree purchase, planting , irrigation, weeding, thinning and maintenance of
trees,
• Healthy trees mean ... higher property values
• Each large front yard tree adds house sales price and property value.
• Cost for hiring adequate human resources.
• Pest and disease prevention and control
• Liability, legal aspects, administration
Thank you
3.4.Urban forestry in the context of
environment friendly local
governance
• Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG- Framework)
2013 was approved by the Ministerial Council, Government of Nepal.
• Government of Nepal aims to make the entire nation environment
friendly and achieve its indicators from the level of household, tole,
settlement, village, municipality, and district. .
• EFLGP has been implemented in forty four municipalities and sixty
village development committees of 12 districts in Nepal.
• At present, an "Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework
2021" is published by Ministry of Federal Affairs and General
Administration)
 Urban Forestry in the Context of Environment
Friendly Local Governance contd….

• Many cities in Nepal can be considered as green cities having

predominantly green character viz. Kathmandu, Hetauda, Sunsari,
Biratnagar, Pokhara, Butwal and others.
• These cities have some green parks and street tree plantation, which
can be considered as part of urban Forests.
• However, these cities are undergoing transformation in view of the
challenges posed by fast growing population, demand for
infrastructure and economic opportunities in the form of
industrialization and commerce.
Urban Forestry in the Context of Environment
Friendly Local Governance contd….
• The Local Self Governance Act and Regulation, 1999; Environment Friendly
Local Governance Framework, 2013 and Local Body Resource Mobilization
and Management Guidelines , 2013 has provisioned and authorized the local
bodies / institutions / Local Governance that the local governance shall
implement and invest in the priority areas of environment protection
• The priority areas viz : Forest, environmental protection, biodiversity, park
and open area or greenery, climate change, and renewable Energy, including
urban forest.
• These policy documents have given full guidance and authorities to the local
governance for implementing environment friendly greenery promotion
through various activities including urban forestry.
Contd…
• Considering the importance of Urban greens for multiple social, economic,
ecological and environmental benefits of local bodies, Environment Friendly Local
Governance Framework 2013 have emphasized to maintain green environment at
local level like Household, Tole, Ward , Municipal and District.
• The sub-Article 1 of Article 16 of LSGA, 1999 has given emphasis to develop
greenery area, park and recreational place.
• Similarly, in the LSGR it has been mentioned that the Municipal council can form
thematic committee under the chairmanship of the council’s member (there has
been provision to form agriculture, forest and environment committees in addition to
other committees)
• Thematic committee will coordinate among thematic institutions and provide
guidance to local governance regarding the management of environment friendly
urban green projects and activities at local level. .
• Actions recommended by the Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework
2013 to promote greenery including urban forests at all levels are :
 Contd…
At Household level :
• Greenery and urban beautification are to be maintained by planting various flowering plants or
similar decorative plants in and around the house premises.
• At least two perennial trees should be planted in the premises of house or at least two small
perennial shrubs should be planted on the pots on the rooftop in case of no space around one’s land
or house.
• At least one third of land should kept unoccupied inside the compound of house to maintain
greenery.
• At least two trees of fruits or flowers should be planted around the house for beautification
Promotion.
At Tole level :
• Greenery promotion to be adopted by planting quality trees of the good breeds to be planted at
open space and foot paths as assigned by the municipality.
At Ward level :
• It has been recommended to establish at least one nursery in each ward for producing planting
materials for urban forestry and maintain greenery at ward level.
• One village, one park . Recreational or children’s park be established and operated within the VDC
 Contd…
• The nursery can be established by the private or partnership or by ward or
government.
• Also recommended to keep the record of existing urban forests or other kinds of
forests and their management towards maintaining greenery in the ward and the
records of open/barren land to promote greenery in the wards.
• Further recommendations to enhance greenery or urban forest at ward level are :
• Fodder/fruits trees to be planted and grown annually occupying at least 10% of the
open and the currently open fallow land of ward
• Record of all the open-fallow, registered, government and public lands within the ward
kept properly.
• Children’s playground or sports-ground or elder citizen’s rest place or park to be
managed in the open-fallow, unregistered and public lands within the ward .
• Within the ward; a garden, playground, park or open space to be established in at least
5 ropanis of land in hilly region and 10 katthas of land in Terai.
 Contd…
• Decisions should be made by the ward residents regarding the types of trees or grass to be
planted in the particular location or section of a road.
• Greenery in the Ward including fodder and trees on both sides of the road should be maintained
through the decision of ward residents.
• Promotion of Greenery and urban forests on at least 10% of all the public fallow lands and
riverbeds in the wards by planting suitable trees

At Municipality Level :
• Establishment of Park or children’s garden, children’s playground or rest-place for residents, elder
citizens and disable persons should be done.
• Schools at the Municipality level to be supported by the municipality itself or with the help of
other different organizations to conduct extra-curricular activities on greenery or urban forestry.
• The extra-curricular activities to be focused on Forest, Soil Conservation, Biodiversity and
Greenery promotion.
• Tole/settlements of the Municipality to be mobilized to plant suitable breeds of trees in the right
and left footpaths of the road inside the Municipality.
 Contd…
• Trees need to be planted and protected annually in at least 10% of all the public fallow
lands and streambeds and riverbeds in the Municipality.
• Park or children’s garden established and maintained in at least one place in the
Municipality accessible to all the residents including Biodiversity park, zoological park etc.
should be established within the Municipality
• At least one urban forest established and protected within the Municipality.
• Awareness programme regarding the environmental protection including the greenery
promotion within the municipality should be conducted.
• Perennial flowers trees should be planted in the main divider or edge of the road within
the Municipality.
• Promotion of Greenery or urban forestry at least 10% of all the public fallow lands and
riverbeds within the Municipality
• Promotion and establishment of plantation of perennial plants in the office compounds
of Municipality, Wards and VDCs .
Contd….
Institutional provision

• As determined in the Environment friendly local governance Framework, 2013 there

shall be environment-friendly local governance district coordination committee in all
DDC’s,
• municipal coordination committee in Municipality and village coordination committee in
VDC.
• Environment, energy and climate change sections in district development committee.
• Municipality can form a ward level coordination committee, as necessary, to make the
wards of Metropolis/Sub-metropolis and Municipality environment-friendly and to
coordinate as required.
• These committees at local level will be responsible for the promotion and establishment
of greenery or urban forestry at local level in consultation and technical supports from
the concerned technical departments establish at local levels.
• Any quarries ?

Thanks
Unit 7.Case studies of urban forest in nearby
sites in relation to sustainability, institutional
arrangements,environment,PES and GESI
 The Brundtland Commission Report,1987
The Brundtland Commission Report, officially known as "Our Common Future," was
published in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED),
which was chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the former Prime Minister of Norway. The
report is a landmark document in the field of sustainable development and laid the
groundwork for the global environmental policy.
Key Points of the Brundtland Commission Report:
• Definition of Sustainable Development: The report famously defined sustainable
development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This definition emphasizes a
balance between economic growth, environmental health, and social equity.
• Interconnectedness of Environment and Development: The report highlighted the
intrinsic link between the environment and economic development. It stressed that
environmental degradation and poverty are interconnected and must be addressed
simultaneously.
• Global Environmental Challenges: "Our Common Future" identified major global
environmental issues such as deforestation, loss of biodiversity, water scarcity, and climate
change. It called for urgent global action to address these challenges.
 Key Points of the Brundtland Commission………………

• Recommendations for Sustainable Development: The report provided a

comprehensive set of recommendations for achieving sustainable
development. These included improving energy efficiency, investing in
renewable energy, promoting sustainable agriculture, and integrating
environmental considerations into economic policies.
• International Cooperation: The report emphasized the need for
international cooperation to tackle environmental issues, recognizing that
many environmental problems are global in nature and require collective
action by the international community.
• Call to Action: The Brundtland Report called for a new era of economic
growth that is forceful and at the same time socially and environmentally
sustainable. It urged governments, businesses, and civil society to work
together to achieve sustainable development.
 Impact of the Brundtland Commission Report

• Policy Influence: The report significantly influenced environmental and

sustainable development policies worldwide. It played a crucial role in shaping
the agenda for the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and the development
of international environmental agreements.
• Sustainable Development Goals: The principles laid out in "Our Common
Future" eventually contributed to the formulation of the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015.
• Increased Awareness: The report raised global awareness about the
importance of sustainable development and the need to balance economic
growth with environmental protection and social equity.
In sum,the Brundtland Commission Report remains a foundational document in
the field of sustainable development, providing a clear and actionable
framework for addressing the complex challenges of global environmental and
economic sustainability.
What is sustainability in urban forest
?
Sustainable urban forests are defined as the naturally occurring and
planted trees in cities which are managed to provide the inhabitants
with a continuing level of economic, social, environmental, and
ecological benefits today and into the future. A Model of Urban
Forest Sustainability was developed by James R. Clark in 1997.
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the management of forests
according to the principles of sustainable development.
Scheme of sustainable development at the confluence(joining together)
of three constituent parts.

• Social

• Environment Viable /Sustainable/ Bearable /Equitable

• Economic
 Contd…
• Sustainable forest management has to keep the balance between three
main pillars
• The "Forest Principles" adopted at the Earth Summit (United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992
captured the general international understanding of sustainable forest
management at that time.
Sustainable forest management
criteria
• Extent of forest resources
• Biological diversity
• Forest productive functions
• Forest protective and environmental functions
• Forest ecosystem health and vitality
• Multiple social, economic benefits and conditions and
• Legal, institutional and economic framework, capacity to implement
sustainable forest management
Similarly, various indicators were indorsed for sustainable forest
management.
Source: Global Environment Facility

Forest
health and
Protective vitality Productive
function of function of
forest forest
Resources resources

SFM
Socio
Biological economic
diversity functions

Extent of Legal policy

forest and
resources institutional
framework
Contd….
• These 7 SFM criteria are globally acceptable till.
• Similarly, ITTO (2005) stated that a total of seven criteria (1) extent
and condition of forests (2) biological diversity (3) forest ecosystems
health (4) forest productions (5) soil and water protection (6) socio-
economic benefits and needs and(7) legal, policy and institutional
framework
• Number of indicators and verifiers created by different
organizations are different .
 Institutional Arrangements in urban
forest
Role of …………
• central government
• provincial government
• Departments
• municipality
• DFO
• Local people
• Civil society
• Local NGOs
• CFUGs
• Cultural and Religious institutions
• Security organizations
• Individuals
• Individual experts
Institutional Arrangements in urban
forest cond….
Role of…………….
• FECOFUN
• CBOs
• Private sectors
• Ward office
• Tole
• Volunteer organizations
• Political parties
• Local mother groups
• Urban forestry Executive committee
• Development partners
 Institutional Arrangements in urban
forest cond….??????????????
• Situation of participation in urban forest management ??????????????????
• Representation and voices of women
• Representation of poor and disadvantaged people in decision making and policy formulation
• Proportional representation of women ,dalit, janajatis, aadibasi, madesi and other socially
excluded groups in structure and decision making positions through positive discrimination
• Situation of support and advices in governanance system regarding forest planning,
implementation , evaluation and quality assurance
• Accountability
• Transparency
• Role and responsibility
• Situation of coordination, collaboration and partnership
 Local Environment in urban Forestry
• Natural Ecology
• Species diversity (Floral, Faunal and avifauna)
• Ecosystem( Including grassland ecosystem)
• Environmental services
• Landscape and other geographical information
• Socio-cultural environment
• Traditional and cultural uses of the resources
• Human eco-culture….?????????
• Forest Dependency
• Micro climate
• Situation of Demand/ supply
Payment for Environmental
services(PES)
Payments for ecosystem services (PES), also known as payments for environmental
services (or benefits)
• Incentives offered to farmers or landowners by urban forestry
The broad categories of PES covers (2005 UN-sponsored report)
• Ecosystem services as food production (in the form of crops, livestock ,fisheries, aquaculture,
and wild foods)
• Fiber (in the form of timber, cotton, hemp, and silk)
• Genetic resources (biochemicals, natural medicines, and pharmaceuticals)
• Fresh water
• Air quality regulation, climate regulation, water regulation, erosion regulation, water purification

• Waste treatment, disease regulation, pest regulation, pollination, natural hazard regulation
• cultural services (including spiritual, religious)
• Aesthetic values
• Recreation and ecotourism
• They got PES through urban forest or not ???????
Gender Equality and Social
Inclusion(GESI)
• Forestry Sector Strategy (2016-25): more focused on GESI across all
forestry sector institutions
• Capacity development for women and other socially disadvantaged
groups to enable them to be better represented and have a more
effective voice in forestry institutions of all kinds
• The role of women, poor and socially disadvantaged groups are very
precious in urban forestry management system
• FSS has taken it as a strategic pillar for forestry sector
Gender Equality Vs Social
Inclusion(GESI
• Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) is a concept that
addresses improving access to livelihood assets and services for ALL,
including the women, poor, and excluded. It supports more inclusive
policies and mindsets and increases the voice and influence of all
including of the women, poor and excluded .
• The United Nations Peace Fund Nepal (UNPFN) recognised Gender
Equality and Social Inclusion approaches as a significant cross cutting
issue for the peace building projects funded by this programme
Gender Equality Vs Social Inclusion(GESI) contd…..
• Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) have been recognized by the Government of
Nepal and its development partners as critical to equitable development. Particularly
following the Second People’s Movement (or Jana Andolan II) of April 2006, the efforts of
the government, with the support of development partners, have been aimed at
transforming the country into an inclusive and just state, with an eye to restructuring
existing power relations to ensure the rights of all citizens, regardless of caste, ethnicity,
religion, gender, region, age, or class.
• The Interim Constitution (2007) guarantees social justice and affirmative action for women,
Dalits, Adivasi Janajatis, Muslims, Madhesis, and other excluded or disadvantaged groups.
• It also proposes the future restructuring of the state to institutionalize an inclusive,
democratic and progressive governance system, maximizing people’s participation based
on devolution of power, and the equitable distribution of resources
• Nepal's constitution 2072 also guarantees social justice and affirmative action for women,
Dalits, Adivasi Janajatis, Muslims, Madhesis, and other excluded or disadvantaged groups.
• GESI is considered as a important tool for urban forest management system
Any Quarries ????

Thanks
 Field Trip to Urban Forest in nearby
city
• Preparation of Group report
• Divide in three groups
• Font size : 12,
• Letter : Times New Roman
• At least two pages
• Deadline of sub-mission: within 7 days
• Venue : Manoram corridor park, Madyapur thimi-1, Bhaktapur
• Report sub mission to Prem khanal
• Coordination by: Mrs. Januka Lamsal ( Program officer , KAFCoL)
• Guidance/ Direction by: Professor Arun Sharma
 Case Studies of Urban Forest : Manoram Corridor Park,
Madyapur Thimi Municipality-1,Bhaktapur
(Report preparation checklist)
• Historical background of the forest
• Objectives of UF mgt.
• Institutional arrangements/structure of executive committee
• Adopted sustainability approaches
• Environment- Social, Ecological and Economical
• PES Activities
• Situation of GESI
• Tree conservation activities: tree care and management, tree ordinance, open space management, plantation,
cultural and tending operations, species selection and others
• Role of DFO and local municipality
• System of governance in UF: production and distribution, Transparencies, participation, decision making and office
mgt.
• Issues / pitfalls(Drawbacks)
• Way forwards /suggestions
• References
Unit 6.Urban Forestry Ecosystem
6.1.Urban Forestry Ecosystem Management
"Ecosystem" means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-
organism communities and their non-living environment interacting
as a functional unit". In Urban Forest, all these biotic components are
interacting with abiotic components. Any change either in biotic or
abioitic component impacts on structure and functions of the urban
forest ecosystem.
Principles of Ecosystem Management
Approach of Urban Forest

• The ecosystem management approach is a strategy for the integrated

management of land, water and living resources that promotes
conservation and sustainable use of urban forest in an equitable way.
• The ecosystem management of urban forest need to take a holistic
or integrated approach to management and better understand the
social and ecological processes influencing the existence (livability) of
a green city.
 Contd…
• urban forests ecosystem management based activities affect ecosystem processes,
biodiversity, and natural populations, all of which influence forest productivity.
• Application of the ecosystem management approach in urban forest will help to reach a
balance among functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It
also recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of
ecosystems.
• Therefore, all these factors (ecological, social, physical) must be taken into account when
making management decisions on urban forests. Any change in ecology of urban forest
particularly will affect the extent of ecosystem services provided by the forest to the
urban dwellers.
• These ecological services include cleaning air and water, enhancing human health,
providing wildlife habitat, recreational Opportunities, and aesthetics. By taking an
ecosystem approach to management of urban forest, a forester can maximize benefits
of these services from urban forest while minimizing the cost to maintain it.
 Contd…..
• An urban ecosystem is a system where ecological, physical, and social patterns and processes
interact to create a unique environment. This unique environment represents both the green
(e.g., vegetation) and gray (e.g., buildings and roads) infrastructures.
• These patterns are interconnected, by changing one component, the other components are
directly or indirectly affected. So, from an ecosystem based urban forest management
perspective, a manager, by changing some aspect of ecological structure (e.g., composition
and diameter distribution of trees or removal of green biomass or biodiversity ), can
influence the social and physical components of the urban system.
• This new approach of ecosystem based management recognizes the importance of urban
vegetation (both public and private) as part of the urban ecosystem and as a source of many
ecological services and benefits (Nowak and Dwyer, 2000).
• Urban Forestry Ecosystem Management is a shifting strategy from commodity production
based management of forest strategy to ecosystem-based management strategy of urban
forests (Overbay, 1992).
• Ecosystem based management of Urban forest is cross-sectoral, it differs from conventional
approaches that focus on a single species, sector, activity or concern, it works at multiple
levels and considers the cumulative impacts of different sectors.
 Contd…
• Ecosystem management of Urban Forest should have a specific location or a place-based so
the boundaries of the place must be clearly and formally defined. Should maintain viable
populations of native species in urban forest
• Urban forestry ecosystem management should take advantage of the ability of ecosystems
to respond to a variety of stresses of natural and man-made on the urban forest
• Urban forest ecosystem management may emphasis on biological diversity
• Sustainability of urban forest ecosystem management should be clearly defined
specifically , the time frame and the cost and benefits of maintenance of urban forest
ecosystem
• Scientific information needed for effective urban ecosystem management, which is only
one of the key elements in a decision making process.
• It should represent native ecosystems across their range of natural variability,
• Maintain ecosystem processes ( functions and structure) within the urban forests and
• Ensuring ecosystem services from urban forestry for future human generations
(Grumbine, 1994).
 Contd…
Adaptive management
-- it is a way of managing the dynamic nature of ecosystems against the uncertainty of external
influences, factors, and stressors.
--- It also takes into account socioeconomic considerations, stakeholder participation, conflict resolution,
legal and policy barriers, and institutional challenges.
--- Adaptive management succeeds when there are clear linkages among information, actions, and results
and a strong climate of trust among partners.
--- Ecosystem based management of Urban forest is cross-sectoral, it differs from conventional
approaches that focus on a single species, sector, activity or concern; EBM works at multiple levels and
considers the cumulative impacts of different sectors.
-- Ecosystem based management of Urban Forestry needs Adaptive management.
• EBM should be Inclusive and collaborative, encourages participation from all levels of government,
indigenous peoples, stakeholders
To be successful, EBM approaches must be inclusive and collaborative at all stages of the process. A
diverse mix of collaborators and stakeholders should be included in the planning and implementation of
any EBM activity. Group diversity will bring unique contributions and motivation to the table. Partners
and stakeholders are part of the solution and realize that their goals will best be achieved by working
together.
 Contd…
• Urban Forestry Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological
services that produce by urban forest and restore natural resources of urban cities while
meeting the social-economic needs and providing the provisioning, supporting, regulating, and
cultural services ( ie ecological services ) to the current and future generations that live in
urban areas.
• It is a multifaceted and holistic approach which requires integrated management of all the
natural resources within the urban forests in order to produce desired and major ecological
services from Urban Forests.
• Urban forest ecosystem management should maintain forest ecosystem in the appropriate
condition to achieve desired ecological services rather than getting timber and high value forest
products.
• Urban forest ecosystem management is the integrated way of managing urban forest for getting
major ecosystem services sustainably.

The principal objective of the Urban Forestry Ecosystem Management :

• Efficient maintenance and fair (moral) or sustainable use of natural resources of urban forests
for providing major ecological services to the urban dwellers.
 Contd…..
Management of urban forest ecosystem for providing major ecosystem services to urban
dwellers can be explained as follows :
1. Provisioning services : This include the material products obtained from urban forest
ecosystems, including food, fiber, freshwater and genetic resources.
Management Strategy :
• The urban forester should focus his management strategy for obtaining these provisional services
to benefit urban settlers or dwellers. The management strategy should focus on developing
appropriate condition for growing foods including nuts and fruits for urban people consumptions,
• producing great diversity of forest based materials, bio-fuels, fodders, plant oils for urban people
basic needs
• providing urban cities with quality drinking water, water storage, purification of water ,ensuring
water flow through manipulation of vegetation and trees
• producing medicinal resources by creating the urban forest as a bio-diverse rich ecosystem . These
forest are important sources for traditional medicines and raw materials for pharmaceuticals
industries
 Contd…
2. Regulating services : This include water purification, climate regulation, flood
control and mitigation, soil retention and landslide prevention, pollination, and pest
and disease control.
Management Strategy :
• The management strategy should focus on :
-- managing the urban trees and green spaces in such a way that they regulate local
climate including temperature and rainfall. Urban trees and green space reduce the
heat island effect of urban cities, influence rainfall and water availability .
-- management should be envisioned for regulating air quality by removing
pollutants from the atmosphere
-- one of the advantage of urban ecosystem management is that the urban forests
regulates local and global climate by storing green house gases. As trees and plants
grows, they remove co2 from atmosphere through photosynthesis and effectively
lock it away in their tissues, thus acting as carbon sink or carbon stores.
 Contd…
• the urban forest ecosystem should be managed in such a way that the
ecosystem should moderate the extreme events like floods, landslides,
erosions, fire , storm , slope failure, thus ensuring the urban dwellers safe from
the natural disasters .
-- The management should focus for increasing soil fertility of the forest floor to
supply nutrients to plants communities through maintaining appropriate
vegetation cover in the urban forest.
-- The available wetlands in the urban forest filters the effluents and act as waste
water treatment. In the soil of urban forest, the biological activities of micro-
organisms brake down the waste and so the pathogens ( disease causing
microbes ) are eliminated and levels of pollutions will be reduced
-- The ecosystem of urban forest should be managed by growing or maintaining
the trees and vegetation in such a way that the tree or vegetation regulate the
pests and vector borne diseases( malaria, dengue and scrub typhus etc…) that
attacks plants, animals and urban people .
Contd…
3. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits from ecosystems including recreation,
aesthetic experience, spiritual enrichment, and cognitive development, as well as their
role in supporting knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values
Management Strategy :
For this the management objectives of urban forest ecosystem should principally be
focused on :
-- the management of green space and trees to provide aesthetic values, beautification,
walking and playing in green space for the mental and physical health and social
cohesion (solidarity) of urban dwellers
-- management should also focus on developing eco-tourism , ecosystem and biodiversity
to attract local and international tourist their by increasing the local economics
-- Urban forest ecosystem also can be managed to enhance spiritual(sacred) experiences
and sense of place like management of natural features like caves, landscapes, and
those places which are considered as sacred or have a religious meaning and traditional
culture
 Contd…
4. Finally, supporting or habitat services
Habitat services are those that are necessary for the production of all other
ecosystem services including provisioning of habitat for species, primary production,
nutrient cycling, and maintenance of genetic pools and evolutionary processes
Management Strategy :
• In this case, the management of urban forest ecosystem should be focused on :
-- developing the species habitats for their survival
-- species life cycle,
-- primary production,
-- nutrient cycling and
-- maintenance of genetically diverse ecosystem ie developing different breeds, races,
maintenance of genetic pools and evolutionary processes and developing the urban
forest as a bio-diversity hot spots.
Advantages of Urban Forestry
ecosystem management
• Stop the extensive destruction of urban forests ecosystem likely to cause by
anthropogenic activities
• Deals with ecosystem loss, depletion of valuable natural resources and the multiple
services that they often provide to local communities
• Enhance knowledge of ecosystem components and functions among urban dwellers
• Increase knowledge base of cumulative impacts of multiple sector interventions in urban
forest planning
• Set- up meaningful and appropriate management units with the ability to respond to
threats
• Increase inter-agency collaboration and makes existing data (normally dispersed among
authorities) more cohesive
• Support to local authorities in the implementation of ecosystem-based management,
complying with national regulations
 Unit 6.2. Recreation and PES
"To walk in Nature, is to witness a thousand miracles"
Recreation :
Most urban forest visitors came to the forest for relaxation (52.25 %),followed by exercise
(42.O4%).However the level of recreational use differs…
• Opportunities for recreation, tourism and education (cultural services) are cultural services provided by ecosystem.
• Nepal ecosystems are rich in providing recreational services. Recreation being a cultural service of ecosystem has
played an important role for enhancing the economy of local people, local institutions, local, federal and central
governments of Nepal.
• Recreational activities has also been helpful to educate local people on the importance of ecosystem management in
Nepal.
• Recreation is a cultural service of overall ecosystem services, which is a nonmaterial benefits and is purely a
environment services.
• Ecosystems of Nepal capture various recreational services among which are : mountain climbing, trekking, Bird
watching, rock climbing, rafting, para- gliding, Bungy jumping, mountain biking, jungle safari, horseback riding,
elephant riding ,jungle camping ,sightseeing and picnicking etc….
• National and International tourists are the primary buyers or they pay for this ecosystem services while the local
people, local institutions, local government are the sellers or providers of this services.
• Recreational forestry syn. Aesthetic forestry
 PES vs urban forest
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES ):
What are ecosystem services?
• The diverse benefits that we derive from the natural environment are sometimes referred to
as ecosystem services.
• Examples of these services include the supply of food, water and timber - which is termed as
Provisioning Services ;
• The regulation of air quality, climate and flood risk - which is termed as Regulating Services;
• Opportunities for recreation, tourism and education -- which is termed as -- Cultural
Services; and
• Essential underlying functions such as soil formation and nutrient cycling - which is termed
as Supporting Services. Some of these services are illustrated below :
Maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services – and restoring them where they have been
lost or degraded – is increasingly recognized as essential for sustainable economic growth,
prosperous communities and promoting peoples’ wellbeing
 Contd….
• The term PES is used to describe schemes in which the beneficiaries, or users, of ecosystem
services provide payment to the stewards, or providers, of ecosystem services.
• In practice, PES often involves a series of payments to land or other natural resource
managers in return for a guaranteed flow of ecosystem services (or, more commonly, for
management actions likely to enhance their provision) over-and-above what would
otherwise be provided in the absence of payment.
• Payments are made by the beneficiaries of the services in question, for example,
individuals, communities, businesses or government acting on behalf of various parties.
• The basic idea behind PES is that those who provide ecosystem services – like any service –
should be paid for doing so.
• PES therefore provides an opportunity to put a price on previously un-priced ecosystem
services like climate regulation, water quality regulation and the provision of habitat for
wildlife and, in doing so, brings them into the wider economy.
• The uniqueness of PES arises from its focus on the ‘beneficiary pays principle’, as opposed
to the ‘polluter pays principle
 Types of PES scheme
There are three broad types of PES scheme:
• Public payment schemes through which government pays land or resource managers to
enhance ecosystem services on behalf of the wider public
• Private payment schemes, self-organised private deals in which beneficiaries of ecosystem
services contract directly with service providers
• Public-private payment schemes that draw on both government and private funds to pay land
or other resource managers for the delivery of ecosystem services.
Scale of PES schemes :
PES schemes can be developed at a range of spatial scales, including:
• International: examples include Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
(REDD+) whereby developing countries that are willing and able to reduce emissions from
deforestation and degradation are paid by developed countries for doing so.
• National: for example the Environmental Stewardship programme, a government-financed
scheme in which about £400 million a year is paid to farmers and land managers on behalf of the
public in return for more environmentally-sensitive farming.
Contd……
• Catchment: for example, downstream water users paying for
appropriate watershed management on upstream land. These
schemes tend to be private-financed, for example where a water
utility pays upland land managers on behalf of its customers to
implement certain measures designed to stabilize or improve water
quality.
• Local / Neighborhood: Example : A scheme whereby residents
collectively fund to supervisor or environmental organization to
manage local green space for biodiversity, landscape and recreational
value.
Actors in PES
The actors involved in PES schemes
Four principal groups are typically involved in a PES scheme:
• ‘buyers’: beneficiaries of ecosystem services who are willing to pay for
them to be safeguarded, secured, enhanced or restored;
• ‘sellers’: land and resource managers whose actions can potentially
secure supply of the beneficial service;
• ‘intermediaries’: who can serve as agents linking buyers and sellers and
can help with scheme design and implementation; and
• ‘knowledge providers’: these include resource management experts,
valuation specialists, land use planners, regulators and business and legal
advisors who can provide knowledge essential to scheme development.
Contd……
 Contd…

The way that buyers and sellers can be arranged in scheme development
can also vary. For example:
• ‘one-to-one’: for example, where a company enters into a contract with a
single major land-owner to provide enhanced carbon sequestration;
• ‘one-to-many’: for example, where a water utility makes arrangements
via a broker to pay many farm businesses for water-sensitive management
practices in a key catchment;
• ‘many-to-one’: for example, where multiple buyers together invest in the
development and maintenance of urban green space; and
• ‘many-to-many’: for example, where government pays farmers for
sympathetic land management practices on behalf of the wider public.
Contd…..
Key aspects of scheme design
The mode of payment is one of the key variables in PES design. A
distinction can be drawn between ‘output-based’ and ‘input-based’
payments:
• ‘Output-based’ payments are made on the basis of actual ecosystem
services provided. For example, payments might be made for a certain level
of carbon sequestration or a measured increase in biodiversity. In an ideal
world, output-based payments would form the basis for all PES schemes.
• ‘Input-based’ payments are made on the basis of certain land or resource
management practices being implemented. For example, payments might
be made for the creation and maintenance of buffer strips along
watercourses or the restoration and upkeep of green spaces in residential
areas.
Contd….
 Contd…
Buyers
Buyers of ecosystem services can be broken down into three broad types:
• ‘Primary buyers’, including private organisations and individuals who benefit
directly from, and pay directly for, improved ecosystem service provision (eg
reduced flood risk, clean water, recreational access, etc);
• ‘Secondary buyers’, including organisations that buy improved ecosystem
service provision on behalf of sections of the general public. Secondary
buyers can include water utilities, insurance companies, NGOs, etc; and
• ‘Tertiary buyers’ who purchase improved ecosystem service provision on
behalf of the wider public, ie the government.
• Buyers might also include businesses that are generally keen to invest in
ecosystem service provision from a Corporate Responsibility perspective.
 Contd…
Sellers
Sellers are predominantly landowners and resource managers . Sellers can be either
individual landowners or resource managers or organized groups acting collectively :
• farmers;
• agribusinesses;
• institutional landowners (examples might include Crown Estate, Forestry Commission,
Ministry of Defense, the National Trust, local authorities, utility companies);
• large estates;
• woodland owners
• pension funds;
• environmental organisations (examples might include the Wildlife Trusts, the
Woodland Trust); and
• Shoreline (seashore) owners and management authorities.
6.3. Urban forestry sustainability
• Increasingly important research topic in environmental studies.
• It is an integrated approach to manage and restore forests across
various landscapes of urban setting.
• Such restoration helps to meet the targets of Sustainable
Development Goal (SDG)–15.
• which includes the sustainable management of forests, the control of
desertification, reducing degradation, biodiversity loss, and the
conservation of ecosystems
 Contd……..

• It is an important step in the transition towards sustainable development as well as for providing economic,
social, and environmental outputs.
• Global forest coverage of the Earth’s terrestrial surface declined from 31.6% to 30.6% between 1990 and 2015
and every year, 10 million hectares (ha) of forest are lost .
• To maintain a sustainable environment, regeneration and reforestation programs have become a top priority
globally .
• The Global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 15) was accepted by all countries . The 15th
SDG aims to “Protect, restore and promote the use of terrestrial ecosystems, environmental conservation,
sustainably manage forest resource, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and
biodiversity loss” and has prioritized the monitoring of forests and the sustainable management of forest
resources.
• It further endorses the guarantee of resilient agricultural practice, sustainable food production, and
imaginative use of natural resources .
• IUCN and the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) first proposed the Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)
initiative at the beginning of the 21st century.
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UN Framework Convention to
Combat/fight Desertification (UNCCD) and the SDGs : focused on SD.
• The Rio+20 Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) as well as the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs all make restoring degraded landscape through FLR a priority .
 Contd….
• Sustainable management of urban forest has to keep the balance between three main
pillars: ecological ( environment), institutions (socio-cultural) and economic.
• Successfully achieving sustainable management of urban forest will provide integrated
benefits of urban forests to all
• It safeguarding local livelihoods to protecting the biodiversity and ecosystems provided by
urban forests thus reducing rural poverty and mitigating the effects of climate change.
• This has to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions,
at local, regional and national level and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems.
• In simpler terms, the concept can be described as the attainment of balance : balance
between society's increasing demands for ecological/environmental benefits , and the
preservation of forest health and diversity.
• This balance is critical to the survival of forests, and to the prosperity of forest-dependent
urban communities.
 Seven key thematic areas of
Sustainability of General Forest
The seven key thematic areas of Sustainability of General Forest are:
• Extent of forest resources
• Biological diversity
• Forest health and vitality
• Ecological/environmental functions
• Protective functions of forest resources
• Socio-economic functions
• Legal, policy and institutional framework.

But In Urban Forest, “triple bottom-line” – economic, environmental, and social

functions, together with forest health and vitality, legal and policy framework and
community are important elements for its sustainability.
 Contd…….
Essentially, for our purposes:
We define The Sustainable Urban Forest as
“ It includes everything that needed to assure that the entire forest system achieves and maintains a
healthy system and structure sufficiently to provide the desired benefits, or ecosystem services, over
time“.

• While this definition is narrowly focused on the urban forest resource, but in the context of urban
forest, its overall sustainability lies on cross-cutting issues like waste reduction and recycling, storm
water management, energy use, air and water quality, wildlife habitat, public health, economic
viability, social equity, overall livability, and sustainable community .
• Many urban dwellers are often less awareness and appreciation of the many benefits of trees, other
than their natural beauty. Those benefits are varied and substantial, and impact all three areas of the
so-called “triple bottom-line” – economic, environmental, and social.
• Therefore, in a broad sense, ecological management of Urban Forest to achieve and maintain the
entire forest system a healthy forest system and provide the desired benefits or ecosystem services is
what we perceive a sustainable Urban Forestry .
• These benefits or ecosystem services from Urban Forestry are economic, environmental, and social.
These resources need to be managed sustainably to create sustainable urban forests.
Contd…..
• Sustainable urban forests are not born, they are made.
• They do not arise at random, but result from a community-wide
commitment to their creation and management.
• Obtaining the commitment of a broad community, of numerous
constituencies, cannot be dictated or legislated. It must arise out of
compromise and respect.”
Therefore , “We cannot separate sustainable urban forests from the
people who live in and around them.…
Requirement of sustainable urban Forest Mgt
Sustainable urban forests require
• Healthy trees and forest resources ,
• Community-wide support and
• Comprehensive management approach.
• Maximum level of net environmental, ecological, social, and economic
benefits over time.
A sustainable urban forest can be developed upon
• Community cooperation,
• Quality care,
• Continued funding and personal involvement.
• Created and maintained with a vision or focus towards getting maximum
benefits and minimum costs.
Principles to sustainability of urban forests
Four principles to sustainability of urban forests are identified :
1.Functions of Urban forests :
• For the sustainability of the urban forests, they should
reduce/eliminate atmospheric contaminants, improve community
wellbeing, reduce urban heat island.
• For the sustainability of urban forest, the net benefit provided by
these functions should be greater than the costs involved in
planting, maintaining and caring the trees.
• A sustainable urban forest should provide continuity of these net
benefits over time and through space.
 Principles to sustainability of…….
2. Outputs of Urban forests
• Sustainable forestry systems usually provide goods (wood, fuel, fiber,
biodiversity and water) i.e. manage for sustained yield.
• The goods are the primary output of the system.
• The most important outputs of urban forests are services, such as
reducing environmental contamination (from removing atmospheric gases
to moderating storm water runoff), improving water quality, reducing
energy consumption, providing social and psychological well-being,
providing wildlife habitat, etc.
• The sustainable urban forests should maintain a balance among all
services and not maximize the output of one service at the expense of all
others.
 Principles to sustainability of…….

3. Sustainable urban forests require human intervention.

• One of the wonderful characteristics of natural forest system or
sustainable forest system is their capacity for self - maintenance.
• Sustainable forests, are capable to self –maintain the resources (natural
capital) . This will often happen with a period of rest to allow renewal and
replacement after harvesting
• “ Maintenance of natural capital" is environmental or biological
sustainability
• In forestry, there can be no sustainable yield, sustainable industry,
sustainable community or sustainable society without a forest being
biologically sustainable.
• Many (but not all) urban forests are a mosaic of miscellany of natural
forest and planted trees or simply a planted forest.
 Principles to sustainability
of…….
• The native remnants (miscellany) may have some capacity for self-renewal and
maintenance, particularly in greenbelts and other intact stands.
• However, the planted trees ( planted Urban forests ) have essentially no ability to
regenerate in place.
• Therefore, we must accept, acknowledge the fact that urban forests may have a
limited ability to retain or replace natural or biological capital.
• Urban forests ( only the planted forests) are usually weak in maintaining
environmental sustainability or in maintaining the natural capital or to become as
a biologically sustainable.
• Therefore, the urban forest to become environmentally or biological sustainable
need human interference ( human activities ) for creation and maintenance of
urban infrastructure and require active, consistent and continuing management.
NB: Natural Capital = natural resources = geology, soils, air, water and all living
organisms , energy/nutrient flow
Contd……

• Sometime the Human interference can be harmful. The adverse

impacts of humans can be mitigated by positive actions such as
planning, planting, and management; all occurring with common
commitment and shared vision.
• It is not possible to separate sustainable urban forests from the
people ( Society ) who live in and around them.
• The implications of this principle are far reaching. First, urban
forests require active, consistent, continuing management from the
human / society .
• Second, tree managers (both public and private) must involve the
surrounding community in decisions and actions regarding urban
forests.
Principles to sustainability of…….
4. Trees growing on private lands compose the majority of urban forests.
• In many cases, the privately owned forests are comprise/include of some portion
of urban forest. Therefore, sustainable urban forests may depend to a large
degree on sustainable private forests.
• Therefore, land owners and managers may be responsible for a large fraction of
urban trees by raising private forest or by planting trees on their land.
• For example, universities, business parks, corporate campuses, commercial real
estate, autonomous semi-public agencies, utilities, etc. may manage large
numbers of trees on small private landholdings, particularly residential
properties, may also constitute a significant fraction of community trees.
• The success of any effort of sustainability of urban forestry must include
participation and commitment of private forest holders . However, their
contribution to the urban forest must be considered in any effort towards
sustainability.
Goal of Urban Forest
• The goal of urban forestry is to design and efficiently manage public
and private lands in and adjacent to urban landscapes.
 Elements of Sustainability
• Urban forests need to be sustainable in terms of ecologically, socially,
and economically sustainable.
• Sustainability, imply programs that yield desired environmental and
economic benefits without inefficient, wasteful design and practices.
• Clearly, sustainability is fundamental to urban forest programs. These
elements will vary city by city depending upon current forest
condition, budget realities, political climate and site specific influences
• However, following 4 core areas are fundamental to urban forest for
their sustainable management.
Four Core Areas of sustainable
UF Mgt
Four Core Areas fundamental to urban forest for their sustainable
management. These areas are:
1) Species Selection and Diversity
2) Inventory and Landscape Planning
3) Tree care and Wood Utilization
4) Community/Public Relations and Support
Four Core Areas of sustainable……contd..
1. Species Selection and Diversity in the urban forests
This is an important element for the sustainability of Urban Forest, if species are not carefully selected
for planting site , the environmental effects could result in interference with city utilities , hazardous
fire and landscapes, high tree maintenance costs, a short life, and even air quality problems.

2. Inventory and Landscape Planning of Urban Forests

This is important to identify how the urban forest landscape is composed and distributed. It provides
important information on tree maintenance cycles, the effects on other city services, the forest
structure and composition, strategic planning and budgeting, and for public interactions.
Four Core Areas of……….
3. Proper Care and Utilization
• Proper care, maintenance, removal, utilization and planting of urban trees/shrubs are
important milestone for the sustainability.
• Poorly designed and maintenance programs, and removal/utilization work are often create
huge amount of cost which is not sustainable. Urban forestry should not be a “money-pit.”
or unsustainable cost.
• Use of proper species selection and utilization of urban forest residues, tree maintenance
operations can be financially sustainable and, in some cases, profitable.
4. Community/Public Relations and Support
• For an urban forestry program to survive and grow for the long run ( (sustainability), we
must pursue both city government support and community citizen/ private sector support.
• Another approach to sustainability is to educate the communities and the urban forestry
staff, including the field crew, on the long-term value of high quality, on-going public
relations.
• Developing good public relations in the community is must for the sustainability of Urban
Forestry.
 Contd…..
The economic, environmental, and social benefits or ecosystem services that
make the urban forest a “ Sustainable” forest are :

Economic benefits
• Save energy and cut costs for summer cooling (shade) and winter heating
(windbreak).
• Increase property values, benefiting homeowners and increasing local tax revenues.
• Boost commercial district activity.
• Support green industry jobs.
• Reduce costs to taxpayers for traditional “grey” infrastructure.
• Supply wood products – ranging from recycled material such as mulch, to hardwood
furniture, and fuel for energy production.
Contd….
Environmental benefits
• Improve air quality by absorbing and filtering pollutants.
• Reduce greenhouse gases by direct carbon sequestration and through
avoided carbon emissions from reduced energy use.
• Save energy by directly shading buildings and through the cooling effects of
transpiration.
• Mitigate overall air temperature extremes and reduce urban “heat island”
effect.
• Help manage storm water, reduce flooding, and improve water quality.
• Support wildlife populations and overall biodiversity.
• Reduce ultraviolet radiation levels: Tree leaves absorb 95% of Uv rays
comes from the sun.
 Contd…..
Social benefits
• Promote public health and well-being.
• Encourage physical activity by creating attractive, shaded outdoor
spaces.
• Discourage crime and create safe places to gather.
• Strengthen community engagement and revitalize neighborhoods.
• Promote social equity and environmental justice for neglected
communities.
• Supply healthy edibles – fruit and nuts.
• Provide relief (solace), spiritual sustenance, and a sense of place.
Thank you
6.4 Urban Resilience to climate
change and disaster
What is Resilience ?
• Resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and toughness :
CC resilience and disaster resilience etc.. .
• Again Resilience is related with vulnerability (susceptibility) and
adaptation ( adaptive capacity ) to climate change and disaster. So we also
need to know here about Resilience, Vulnerability and Adaptation before
going to deal with Urban resilience.
• “Resilience” is the ability of a system and its component parts to
anticipate(expect ), absorb, accommodate or recover from the effects of a
hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner, including through
ensuring the preservation, restoration or improvement of its essential
basic structures and functions (IPCC, 2012).
 Contd…..

• “Resilience” comes from the Latin verb resilire, meaning to rebound or spring back .
• Physicists first used the notion of resilience to explain elasticity and describe a material’s ability
to withstand external shock .
• The term, which originated in the fields of ecology and natural sciences came to be used in
various other disciplines, such as psychology and the study of psychiatric illnesses , the social
sciences and community development and engineering design .
• Urban Resilience is regarded as a urban or network’s ability to successfully reorganize, adapt,
change, and improve in the face of internal and external activities .
• The Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines resilience as “the capacity
of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or
disturbance. And responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function,
identity, and structure and also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning, and
transformation.”
Therefore Urban resilience = the capacity of urban society, urban economy, urban
environmental system to cope with impacts of hazardous events or disturbances. Urban
adaptation capacity to respond or organize the ways that maintain their life.
 Contd…
• Adaptive capacity encompasses two dimensions: recovery from shocks and response to
changes. These two dimensions play an essential role towards resilience, both to recover
from shocks and to adapt to change.
• Resilience can also be described as being “about coping with uncertainty in all ways
Resilience
• In simple terms, resilience is the ability of a person, place, system, or thing to "bounce
back" after being affected by a disturbance. If the person, place, system or thing doesn't
recover from the disturbance, and the fundamental and defining characteristics have
changed, a state transition has occurred. The capacity of the actors within the system to
manage resilience is referred to as adaptability.
• Climate resilience can be generally defined as the capacity for a socio-ecological system
to: (1) absorb stresses and maintain function in the face of external stresses imposed
upon it by climate change and (2) adapt, reorganize, and evolve into more desirable
configurations that improve the sustainability of the system, leaving it better prepared
for future climate change impacts.
 Contd…
Two things come in Resilience :
1. Absorption capacity against external stress imposed by climate
change/disaster
2. Better Adaptation capacity for climate change and disaster impacts
• “Resilience” is a manner or trait or quality , reflecting a general ability to
control or reduce challenges or threat, whereas
• “Adaptation” is a state, reflecting how we deal with specific stressors.
• Resilience includes the ability to acquire new capabilities, perhaps emerging
stronger from the struggle, where as
• Adaptation entails preserving existing resources.
A conversation about urban Resilience to climate change and disaster will
be incomplete without incorporating the concepts of adaptations,
vulnerability, and climate change.
 Contd…
• As for vulnerability(like social insecurity), resilience can be considered in various
dimensions – biophysical, economic and social and at various scales. And as for
vulnerability, the way the various dimensions and scales interact is crucial,
precisely because of the importance of general resilience to cope with
uncertainty.
• For instance, Karfakis et al. (2011) shows that increasing the level of education
of farmers can be an efficient mean for reducing farmers’ households
vulnerability to climate change.
• Resilience puts a greater emphasis on the capacity of a system to recover and
transform itself in the long term, to adapt to its changing environment, in a
dynamic perspective. It therefore implies that it is not only shocks that have to
be considered, as a change relative to an average, but also the change of the
average itself, ultimately the question being until what point a system can adapt
before changing to another type of system
Contd…
• Urban /Cities are important avenue to describe the concept of
climate change or other disaster resilience because urban society
contain numerous interdependent, closely linked sectors and
activities, as is the case with an organism .
• Urban Resilience addresses how urban can sustain progress and
development in the face of climate change and other risks of various
disasters . How the urban build their capacity to effectively respond
to the disaster and a systemic transformation . Developing this
ability requires a sound urban planning and management.
Contd…
• Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to and unable to cope
with adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes.
• Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change
and variation to which a system is exposed, as well as the system’s sensitivity and
adaptive capacity (IPCC 2007a).
• Vulnerability : “Vulnerability” is the propensity ( tendency or susceptibility) or
predisposition (tendency) to be adversely affected (IPCC, 2012). It is a dynamic
concept, varying across temporal and spatial scales and depends on economic,
social, geographic, demographic, cultural, institutional, governance and
environmental factors.
• Measuring vulnerability is complex as it needs to be considered across various
dimensions.
• Before identification of Vulnerability, we need to know the term Exposure,
Sensitivity, Impact, Adaptive capacity ( Adaptation) and their relationship with
Vulnerability
Contd…
Exposure : The extent to which the urban comes into contact with climate condition
or climate impacts. The greater the exposure of the urban settlements , the higher
the sensitivity of urban to climate change. For example, the urban located in landslide
zones or flooding zones are more exposed to flood disaster and therefore more
sensitive to increased rainfall and flood waters. Location, Duration and Intensity of
climate threat and magnitude of the event etc should be taken into consideration.
Exposure should be rated as Very low, Low, Medium, High, very high

Sensitivity : This is a degree to which the urban is directly or indirectly affected by

climate change conditions ( ie Temp. and precipitation). If the urban is likely to be
affected by the climate change, then it should be considered sensitive to climate
change. Age of urban city, material used for construction of infrastructures and their
quality, level of maintenance of the structures, design consideration, that protects the
infrastructure from any extreme climatic conditions. Sensitivity should be rated as
Very high, High, Medium, Low, Very low
 Contd….
• Impact = Exposure * Sensitivity
• Example : If the Exposure is High and sensitivity is High, then the Impact is
also High
• Impact : With severe storm condition and increased water flow there will be
more landslides, that will damage the physical infrastructure of urban , there
will be short supply of drinking water, electricity, disturbances in livelihoods,
business and industries, problems in transportation and communication
• Adaptive Capacity ( Adaptation ) : local authorities have adequate funds,
capabilities and robust institutions, construction materials readily available
etc.
• Vulnerability = Impact * Adaptive Capacity
• Example : If the Impact is High and Adaptive Capacity is Medium , then the
Vulnerability of Urban to climate change and disaster is also High
Contd….
 Contd….
Building Urban resilience to Climate change and Disaster
Three ways to build resilience
In a first approximation we can identify the following three ways to build resilience:
1. Reduce exposure . Urban Infrastructures less expose to havocs like floods, erosion and
landslides
2. Reduce the sensitivity of systems to shocks. By increasing and managing good transportation
system, water supply, sanitation, irrigation, storm water drainage, sustainable watershed.
3 . Increase adaptive capacity. This includes considering the modifications of a system taking into
account the improvement of technologies , improved skills, better financial and other resources,
built robust institutions etc
To ensure resilience, the three ways of actions listed above have to be considered through
time, and given uncertainties.
• To a great extent, increasing resilience can be achieved by reducing vulnerabilities and increasing
adaptive capacity. This can be achieved by reducing exposure, reducing sensitivity and increasing
adaptive capacity,
• For every type of risk, it can act in each domain, either biophysical, economic and social.
Contd…..
1. High Exposure, High Sensitivity …… High Vulnerability
2. High Vulnerability …………………….. Low Resilience
3. Low Vulnerability ……………………… High Resilience
• Climate or disaster resilience is generally defined as the capacity for
a socio-ecological system to:
• (1) absorb stresses and maintain function in the face of external
stresses imposed upon it by climate change or disaster and
• (2) adapt, reorganize, and evolve into more desirable conditions
that improve the sustainability of the system, leaving it better
prepared for future climate change or disaster impacts.
 Contd….
• Crucially, the urban resilience to climate change and disaster depend on
the overall performance and capacity of urban system, not solely on its
ability to manage disaster risk, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, or adapt
to the impacts of climate change.
• In fact, urban resilience to climate change and disaster describe the urban
that is resilient on three levels:
(i) The urban’s systems should survive climate-related shocks and stresses.
(ii) The people and organizations of urban areas should be able to
accommodate climate-related shocks and stresses into their daily
decisions.
(iii) The urban’s institutional structures should continue to support the
capacity of people and organizations to fulfill their basic needs.
Urban resilience to climate change and disaster in Nepal
• Nepal is experiencing rapid urbanization
• Uncontrolled and haphazard urban development has created numerous problems,
including deficiencies in basic urban services; environmental degradation; encroachment
on public lands, forests, and river banks; and sprawling settlement development.
• Disasters triggered by natural hazards are causing heavy loss of life and assets, and
represent an unparalleled threat to Nepal’s development.
• The effects of climate change (CC) and extremes have further aggravated the country’s
disaster vulnerability.
• Nepal, one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world
• Nepal exposed to multiple hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, fires, heat and
cold waves, lightning, windstorms, hailstorms, droughts, epidemics and cc .
• Disaster management has been included in the periodic plans of municipalities since 2009.
There is a lack of preparation to deal with disasters. Most the municipalities do not have a
disaster management section within their institutional framework.
 Contd…
• Politicians and policymakers rarely given emphasis on ecosystem issues .
• Consultative research processes are crucial to improve the impact of cc.
• Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in urban development planning and policy is
crucial for sustainability, but is hindered by institutional gaps
• Opportunities are emerging. After implementation of federalism in Nepal, municipalities
became more autonomous and can impose tax, allocate budget, make their own policies
and enforce them. This has opened opportunities to them for designing and
implementing inclusive and resilient cities on their own, and have called for support
from researchers and advocacy groups supporting government in different sectoral
areas.
• The Government of Nepal has also initiated several urban planning activities.
• Ten new cities are planned along the mid hill highway that connect east and west of
Nepal.
• These are planned to be disaster and cc resilient, economic hubs, and with distinct
identities
Contd….
• Nepal’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to climate
change has identified Urban Settlements and Infrastructure for
resilience
• It is becoming increasingly important to incorporate disaster risk
assessments into the urban planning and management of disaster-
prone human settlements and particularly by addressing the
problems of informal settlements in high-risk areas
• Collective efforts of government, researchers, policy makers and
practitioners on reviewing, formulating and implementing policy for
the resilient urbanization is obligatory in Nepal.
NAPA,LAPA and CAPA for CC and
disaster resilience
• Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) and Community Adaptation
Plan of Actions (CAPA) and National Adaptation Plan of Action
activities were a part of Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme
(MSFP) in Nepal for cc and disaster resilience.
• Nepal’s NAPA was endorsed by the GoN in September 2010.
• Then, LAPA framework was devised and approved by GoN in 2011 for
the operation of NAPA to integrate climate change resilience into the
local to national development planning processes and outcomes.
 Any Questions ??

Thanks
6.5 Policy, rules and regulation for
the management of urban forestry
 Urban Forests Policy

• A policy is a system of principles with a common vision, which aims to guide specific
decisions or sets of decisions and set out actions required to implement the
decisions.
• Each country has its own approach to policies; for countries may have develop
policies at the national or provincial or municipal levels
• What ever is the level of policies, they should contain Vision, Principles/Goals,
Objectives and Implementation Strategies
• Urban forest Policies could be at implementation and management levels, it also
could be at broader level. The broader level policy could be overall or sectoral
covering the multiple socioeconomic interests of a Village, city or region, which
have direct or indirect, and positive or negative, impacts on urban forests.
• Country urban forests policies at national and local levels help expand or contract
public access into urban forestry, ownership and understanding of urban forests with
their impacts on public health, safety and enjoyment of the urban environment.
 Contd……
• A sound and consistent policy on urban forest can help government and
communities successfully design, establish, protect and restore urban
forests.
• For the development of such policy, attention should be given in developing
1)governance and 2) the legal framework for the development of Urban
Forests.
• Governance and legal framework are necessary for planning, designing and
managing urban forests to optimize the provision of goods and ecosystem
services for local communities.
• More specifically, the Municipal policy on Urban Forestry should establish
principles and guidelines for future decisions, actions, laws and regulations
and provide an overview of the general approach to be taken in the
establishment, management and use of urban forests at municipal level
Developing policies on urban
forestry
• Urban Forest policies may be developed in many ways depending on the
a. local and national context, b. the prevailing socioeconomic and c.
environmental conditions of the country or province or municipality .
• Urban Forest policies should be conceived with due consideration of other
sectoral or overall urban policies. Policy conceived without due
consideration of other sectoral or overall urban policies often fail to
sufficiently take urban forests and other green spaces into account.
• The urban forest policy can also be developed based on the approaches
such as Green city approach, Green Infrastructure approach or Urban
environmental protection approach
The Green city approach : This approach of urban forestry policy will give
more emphasis for enhancing green economy, reducing climate impacts,
maintaining green buildings and green transportations and reducing the
current environment footprints, providing clean water, air and local food
 Contd…..
The Green Infrastructure approach :

• This approach of urban forestry policy will ensure the integration of urban forest policy
with the policies governing urban land use particularly urban forests, agriculture, public
green spaces, and integration with national urban development policies.
• Green infrastructure is described here as “a network of spaces with public or private
agricultural or natural vegetation, a multi-purpose resource providing ecological,
environmental, social and economic services.
• These services are enhanced further when connectivity of green infrastructure is
achieved”. This policy aims to increase the connectivity between green spaces using
green corridors and encourage multi-functionality (e.g. in the form of environmental
and socio-cultural services) in urban green spaces such as forests, parks and vegetable
gardens.
• The policy also aims to integrate green infrastructure with other urban infrastructure.
 Contd….
Urban environmental protection approach :
• This policy approach is a comprehensive policy approach based on “improving
environmental quality of urban life”.
• This policy will be developed to promote the sustainable and spatially integrated
and orderly development of urban settlements with adequate housing and
services, efficient institutions, and a sound living and working environment for all
people to support rapid socioeconomic development in the country.
• This policy framework addresses specific urban problems, such as land-use
degradation and uncontrolled urban sprawl(Slump); increasing environmental
deterioration; inadequate urban infrastructure and services; urban poverty, slums
and squatter (unlawful tenant) settlements; and weak rural–urban linkages.
• In particular, initiatives for the protection of forests, open spaces and green belts
are promoted (“improving environmental quality of urban life”).
 Contd…..
Policy document of Urban Forest should have Vision, Goal, Objectives, Principle,
and Implementation Strategy
Examples of Vision, Goal, Objectives, Principles and Implementation Strategy
for the development of policy on urban forestry or urban green policies.
Following examples could be useful for preparing urban forestry policy document :

• Vision : Healthy and resilient green cities and urban forests provide benefits to all
and are managed with a shared commitment by all members of a urban community
• Goal : This should be generated in consultations and discussion with Citizens,
property owners and local agencies
• Objectives : These should be developed based on the goal and to achieve the
stated (acknowledged) Goals.
 Contd….

Principles : These are the examples of some principles that should be taken
into consideration, while developing urban forest policy :
• Urban Residents or urban dwellers are the most important and influential
stakeholders of urban forests.
• Management is directed and coordinated to meet the overall objectives
to promote, conserve, protect and improve urban forests
• Urban forests on both public and private land are protected and managed
to provide the benefits of the “right tree in the right place” and support
the integrity of natural features
• Stable long-term financial support is available for urban forest .
Contd…principles
• All urban development is based on sound environmental criteria
• Health in the broadest sense is a right of all citizens.
• Urban Environmental education is accessible to all
• Links exist between urban policies and other relevant policies at the
national, provincial and municipal locals
• Strategic and programme documents at the national, provincial and
municipal locals are inter sectoral
• Land use and land tenure are addressed equitably.
• Urban–rural linkages are an opportunity for the socio-economic
development of both cities and surrounding rural areas
 Contd…..
Implementation Strategy :
• Develop municipal/national standards and guidelines for the sustainable design,
management and maintenance of urban forests
• Promote the inventory of urban forests at national and municipality levels and
develop green zoning and re-zoning policies
• Monitor the health of urban forests and adopt a risk management plan for addressing
potential threats
• Seek funding opportunities and partnerships and develop incentive schemes
• Identify and carry out innovative technologies and techniques, and potential research
• Promote and sustain initiatives and communication tools to engage the community in
urban forest stewardship
• Work collaboratively with schools and education and capacity-building institutions to
increase knowledge
 Contd…implementation strategy
• Develop a “green city” action plan, including measurable targets and goals
• Develop a climate-change adaptation strategy
• Develop green standards for building and property development
• Develop and manage smart infrastructure systems, adopting nature-based
solutions
• Protect open spaces, green belts, forest reserves, water bodies, wetlands,
water catchment areas and other ecologically sensitive areas from physical
development and urban encroachment
• Develop and implement a systematic programme of flood control and
establish adequate measures to protect against natural hazards in urban
areas
• Generate environmental awareness by increasing mass media public
education, information technology and e-learning
 Urban forest laws
National level
• National-level laws of urban forest development should deal with, for example, urban forest
ownership, urban forest exploitation rights and management norms.
• Most often, national laws related to urban forestry set general standards and help shape the
legal framework standards for urban environment and other green spaces at the urban level.
• Legal framework for urban forests should be developed taking into considerations of other
sectoral laws of the nation that may influence Urban Forests Laws.
These sectoral laws that may influence the Urban Forest Law include :
• forestry, agriculture, agroforestry and fisheries;
• urban development;
• land use and land ownership;
• infrastructure and public works;
• erosion control and watershed protection;
• decentralization; and
• incentives and supporting measures for local communities and among others
 Contd…..urban forest laws
Municipalities level :
• Usually, municipalities should regulate urban forests of municipalities through development
of norms and should be developed to fit local conditions.
• Municipal or Local laws on urban forests should often be linked with the problems and
designation of green spaces for specific functions, such as urban parks, protected areas,
street trees, green belts, historical and botanical gardens, school trees, gardens and forests,
pocket landscapes and cemeteries(chiyan ghar).
• Municipal laws should refer to – and regulate – the management of both public and
private Urban forestry components.
• Municipal laws and regulations should provide authority, offer guidance to residents, specify
• rights, responsibilities and minimum standards, and regulate urban activities affecting the
urban forests.
• Municipal Law should provide authority, establish required conditions and actions, offer
guidance, set standards, identify agents responsible for urban forest management activities,
and provide incentives for maintaining healthy, vigorous and well-managed urban forests.
 Contd….
• Municipal Law should provide tree ordinance ( tree law/regulation,
encompass both publicly and privately owned trees) specially in street tree
ordinances, tree protection ordinances (including compensatory measures for
damaging a tree ), tree preservation ordinances and by-laws,
• Municipal Law should provision for commonly address issues related to
tree removal, tree work, and the encroachment of construction into defined
tree protection zones or urban forest declared zones .
• Municipality Law should develop Standards, specifications and guidelines
including tree-planting, tree maintenance and tree protection. Standards and
specifications should be site-specific so as to best suit local circumstances.
• Municipality law should provision to include financial incentives like tax
breaks and subsidies to encourage beneficial behaviour and subsidize
landowners and tree owners to manage their properties for public benefit.
Any Quarries?

Thanks
Unit 5.Growing Urban Trees and
Conservation
5.1.Tree Care and pest diagnostic basics
Tree Care
 Tree care ….Contd….
Tree Care Tips & Techniques
• These comprehensive tree care tips will guide us through the process of
selecting, planting, and caring of the right tree for right space.
• Proper tree care starts when we select a tree. And what we do to your
tree in its first few years of life will affect its shape, strength, and even its
lifespan.
• Following these steps will make sure our tree gets a good start for a
healthy life.
Tree care ….Contd….
Choosing the Right Type of Tree
• Proper tree care begins with selecting the right tree and planting it in the right
place.
• Make sure our tree will thrive (Flourish) — especially once fully grown — where
we want to plant it.
Things to consider include:
• The tree’s purpose. Are you planting it for aesthetics, privacy, shade/energy
reduction, windbreak, or as a street tree? Our end goal will determine the
suitability of different trees.
• Planting site limitations. What is our hardiness(self assurance) zone? What is the
maximum height and spread for a tree in the space? What are the sun exposure
and soil conditions? This information is needed.
• Learn more about planting the Right Tree in the Right Place.
select the right tree for the right place.
 Tree care ….Contd….

Right Tree, Right Place

Short, flowering trees don’t clash with
overhead utility lines. Large deciduous
trees on the southeast, southwest,
and west provide cooling shade in the
summer but don’t obstruct the
warming winter sunlight. An
evergreen windbreak to the north
blocks cold winds in winter.
Tree care ….Contd….
Selecting a Healthy Tree
Good tree care starts with a healthy tree.
Here’s what to look for to ensure your tree can provide a lifetime of
benefits.
Bare-Root Seedlings
Roots should be moist and fibrous.
Deciduous seedlings should have roots about equal to stem length.
Tree care ….Contd….
Container-Grown Trees
• Container should not contain large, circling roots.
• Pruned roots should be cut cleanly, none wider than a finger.
• Soil and roots should be joined tightly.
 Tree care ….Contd….
Additional considerations when purchasing a mature tree include:
• A strong, well-developed leader (or leaders in a multi-leader tree).
• Bright, healthy bark.
• Trunk and limbs/branches free of insect
• Free of mechanical injury.
• Branches well-distributed around trunk
• Ideal spacing between branches, at least 8–12" for most species.
• Good trunk taper (taper decreasing properly)
• Wide-angle crotches for strength.
• Low branches — they are temporary but help develop taper, promote
trunk caliper growth, and prevent sun damage
Tree care ….Contd….

Planting a Tree
• Fallow these step-by-step and learn how to plant your new tree.
• Planting Bare Root Trees
• Planting Balled and Burlapped Trees
• Planting Containerized Trees
 Tree care ….Contd….
Proper Mulching
Mulch is a newly planted tree’s best friend because it:………………………
• Insulates/protect the soil, helping to provide a buffer from heat and cold.
• Retains water to help the roots stay moist.
• Keeps weeds out to avoid root competition.
• Prevents soil compaction.
• Reduces by grass damage.
Steps to Adding Mulch Around Your Tree
• Remove any grass within a 3-feet area (up to 10 feet for larger tree).
• Pour natural mulch such as wood chips or bark pieces 2 to 4 inches deep within
the circle.
• Keep away the mulch from touching the trunk of the tree.
Showing proper mulching
 Tree care ….Contd….
Tree Watering
• Tree watering is a key part of tree care, but it is difficult to recommend
an exact amount due to the variety of climates. A few guidelines will
help you to water your trees properly.
a)Watering Newly Planted Trees
• For new trees, water immediately after you plant a tree. Usually 30
seconds with a steady stream of water from a garden hose w/ a diffuser
nozzle per tree seedling is sufficient.
 Tree care ….Contd….
b) Watering Trees During First Two Years
• During the first couple growing seasons, your newly planted tree is expending a lot of
energy trying to get its roots established in the soil. Especially during the first few
summers of your new trees life, it will have a difficult time dealing with heat and
drought. You can make this easier by providing water and covering the soil with wood-
chip mulch. Deep watering can help speed the root establishment. Deep water consists
of keeping the soil moist to a depth that includes all the roots.
c)How Much Water and When
• Not enough water is harmful for the tree, but too much water is bad as well. Over-
watering is a common tree care mistake. Please note that moist is different than
soggy/waterlogged, and you can judge this by feel. A damp/wet soil that dries for a short
period will allow adequate oxygen to permeate the soil.
• You can check soil moisture by using a garden trowel and inserting it into the ground to a
depth of 2", and then move the blade of the trowel back and forth to create a small
narrow trench. Then use your finger to touch the soil. If it is moist to the touch, then
they do not need water.
 Tree care ….Contd….
Drought-Tolerant Species
• If your area constantly deals with drought you will want to consider
trees listed as drought-tolerant. Some drought-tolerant species
include Arizona Cypress ,Japanese Zelkova, White Fir and Kentucky
Coffeetree in our context Shorea robusta, Acacia cathechu and varities
of throny species
Moisture-Tolerant Species
• On the opposite side of the spectrum if your area deals with a large
amount of moisture or wet conditions, here are a few trees that will do
better in wet conditions: Bald cypress, Shellbark Hickory, Red
Maple, Silver Maple, Paper Birch, River Birch, Weeping Willow in our
context Terminalia tomentosa, and Syzezium cumini etc
 Tree care ….Contd….

Pruning
• Proper pruning technique is important for a healthy tree. why pruning is necessary,
the rules of pruning, and the ABCs of pruning?????????
When to Prune?
• This depends to a large extent on why you prune. Light pruning and the removal of dead
wood can be done anytime. Otherwise, below are some guidelines for the different
seasons.
WINTER PRUNING
• Pruning during dormancy is the most common practice. It results in a vigorous burst of new
growth in the spring and should be used if that is the desired effect. It is usually best to wait
until the coldest part of winter has passed.
SUMMER PRUNING
• To direct the growth by slowing the branches you don’t want, or to “dwarf” the
development of a tree or branch, pruning should be done soon after seasonal growth is
complete. Another reason to prune in the summer is for corrective purposes. Defective
limbs can be seen more easily.
Tree care …contd
PRUNING FLOWERING TREES TO ENHANCE FLOWERING
• For trees that bloom in spring, prune when their flowers fade. Trees and
shrubs that flower in mid- to late summer should be pruned in winter or
early spring.
WHEN NOT TO PRUNE: FALL/ (AUTUMN SEASON)
• Because decay fungi spread their spores profusely in the fall and wounds
seem to heal more slowly on fall on cuts, this is a good time to leave your
pruning tools in storage.
Methods of pruning
• Proper tree pruning is an art based on scientific principles of plant
physiology.
• At its most basic level, pruning trees involves removing damaged,
dead or structurally weak limbs, which will improve a tree’s health
and reduce the chances of personal or property damage caused by
falling limbs.
• More advanced pruning methods aid in improving the tree’s structure
and long-term health
There are four basic methods for tree pruning:
• Clean: Selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts: dead, diseased,
and/or broken branches. This type of pruning is done to reduce the risk of branches
falling from the tree and to reduce the movement of decay, insects and diseases from
dead or dying branches into the rest of the tree. Cleaning is the preferred pruning
method for mature trees because it does not remove live branches unnecessarily.
Removal of 4D-dead, dying, decay and deform
• Thin: Selective pruning to reduce density of live branches. Thinning trees reduces the
density at the edge of the crown, not the interior, which increases sunlight penetration
and air movement.
• Raise: Selective pruning to provide vertical clearance. Crown raising shortens or
removes lower branches of a tree to provide clearance for buildings, signs, vehicles,
pedestrians, and views.
• Reduce: Selective pruning to decrease height and/or spread. This type of pruning is
done to minimize risk of failure, to reduce height or spread, for utility line clearance, to
clear vegetation from buildings or other structures, or to improve the appearance of the
plant. Not all tree and shrub species can tolerate reduction pruning, so the species and
plant health should be considered.
 Not acceptable pruning practices
There are also certain pruning practices that are not
acceptable and can injure trees:
• Topping: The reduction of a tree’s size using cuts that
shorten limbs or branches back to a predetermined crown
limit, often leaving large stubs.
• Lion’s Tailing: The removal of an excessive number of inner
branches from the tree.
• Rooster-Tailing: The over-thinning of palms by removing too
many lower fronds. See image at left.
• An understanding of the end goals lie at the heart of good
pruning. Before beginning work, it is imperative that your
plans include the objectives of pruning, the pruning types to
be used, the size range of branches to remove, the
percentage of live crown to be removed, and the location of
branches.
NB: Consider
consulting a professional arborist or tree care company
familiar with proper pruning
 Thinning
• Thinning is an important urban forest management tool
• Thinning is the term foresters apply to removal of some trees from a stand
to give others more room (and resources) to grow.
• Nature generally plants forests thick. An area disturbed by fire, wind
damage or disease may regenerate with thousands of seedlings per acre.
Spaced closely together, these trees compete for sunlight, water and
nutrients.
• The strong trees are called "dominants" and "co-dominants," depending on
their relative heights, and the weak trees are called "intermediates" and
"suppressed." In the language of forestry, this process is called
“differentiation.”
• Eventually, weak trees die from resource limitations, and the remaining
trees each get a bigger proportion.
 Thinning contd….
• If differentiation always worked perfectly, trees would always be in
balance with their site's ability to support plant life
• Foresters use thinning to help optimize nature's process and meet
specific management objectives.
• Foresters can choose what trees to leave — trees suited for wood
production, wildlife habitat, regeneration, resistance to disease or any of
a number of objectives.
• These objectives define when and how a thinning operation should be
conducted. If the objective is spotted owl habitat, repeated thinning may
be needed to promote the growth of large trees with plenty of open
space below for foraging(Hunt) habitat. An objective of keeping a forest
healthy may be met by removing any trees that show signs of decline,
thereby minimizing stress on the remaining trees.
Image :Spotted owl
Thinning contd….
• Foresters use thinning to help optimize nature's process and meet
specific management objectives.
• Individual trees are removed before a stand becomes overcrowded,
allowing the remaining trees to maintain higher growth rates.
Thinning contd…

• If the objective is to maximize wood production for today’s market

(with mills most strongly desiring long, straight logs of moderate
diameter) then an early, pre commercial thinning and final harvest
between 35 and 45 years of age is probably appropriate.
• For landowners who want to hold their forests in “big” trees for
longer periods of time, additional commercial thinning will be
required. keep trees healthy.
• Numerous young stands present ample opportunity to use thinning to
increase timber value, enhance resistance to insect attack and meet
other objectives.
 Thinning contd….
• Trees vary in tolerance to shade. Some species grow best when exposed
to full sunlight, while others need to be in the shade.
• With many species, trees grown in dense stands for too long may exhibit
a negative response to thinning when it does occur. Trees in these stands
may have thin bark that makes them susceptible to sun-scald (damage to
the cambium from overheating). They may have needles that are not well
adapted to direct sunlight, and they may have only a small crown area.
• By thinning before a stand begins to stagnate(decline), growth rates and
tree health can be maintained. First thinning of local Douglas-fir will often
be required within 15 to 20 years of planting. If still un thinned at 30
years, the stand may be too stagnant(Inactive) to respond effectively.
Thinning contd…
• To achieve maximum usable fiber yields, thin when the crowns of the
trees begin to overlap.
• Recurrent thinning may be needed to grow older, larger trees. Tree
value (and stand form, health and aesthetic appeal) is almost always
improved by removing trees with poor form and/or lower growth
rates. Close attention must be paid to crown extent.
• Foresters use various guidelines to help them determine how many
trees to leave on a site. These may be based on tree diameter, crown
closure, site conditions, and several other factors. The important thing
is to use a guideline to ensure that you will meet your management
objectives.
 Thinning contd…
• Thin in the late summer and early fall(Atumn) if possible. At this time the trees will be
least susceptible to damage from the thinning operation, and the populations of
insects that would be attracted to the freshly thinned stand will be low.
• Winter is also an acceptable time to thin, but exercise caution to avoid soil compaction
and erosion.
• On droughty sites, it may be necessary to thin to wide spacing and control competing
vegetation to keep trees alive.
• Avoid thinning Douglas-fir on sites with the invasive root fungus blackstain to prevent
further spread of disease.
• Remember that your objectives define when and how much to thin. If a primary
objective is to maximize value, remove the trees with poor form and lower growth
rates.
• For maximum timber volume, Longer rotations require additional thinning.
• Other objectives, such as the need for immediate income or the desire to produce
wildlife habitat, will influence how many and what type of trees you remove.
 Pruning in urban forestry
Objectives
• Knot free
• Quality timber production
• Removal of 4D branches
Classification (On the basis of branches)
• Dry pruning-pruning of dead branches
• Green pruning -i.e. punning of living branches
Classification ( on the basis of Agency)
• Natural pruning -self pruning
• Artificial pruning- Done by Foresters
Bud pruning
• Buds are removed
• The objective is knot free timber
• practice done in Poplars, pines and Salix alba in India
Tools use in pruning
• Hand saw, Long handled saw, long handled chisel, pruning shears, axe, ladder etc….
 Climber control in urban forestry
• Regeneration seriously affected by climbers
Methods of control
• Uprooting climber
• For thick climbers (Cut at two places-one near the base and other about
one meter above it )
Thinning in UF
Types of forestry crop
• Regular crops – i.e. even aged
• Irregular crops- uneven aged
Concept of normal and abnormal forest………???????
 Thinning in Regular crops

1)Mechanical thining-syn line thinning

• Alternate trees cut in alternate rows
• Selected by some rule of thumb
• Done in early stage of crops when the canopy differentiation has not taken
• Canopy differentiation : Dominant, co-dominant, intermediate and suppressed
2)Ordinary thinning- syn low thinning
• After canopy differentiation starts
• Taken from dominated classes
• Removal of inferior at first
Types:
• light (A grade),Moderate (B grade),Heavy (C grade),very heavy(D grade),very very
heavy (E grade )
 Thinning in Regular crops…..contd….
3)Crown thinning syn. French thinning
• Directed to the dominant trees
• Dominated and suppressed stems are retained unless they are dead, dying and
diseased
• May be of two types: light crown thinning and heavy crown thinning
4) Free thinning syn. Elite thinning
• Done in elite and selected stems
5)Maximum thinning
• For fully utilization of growing space
• For potential increment of retained trees
6)Advance thinning
• Thinning done before competition of the crops ( If required )
 Thinning in irregular crops
• Selection thinning carried out in irregular crops
• Characteristics of removal-4D,Inferior,less valuable and less desirable etc…..

Improvement felling
• Removal or destruction of less valuable trees in favor of more valuable
individuals
• Characteristics of removal-4D, over matured, badly shaped, congested
group of poles, undesirable and climber cutting
 Urban forest Pest diagnostic basics
• A pest may be defined as a plant, animal, insect and pathogen (A pathogen is a
microorganism e.g. virus, bacterium, fungi that causes disease in animals or
plants. Disease can be caused by damaging cells of the plants and animals.
Most pathogens are parasites that live in or on the host ).
• Diagnostic : An appraisal of the current and potential significance of a pest
problem.
• Diagnostic or assisting diagnosis or symptoms : is the art of putting together
clues ( evidences) to come up with the cause or causes of the disease or damage.
• Clues or symptoms include: type and pattern of damage, signs of pathogens,
stand conditions and cultural practices
• In other word, Diagnostic is the discovery, identification and reporting of
damaging insects, diseases, animals, introduced plants and environmental
stresses
 Urban forest Pest diagnostic
basics…..
• Pathogens like virus, bacterium, fungi, bacteria, nematodes(like a round worm), as
well as abiotic problems, can all cause plant diseases.
• Abiotic problems are caused by adverse extremes in the environment, such as
nutrient deficiency, prolonged water stress, and air pollution.
How Do Pathogens Cause Disease?
• Pathogens use a number of different strategies to enter their host and capture the
plant's energy for their own use.
• Some enter through natural openings or wounds created by mechanical damage
or from severe weather events (i.e., hail, wind-swept sand).
• Others, such as some fungi or nematodes, can directly penetrate through the plant
tissue, while viruses rely primarily on insects for transmission.
• Once inside the plant, some pathogens use enzymes that break down the tissue of
the plant just like the enzymes in our stomachs break down food.
 Urban forest Pest diagnostic
basics…..
• Others have toxins that actually kill the plant tissue before the enzymes break it down.
• Still others secrete hormones that change the way the plant grows. For example, the
hormones may tell the plant to move more nutrients to the area where the pathogen is
lodged(blocked).
Diagnostic has two phases:
a. Surveillance : is carried out by persons working in the forest on a day-to-day basis in
connection with their regular duties. Surveillance is an ongoing, continuous effort
for Diagnosing the pest
b. Diagnosing Surveys. Surveillance can at times be supplemented by Diagnosis
surveys, which are planned, organized and conducted for specific purposes or
objectives.

NB: The early Diagnosis of potential pest problems is essential to successfully

preventing pest-caused damage in future.
 Pest diagnostic basics…….contd…
1)Shorea robusta (Sal)
• Sal heart wood borer-Hoplocerambyx spinicornis
• Sal seed and seedling borer-Lepidoptera Eucosmidae
• Hoplocerambyx spinicornis may eat up the cambium and kill the tree
Control are as under:
• Silvicultural control-The crop should be fairly dense
• Mechanical control- Traps may be used on trees
2)Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine )
• Shoot borer – Ips longifolia
• Control -debarking
 Pest diagnostic basics…….contd…
3)Bombax ceiba (Simal)
• Shoot borer- Tonica niviferna
Method of control
-pupae may be collected and physically destroyed
-The attacked plants may be cut and the shoot brunt
4) Toona ciliata (Tooni)
Shoot borer –Hypsipyla robusta
Method of Control- pruning
5)Dalbergia sissoo
Defoliator-placoptera reflexa
Method of Control
• tree should be raised where suitable edaphic and hydrological condition exist
• Early thinning
 Pest diagnostic basics…….contd…
6)Cedrus deodara
• Defoliator-Ectropis deodarae
Silvicultural Control:
• Mixed plantation may be taken up.
• Avoid the litter removal and over grazing
Biological control
• Calesoma beesoni is an important predator and the population of this pest
may be controlled .this predator eats caterpillar and larvae, pupae.
7)Tectona grandis( Teak)
• Defoliator-Hapalia machaeralis and Hyblaea puera
Silvicultural control-large teak plantation should not be raised and control
burning should be avoided.
Biological control-The pest may be controlled by release of cedria paradoxa.
 Major insect /pests of Forest Nurseries
A)Coackchafers
-Root feeders
Control: bed should not be prepared in the hot season and during the early part of rainy season
because this is the egg laying period.
Chemicals-DDT, B.H.C., Nepthalene and Aldrin dust
B)Cutworms
-cutoff seedlings
Control:
• Nursery sites/beds should be cleared of weeds and grasses
• Larvae should be killed physically
• Chemicals-sodium flouride
C)Crickets
• Feed on young seedlings and low shoots
• Cutting them during darkness
Control: Flooding,Trapping and baiting (Like hunt)
 Some Important Diseases :
Leaf Diseases
• Deciduous trees, those that lose their leaves seasonally, can develop leaf spot diseases.
These tree diseases debilitate trees and shrubs by interrupting photosynthesis, the process
by which plants creates food and energy.
• Leaf Fungal : Disease cause by a group of fungus species. Symptoms include leaf spots,
blotches or distortion, especially along leaf veins, defoliation, shoot blight, twig cankers
and dieback. It may not cause long term damage to established trees. But repeated
infections over consecutive years will reduce the tree’s health and leave it vulnerable to
other pests and infections.
Bark and Trunk Diseases
• Bark Disease affects trees and is caused by the combination of a insect’s feeding habits
and an opportunistic fungal pathogen. An early sign of bark disease is a visible infection on
the tree’s bark that looks like a reddish-brown, oozing(Emision), bleeding wound. Other
symptoms of the disease include small, sparse, yellow foliage, and a thin, weak crown
 Some Important Diseases contd…
Cankers Disease –cankers disease is caused by a bug/fungus double whammy. A tiny bark
beetle creates galleries and tunnels beneath the bark of the tree and paves the way for a
fungal infection and cankers. The three primary symptoms of this disease are dead branches,
many small cankers on branches and the trunk, and evidence of tiny bark beetles. The bark
surface may not seem affected, or a dark amber stain or cracking of the bark may appear
directly above a canker.
Fungal Disease– It is caused by a fungus that infects the vascular (circulatory) system of the
tree. The fungus clogs vascular tissues, prevents water movement to the crown and causes
the tree to wilt and die. Initially, the disease will affect individual branches, causing leaves to
yellow and curl up. Within one to three years, it will choke and kill the entire tree.
Root diseases
Root Rot – Root Rot is a fungal disease affecting hundreds of species of trees and fruit and
vegetable plants. Oak trees are particularly vulnerable to this fungus. It’s most common when
soil remains wet for long periods. Symptoms may not be immediately evident; the tree may
decline gradually over a few years. Leaves may turn a dull green, yellow, red, or purple as they
wilt. The bark of infected trees may appear darkened around the soil line. Peeling away some
bark should reveal red-brown discoloration underneath
Some Important Diseases
contd…
Black Knot –
• Black knot is a deadly disease that infects fruit trees, particularly
plum and cherry trees. It’s caused by the fungus Apiosporina
morbosa.
• Black knot’s presence is most obvious in winter when there are no
leaves to hide warty(growth) black masses on tree branches.
• The mass usually encircles the stem, and it can range from an inch to
nearly a foot in length
 Integrated pest management
• Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a
broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests.
• IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The
UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of
all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate
measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides
and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or
minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of
a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages
natural pest control mechanisms.
• Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the
1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control.
• The introduction and spread of invasive species can also be managed with IPM by
reducing risks while maximizing benefits and reducing costs.
IPM contd….
• IPM is used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry human habitations,
preventive conservation of cultural property and general pest control,
including structural pest management, turf pest management and
ornamental pest management.
 IPM principles
• An American IPM system is designed around six basic components:
• Acceptable pest levels—The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds
that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can
be expensive and unsafe. IPM programmes first work to establish acceptable pest
levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed.
These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at
one site to have a weed such as white clover, but not at another site. Allowing a
pest population to survive at a reasonable threshold reduces selection pressure.
This lowers the rate at which a pest develops resistance to a control, because if
almost all pests are killed then those that have resistance will provide the genetic
basis of the future population. Retaining a significant number of unresistant
specimens dilutes the prevalence of any resistant genes that appear. Similarly, the
repeated use of a single class of controls will create pest populations that are
more resistant to that class, whereas alternating among classes helps prevent this.
IPM principles…contd…
• Preventive cultural practices—Selecting varieties best for local
growing conditions and maintaining healthy crops is the first line of
defense. Plant quarantine and 'cultural techniques' such as
crop sanitation are next, e.g., removal of diseased plants, and
cleaning pruning shears to prevent spread of infections. Beneficial
fungi and bacteria are added to the potting media of horticultural
crops vulnerable to root diseases, greatly reducing the need for
fungicides.[
IPM principles…contd
• Monitoring—Regular observation is critically important. Observation
is broken into inspection and identification. Visual inspection, insect
and spore traps, and other methods are used to monitor pest levels.
• Record-keeping : is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of target
pest behavior and reproductive cycles.
• Mechanical controls—Should a pest reach an unacceptable level,
mechanical methods are the first options. They include simple hand-
picking, barriers, traps, vacuuming and tillage to disrupt breeding.
IPM principles…contd
Biological controls—
• Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with
acceptable environmental impact, and often at lower cost.
• The main approach is to promote beneficial insects that eat or
parasitize target pests. Biological insecticides derived from naturally
occurring microorganisms(e.g.—Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and
entomopathogenic nematodes), also fall in this category. Further
'biology-based' or 'ecological' techniques are under evaluation.
IPM principles…contd
Responsible use—
• Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific
times in a pest's life cycle. Many newer pesticides are derived from
plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.—nicotine, pyrethrum
and insect juvenile hormone analogues), but the toxophore or active
component may be altered to provide increased biological activity or
stability.
• Applications of pesticides must reach their intended targets. Matching
the application technique to the crop, the pest, and the pesticide is
critical. The use of low-volume spray equipment reduces overall
pesticide use and labor cost.
 Unit 5.2. Tree planting and establishment
Tree planting
• Planting and establishing trees is all about managing air and moisture in
the soil.
• If we manage these correctly then trees will grow quickly following
planting.
• Three of the most common causes of poor plant establishment or tree
death are planting too deep, under watering, and over watering.
• If appropriate trees are planted at the right depth and they are irrigated
properly, the planting has a good chance of success.
• As simple as this appears to be, problems often arise that lead to poor
establishment or plant failure.
Tree planting contd…
Ten Steps for urban Tree planting
1. Look up for wires and lights
2. Dig shallow and wide hole
3. Find the topmost root and treat root defects
4. Carefully place tree in hole
5. Position top root 1-2 inches above landscape soil
6. Straighten tree
7. Remove synthetic materials
8. Add and firm backfill soil
9. Add mulch
10. Stake and prune if needed
 Tree planting contd
1. Look up for wires and lights
• Look if there is a wire, security light, or building nearby that could
interfere with proper development of the tree canopy as it grows
• so plant a tree that has a small canopy or a narrow canopy at maturity.
2. Dig shallow and wide planting hole
• Dig a hole slightly shallower than the distance between the point where
the topmost root emerges from the trunk and the bottom of the root
ball.
• No more than about 2 or 3 inches of the root ball needs to be above the
soil unless the site is poorly drained. Make the hole at least 1.5 times the
diameter of the root ball.
 Tree planting contd…
• Wider holes should be used for compacted soil and wet sites. This helps roots from
becoming deformed by the edge of the hole in compacted or clayey soils.
• Breaking up compacted soil in a large area (out to the drip line of the tree) around the
tree provides the newly emerging roots room to expand into loose soil. This will
hasten root growth translating into quicker establishment.
3. Find the topmost root and treat root Defects
• Choose a tree whose topmost root emerges from he trunk visibly, at or slightly above
the surface.
• In the highest-quality root balls, the point where the topmost root emerges from the
trunk should be within 2 inches of the surface.
• If you cannot see the topmost root, remove excess soil to expose it before you plant
the tree.
• Cut any circling roots growing up above the topmost root.
 Tree planting contd…
• Circling roots can be found on container grown trees, field-grown or bare-root trees.
• Eliminate this defect by cutting roots at planting with pruners before trees are placed in
the hole
• Cut roots that circle the top of the root ball.
• If these cut roots are large (larger than about 1/3 trunk diameter), the tree might shock
and could die.
4. Carefully place tree in the planting hole
• To avoid damage when setting the tree in the hole, lift the tree with straps or rope
around the root ball.
• Remove any plastic wrapped around the root ball before planting and place the tree in
the planting hole
5. Position top root 1-2 inches above the landscape soil ( pit)
• Position the topmost root about even with or slightly above (about 2 inches above) the
top of the landscape soil in well-drained soil.
 Tree planting contd…
6. Straighten the tree in the hole
• Before you begin backfilling have someone view the tree from two directions
perpendicular to each other to confirm the tree is straight.
• Fill in with some more backfill soil to secure the tree in the upright position.
7. Remove synthetic materials
String, rope, synthetic strapping, plastic, and other materials that will not decompose in
the soil must be removed at planting.
8. Add backfill and firm the backfill soil
• Slice a shovel down into the backfill 20 to 30 times all around the tree as you add backfill
soil.
• Attempt to break up large soil clumps as much as possible. Do not pack the backfill, instead
step firmly on the backfill soil to help stabilize the root ball
• When the planting hole is filled with soil, the root ball should remain 1 inch (small trees) to
3 inches (larger trees) above the backfill soil
 Tree planting contd…
• Do not over-pack the loosened soil, especially when soil is wet.
• Add 10 to 20 gallons of water to the root ball and backfill. Fill in any holes or depressions
with additional backfill soil.
• Do not firmly pack backfill soil because this could cause too much soil compaction,
especially in clay soil.
• The water infiltrating the backfill soil will eliminate many of the large air pockets. The
presence of small air pockets could even be of benefit because they could allow more air to
reach the roots.
9 Cover sides of the root ball with mulch
• Provide a 3-inch-deep layer of mulch around the tree
• Mulches reduce soil temperature fluctuations, prevent packing and crusting, conserve
moisture, help control weeds, add organic matter to the soil, and improve the appearance
of the landscape.
• Generally, a 2 to 3 foot diameter circle of mulch per inch of tree trunk caliper will give
adequate mulch area for newly planted trees
Tree planting contd…
• A thin (1 inch) layer of mulch can be placed over the root ball for aesthetic
reasons
• But deep layers on the root ball can prevent adequate irrigation and rain from
reaching roots.
• Common mulch materials include leaves, pine needles, compost, bark, and
wood chips.
• Never pile mulch in a volcano-like manner against the trunk . This can rot
the trunk, cut off oxygen to roots, keep vital irrigation and rain water out,
and can keep roots too wet in poorly drained soils.
• Roots grow up into this pile of mulch because it is very well aerated and moist
• Stem-girdling roots form from this on some trees and cause stress and
decline.
Tree planting contd…

10. Stake(give pressure to compact soil) and prune if needed

• Stake the tree if necessary to hold the root ball firmly in the soil.
• If the root ball moves in the wind, emerging roots could break and trees
will establish slowly.
• Staking to hold a thin, weak trunk upright should not be necessary on
trees with a trunk diameter more than about 1.5 inches.
• If large trees require staking to prevent the trunk from bending, it
probably indicates a lesser quality tree.
• Smaller trees might require staking until enough trunk strength
develops.
 When Tree planting, consider the following:

• Soil moisture -- Good planting conditions require the soil to be moist. If the soil is
too wet or too dry, avoid planting.
• Soil texture -- Digging in clay soil may be more difficult and require more time for
planting.
• Soil compaction -- If the soil is hard to penetrate, a roto tiller, hoedad, maddock,
or pick can be used to loosen the soil.
• Soil temperature -- The soil needs to be warm enough, usually above 40 degrees F,
for root growth. Avoid planting if the soil is frozen(like ice covered ).
• Soil interfaces -- Watch for rocks and construction debris when loosening the soil
with tools and mechanical equipment.
• Soil amendments -- Do not add organic matter, fertilizer, or other soil
amendments. Also, do not place gravel in the bottom of the planting area. These
amendments can cause problems with soil moisture and root growth.
Site Characteristics for Tree planting
• Site selection is the first, important step to make when planting trees in an
urban environment.
• Quality sites have a higher probability of supporting long-lived and healthy
trees, whereas poorly chosen sites produce poorer-quality trees.
• Urban environments are challenging for tree survival. They often contain soil
contaminants, air pollution, high velocity wind, compacted and poorly
aerated soil, higher temperatures, altered soil drainage, and small planting
areas.
• Considering these challenges, choosing the best site for planting is critical
for optimal growth and survival, followed by careful preparation of the site,
tree selection, and planting.
• Knowing the characteristics of a planting site will help you determine
whether the site will support healthy tree growth and development.
Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
• Identification of Site location is very crucial for the tree to establish in healthy
environment.
• The site location is important to know since :
--- The site location offers clues on potential stresses that may impact tree health
and maintenance.
--- For example, a tree located within a downtown sidewalk will probably require
more maintenance than one located in a park.
--- Sites with pedestrian and vehicular traffic require special attention.

• Streets, Sidewalks, and Other Paved Areas : If the site is located near a street,
sidewalk, bike path, or other paved area, several site factors must be considered
 Site Characteristics for Tree planting
contd…
• Pedestrian and vehicular areas
For any site near where pedestrians or vehicles travel, tree species
selection is critical.
--- In such areas , species with thorns or prickly foliage or soft, messy
fruit should be avoided.
--- Trees with drooping branches will require frequent pruning.
--- For public safety, it is always important that traffic lights, signs, and
intersections not be obstructed by trees.
--- Select a species tolerant to high salt levels in the soil if the site is
located near a road.
 Site Characteristics for Tree planting
contd…
Conflicts with roots and pavement –
• Tree roots may grow under asphalt or cement pavement, which can cause the pavement
to crack and buckle.
• Some communities have tried using root barriers and root training to avoid root-
pavement conflict.
• There are different types of root barriers, from cylinders to herbicide strips, that are
placed in the planting site.
• They are designed to physically deflect the roots away from the pavement. In some cases,
they do prevent root growth near sidewalks, but they may also limit tree growth.
• Root training is an option that uses chemical and physical barriers, deep fertilization, and
irrigation or aeration structures to improve the soil conditions in the deeper soil horizons.
• If the barriers are successful, the roots will grow deeper, avoiding surface problems such
as cracked sidewalks
 Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
Site conditions of the site : Site conditions of the planting sites should be evaluated before planting.
Some of the important site conditions to be considered before planting include:
• Soil condition/characteristics of site
• Environmental conditions of the site
• Site location
• Social influences
• Maintenance requirements
 Site Characteristics for Tree planting
contd…
Site Location
Structures ( Buildings )
• Trees need to be far enough away from buildings to allow for proper crown and
root development. Trees that grow large, such as oaks, should be planted at
least 15 feet from a building.
• Small and medium-sized trees may be planted closer to the building, but regular
pruning may be required (Gilman 1997).
Utility Lines
• Utility lines for water, sewer, phone, electric, or cable may cause problems for
trees.
• When selecting a site, check for underground or aboveground lines that might
interfere with the future growth of the tree
Site Characteristics for Tree planting
contd…
Aboveground utility lines --
• If the site has aboveground utility lines, select a small-growing species
that will top out at least 5 feet below the wire, or select a species with
a narrow crown and place it so it will not grow into the utility line
(Gilman 1994).
Belowground utility lines -- The planting site should be located at least
12 feet from a major underground utility line for large trees (Gilman
1994).
 Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
Urban Planting Sites
• Several types of planting sites are unique to urban areas, including street lawn, tree pit,
roadway and cluster planting.
• These sites may require special considerations when selecting a species and choosing a
proper planting technique.
Street lawn :
• The street lawn, also known as the tree lawn, is the space out from the sidewalk.
• Depending upon on the mature size of the planted tree, the street lawn should be at least
3 feet wide.
• If there is a choice, a street lawn is preferred to a tree pit because the street lawn has a
continuous strip of soil.
• Do some checking before planting in a street lawn because of the potential conflicts with
pavement, utilities, and local highway department guidelines.
Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
Tree or planting pit :
• Tree or planting pits are small areas of soil within a sidewalk, parking
lot, or other paved area.
• They are common in urban areas because often this is the only space
available for planting trees.
• They also offer the advantage of softening the hard-scape in urban
areas.
• Trees planted in tree pits usually require special attention because of
the unique growing conditions at the site
 Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
Roadway :
• Tree plantings in the median and on the sides of the roads provide many benefits, such
as intercepting dust and particulate matter; reducing glare, noise, wind, and erosion;
visually separating opposite lanes of traffic; and reducing mowing costs.
• However, trees near roadways can be damaged by vehicles, lawnmowers, string
trimmers, herbicides etc.
• Drainage problems are common, because the sites usually have disturbed soil that has
been placed on top of compacted soil.
• It is also common to find construction rubble from road projects in the soil.
• Government usually has specific guidelines for plantings near roadways, such as species
selection, planting distance from pavement, and distance between trees.
• It is important to work with them, especially during the planning phase.
 Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
Planters/ Containers
• Planters or containers are an option for sites where it is impossible to plant because of
poor soil, lack of soil, underground utilities, or other factors. Planters can also be used
for architectural design purposes. Tree planters come in various shapes and sizes and
are made of plastic, wood, cement, or other composite materials.
• They should have thick walls, be a light color, and measure at least 18 inches deep with
an adequate drainage hole.
Cluster planting
• Cluster plantings, clumping, open-space planting, and urban tree islands are different
names for planting groups of trees in a large space.
• Cluster plantings provide many benefits, such as reduced maintenance costs, shelter
from weather extremes, and increased life spans for the trees. However, since the trees
are located close together, insects and disease can move quickly from tree to tree.
Site Characteristics for Tree
planting contd…
Establishment of Trees
• The establishment period of a tree is the time for a tree to regenerate enough roots to stay alive
without irrigation.
• During this period, shoots and trunk grow slower than they did before transplanting.
• When their growth rates become more or less consistent from one year to the next, the tree is
considered established
Establishment Rate is determined by many factors. Some of the factors responsible for
establishment are :
• Compactness of Soil
• Irrigation/watering
• Mulching
• Root flare up
• Depth of plantation,
• Top of tree
 Contd….
Tree establishment and early maintenance
Planting stock
• It is particularly crucial in urban settings to plant nursery stock of good form and quality, with
a healthy root-to-shoot ratio.
• Saplings without this are unlikely to survive planting in compacted urban soils,
• if they do survive in compacted soils , they may become a hazard in later life, being more
prone than trees with a well-developed root system to being blown over, or to other damage.
• Similarly, saplings which have damaged stems will grow into trees with an unbalanced branch
system; this may not only look unsightly, but could be dangerous.
• The size of seedlings or saplings planted in urban situations is often considerably larger than
those used in normal plantation forestry.
• However, the use of seedlings of no more than 60 cm height is now considered by many
professionals to be sound in practice.
Contd…
Planting techniques
• Following site preparation, it is important to ensure that planting pits are dug to an adequate
size, and preferable that they are prepared well in advance of, rather than at the moment of,
planting (Webb, 1991).
• It may also be necessary to take into account the existence of underground utility services
(water pipes, etc.) when planning where to plant
• In professionally conducted urban plantings, particularly in the case of street trees, a variety
of techniques may be employed to ensure good tree establishment and to guard against
future problems
Watering and mulching
Watering is often considered essential for the establishment of urban trees, but it may be
very difficult to provide in some circumstances.
• Ensuring that the pit is at least well watered at the time of planting, various options may be
considered. These include the use of drought-tolerant species, Regular weeding, the
application of mulch, irrigation possibly using wastewater
Contd….
Weeding

• Weed control may be effected either by manual weeding or by the use of

appropriate herbicides, both before planting and on a regular basis
afterwards.
• This may be less appropriate in developing countries for a variety of reasons,
both social (employment generation may be desirable) and technical
(herbicides may act differently in warmer, wetter climates).
Staking
In general, staking is no longer recommended in amenity plantings, as it
inhibits the development of sturdy stems and can cause problems when
finally removed. It is now considered preferable to plant seedling/saplings
which are small enough to require no support
 Contd….
Removal of 4Ds Tree and protection
• Timely and efficiently removing 4D trees or their branches is one of the most important means of
preventing the spread of disease in trees once it occurs,
• But good arboricultural practice also implies minimizing the possibility of pest and disease attacks.
Attention to this in the early years of tree establishment, including an appropriate choice of
species/provenance/cultivar is clearly important, as is the prompt and complete removal of any
infected tree material (which should be duly destroyed).
Removal of tree waste
• Key issues in the removal of tree waste are public safety, utilization of removed material as
appropriate .
• If not removed the tree waste invites and spreads pests and diseases. These tree “waste” may
actually serve a variety of useful purposes, from fuel-wood to timber. In North America and Europe,
many urban authorities make use of tree prunings by shredding it for compost or mulch, and such
recycling is becoming an increasingly important feature of urban forest management.
• Inevitably urban trees grow old and must be removed, or parts of them removed, before they
cause any damage. Technically, there are often complications in this due to the close proximity of
buildings and other urban infrastructure.
 Unit 5.3. Suitable tree species (Indigenous
and Exotics) for urban forestry plantation
• Before we (foresters) consider taking up tree planting in a particular region or
site, we must study the purposes for which such operation is taking place and the
species which are most suitable to the site .
• No plantation of trees can be successful unless the ecological aspect of site is not
paid due attention. The ecological aspects mean the geo-morphological structure
of the sites, climate conditions, biotic factors and the purposes for which
plantations are taken up.
• The whole tree planting culture can be classified into (a) ecological plantations
(b) economic plantations (c) avenue plantations (d) plan for beautifying town-
cities, and villages (e) festivity (celebration)of trees.
• Out of which, the avenue plantations, planting for beautifying town-cities, and
villages and festivity of trees are of much important for urban forestry plantation
 Factors to consider suitable species
There are several factors to consider when selecting suitable tree species for urban
forestry plantation that will prevent future problems and achieve planting objectives of
urban forestry. These factors are :
• Growth habit & size of trees
• Form
• Growth rate
• Wood strength
• Rooting depth
• Pest resistance
• Longevity
• Leaf type
• Thorns, flowers, fruits
• Native vs. exotic
 Contd…
Also, we need to receive healthy tree seedlings from nursery for the growth
of planted tree . Healthy nursery trees of the following characteristics
should be obtained from Nursery :

• No girdling, kinked, or circling roots (some of these root issues can be

corrected at planting by spreading out the roots in the planting hole or
removing girdling or kinked roots, but nursery trees with severe cases of
any of these should be avoided).
• One main trunk, or dominant leader-for a high quality shade tree.
• No evidence of trunk injury by pests, disease, or management activities
• A uniform and full canopy
• Good pruning scars
 Contd……
To improve the smartness of the roads, cities and towns, following elements
should be taken into consideration :

• landscape management is very much required, which amounts to avenue enrichment of the
localities.
• The plants suitable for glorifying the sub-urban and town and cities are to be planted and
properly managed.
• The species, which improve the status of the town and city, should be preferred to be
planted.
• The cities and towns should be properly planned including their parks for raising suitable
flowering species and decorative plants to glorify their positions.
• Similarly, all types of institutions within the cities and towns should equally be planned for
proper landscape management.
• The planters of the trees and shrubs should know the ecological, as well as socio-economic
values of each species while going for propagating the said species.
 Choice of appropriate species
However, following considerations may be kept in mind for making choice of appropriate
species. They are :
• The choice of species are subject to availability of space, water, and soil conditions.
• Technical advice from a forestry experts/ecologists having good understanding of ecology is
necessary in making the final choice of species for planting at a particular site.
• If there is a wire, security light, or building nearby that could interfere with proper
development of the tree canopy as it grows, so plant a tree that has a small canopy or a
narrow canopy at maturity.
• Species with thorns or prickly foliage or soft, messy fruit should be avoided.
• Trees with drooping branches will require frequent pruning, so avoid them.
• For public safety, it is always important that traffic lights, signs, and intersections not be
obstructed by trees.
• Select a species tolerant to harsh soil environment (including compactness, little air and
water space, stony, low level of nutrient, acidic or high salt levels etc )
 Choice of appropriate species
Native species may be preferred over non-native species. The reasons are :
• Native species are easy to maintenance and require least cost of maintenance
• Possess rich biodiversity values
• Native trees have found ways to protect themselves from the pests and diseases. They may be
able to survive attacks from them that would kill exotic trees.
• Native trees are familiar and also used to the weather and soil of the area. This means that
they may grow better in the area and need less care.
• They are used to the amount of rain that the area usually gets. This means that you may have
to water them less than some exotic trees.
• Native trees can also help to support native animals and insects which live on them or need
them. These animals and insects may be important to people nearby.
• Quite often, native species are growing slow but are well suited to our condition
• Locals are familiar with native plants, so they will show interest to care and maintenance of
trees
• Least chance to get infected by pathogens and other diseases.
 Contd….
Non-native species
• Gives quick result, but are usually soft and gain height rapidly and touches electric and
telephone wires quickly
• High maintenance cost to dwarf the trees or tending the trees regularly to limit their sizes
• Because of softness, branches break and fall easily by wind pressure, cause traffic
blockages and other casualty
• May not posses the high biodiversity values
• Some exotic trees may be tougher and live through harsher conditions. For example, they
may be drought resistant. This means that they can survive long periods without rainfall.
• They may start off free of the pests and diseases that damage trees in that area. This means
that they may grow very fast to start with.
• Exotic trees can grow very fast in new areas. Sometimes they can grow faster than the
native trees. If this happens then they can spread across the area very fast. They can
become a weed and cause problems of pest.
 Contd….
• Locals are not familiar with new trees and so they may not pay attention or
show interest at care and maintenance of trees
• High chance to get infected by pathogens and other diseases
• Non-native species can disrupt ecosystems, spread diseases and cause
serious damage to native species, habitats and the environment.

Remember :
For roadside plantations, we always need to select species of trees and
shrubs that are dwarf sized , evergreen, ornamental, having attractive foliage
shapes. The dwarf sized tree is necessary taking into consideration of the
mesh of overhead electric, telephone and other wires and water constraints.
 Species planted in road side/cities
Some of the Urban Forests trees that have been planted in the Roadside/Building/Schools/Open spaces
in some cities of Tarai region and Kathmandu are :
Some Cities of Tarai :
Ashok ( saraca indica), Bakaino (Melia azerarach), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Neem ( Azadirachta indica),
Bougainvillea glabra (Ornamental (non-native) shrub), Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Khari ( celtis australis),
Bar (Ficus bengalensis ) , Sami (Ficus benjamina ), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Siris (Albizia lebbeck),
Mango (Mangifera indica), Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Ruber ( ficus elastic), Birendra Phul ( jackaranda
Ovalifolia), Monkey Puzzle ( Araucaria spp), Masala ( Eucalyptus), Lahare pipal ( populous deltoids), Gul
Mohar (Delonix regia) , Imli ( Tamarindus indica).
Flower gardens along the road includes various flowers as Carpet grass, Cut flower, Bougainvellia,
Thuja, Hibiscus, Fountain grass, Rose etc.
Kathmandu Valley :
• Birendra Phul ( Jackaranda Ovalifolia), Monkey Puzzle ( Araucaria spp), Masala ( Eucalyptus), Lahare
pipal ( Populous deltoids), Kimbu ( Morus alba), Khari ( Celtis australis), Kapoor ( Cinnamomum
camphora), Kalki ( Callistemon citrinus ), Kaiyo (Gravelia robusta) , Aaru ( Prunus Persica), Sami (Ficus
benjamina ), Paiyu ( Prunus cerasoides), Bhimsen pati (Buddlea asiatica)and Ginkgobiloba,chauri gauri
(Tecoma stans ) .
Any Quarries?

Thanks
 Unit 4.Urban forest Inventory and Management
4.1 understanding urban tree growth and physiology
Image:Tree physiology
Image: tree physiology
Photosynthesis process
 Urban Tree Growth

• All trees whether they are in urban or rural areas have vegetative structures (leaves, stems and
roots) and reproductive structures (flowers, fruits, and seeds)
• Urban tree growth : Growth of vegetative structures of urban trees ie the increase in size and
numbers of leaves, stems, and roots
• Growth of all trees is a response to the environment and to its genetic make-up
• The environment is made up of water, light, temperature, air, pests, and cultural practices.
• These all impact physiological processes such as photosynthesis, and the final response is that
the tree grows vigorously or slowly.
• Tree's genetic make-up also influences the way a tree grows. (Genetics means what species it is,
what seed source or variety ?, which family belongs to ?).
• These genetic characteristics, along with its environment, determine how a tree grows.
• For a tree to have better growth, Its genetic make-up and its environment should be compatible
( well matched )
• Plant communities in urban forests are always under the influences of both biotic and abiotic
factors. These factors typically make urban forests very stressful places to live.
 Contd….Urban tree growth
• For a tree having poor growth, It's difficult to confirm whether the poor growth is due to environment or
genetics reason or both without having research on the poor growth of tree
• Urban trees are subjected to a tremendous amount of stress.
• Rapid urbanization has disturbed the natural urban ecosystem and degraded the urban environment
• Accelerating Urbanization has potentially exerted large impacts on vegetation in cities and surrounding areas
• Urban environments that are stressful for plant function and growth
• The urban system has many constraints for plants to grow in a healthy environment. The urban system consist of
many negative factors for plants become leading and dominating element.
• Urban system has :
-- dominated by frequent digging, compacting, paving, asphalting( Blacktop/runway ) etc ;
– loss of soil fauna and flora;
– altered or interrupted organic matter cycle in the soil;
– modification of the vegetative cycles of plants depending on the urban climate;
– direct action of pollutants on the plants and on the soil;
– planting in the wrong and harsh(cruel) places;
– altered plants physiology and phenology(study of leaves and flowers)
• Conditions of the urban system exerts many diverse conditions for tree growth and physiology.
 Tree growth contd….
• Urban environment is characterized by specific microclimatic conditions, in
which temperature could be higher (“urban heat island”) than the
surrounding country- side, low-quality soils, which impose several stresses
on trees growth.
• Microclimatic conditions are often harsh, habitats are characterized by
drought and nutrient stress tend to have long life spans and woody or
succulent tissues.
• Increased temperature (diurnal and nocturnal) and increased atmospheric
CO2 exist in urban system, which are detrimental to plant growth
• Increase in soil and air temperature, due to wide use of asphalt (blacktop) and
concrete, is another cause of death for trees in urban environment.
• High soil temperature limits root growth and causes high mortality of
fine-roots, high air temperature causes a reduction of whole plant gas
exchange.
 Tree growth contd…..
• Urban air contains high concentrations of many gaseous, particulate and photochemical
pollutants (such as HNO 3 (Nitric acid),H 2 SO 4 (sulphuric acid),O3 and volatile organic
compounds
• Plants in urban ecosystems are not only exposed to many pollutants but are also exposed
to higher temperatures, CO 2 and nitrogen deposition and drought than plants in rural
areas.
• Environmental conditions such as higher urban CO 2 concentrations, and habitat
differences, such as greater amounts of urban impervious surface, may also have
influenced the photosynthesis and stomata conductance.
• Many of these contaminants have detrimental effects on plant growth, urban
environments also have higher rates of nutrient and waste deposition, warmer
temperatures (urban ‘heat-island’ effect) and increased CO2 concentrations factors that
often may enhance plant growth.
• Urban forests often experience a high amount of UV radiation and heat, harsh and
fragmented environment , which contribute to hotter summer temperatures, high wind
velocities cause loss of soil and water and also produce colder winter wind.
 Tree growth contd…..
• Draught / water stress in urban system will also strongly affect survival
and growth of trees and will probably develop diseases and tree pest.
• Drought , soil compaction and water logging are among the main causes of
death of urban trees in urban environment.
• They limit root growth, nutrient absorption and leaf gas exchange. This
makes trees more sensitive to pathogens (but also to some insects),
especially those affecting the root system.
• The top three things in the soil are (a) soil water availability, b).
soil aeration, and c). soil drainage — all three greatly disrupted by site
compaction.
• Drought and soil compaction head the list of major tree growth stress
problems”
 Tree growth contd…..
• Soil compaction is the most prevalent of all soil constraints on shade and street tree growth
• Soil compaction is one of those major problems causing significant tree stress and strain,
• Trees with root systems that are constrained in size by insufficient rootable soil volumes are
also more susceptible to wind throw.
• Soil compaction not only affects trees, but changes the whole soil food web by reducing the
aerobic organisms and favoring anaerobic and low oxygen requiring soil organisms that cause
root rots.
• Considering how many ways compaction negatively impacts soil structure, tree health, and
health of the soil food web, that soil compaction is by far the greatest environmental
constraint on tree growth.
• Soil pore space is important for aeration, infiltration, and healthy root growth. An ideal soil
has 50% pore space. The larger pores are filled with air, and the smaller ones with water. The
remaining 50% of soil is 45% mineral materials and 5% organic matter.
• When a soil is compacted, soil particles are squeezed together, which reduces total soil pore
space generally negatively impact trees. Activities that can cause compaction include, for
example, loads from foot and vehicular traffic and equipment, other heavy loads, moving soil,
stockpiling soil, and even tilling.
 Tree growth contd……
• When a soil is compacted, soil aeration and permeability are decreased, and it becomes more difficult
for roots to penetrate the soil.
• As compaction increases, root growth first becomes stunted, and as it continues to increase, it
eventually completely limits root growth.
• As would be expected, when soils become more compacted and pore space decreases, bulk density
(dry weight of soil divided by its volume) increases. Increase in bulk density limits root growth due to
inadequate rooting volume
• Without adequate rooting volume, trees will never grow large enough to produce ecological services.
• Many urban land covers, including even urban lawns, and athletic fields, can be so compacted that root
growth is affected or even restricted altogether. Rootable soil volume is usually very scarce in urban
areas.
• As soils become more compacted, they have less plant available water, and infiltration rates decrease.
• Compaction decreases volume of large capillary pores, which hold tree available water, and increases
volume of small capillary pores, which hold water that is held too tightly too the soil to be available to
trees.
• Since urban and suburban soil is usually acidic, highly compacted from construction, and contaminated
with road salts,
 Tree growth contd…
• Poor drainage in compacted soils also prevents oxygen movement and increases production and
residence time for carbon dioxide and toxics.
• As a soil becomes excessively compacted, “roots are physically prevented from elongating into
soil by lack of oxygen, by decreasing pore size, and by increased soil bulk density and soil
strength .
• Trees begin to generate thick, short roots with many more lateral roots as surrounding soil
pressure exceeds. Oxygen shortages and soil strength increases are major limitations to both
elongation and radial growth of trees
• Due to soil compaction, the anaerobic layer in the soil expands closer to the soil surface,
reducing the soil depth and volume available to tree roots, trees also become more susceptible
to drought and heat stress.
• Soil compaction limits the nutrient and water resources to the trees and more effort is required
to seek those resources, tree growth above ground is also stunted due to soil compaction.
• Stress from soil compaction can also result in slow growth of branch and root.
• The polluted, porous nature of the engineered soil and its very shallow depth result in extremely
dry growing conditions of roots in the soil compaction or exposure to salt.
Tree growth contd….
• Tree gowth in urban environments can be enhanced by applying
fertilization, irrigation, introduction of non-native species
• Worldwide were the only case where urban trees grew significantly slower
than rural trees, because the adverse urban Ozone effects seem to
constrain tree growth
• Urban soils are high in heavy metals and can be more hydrophobic and
acidic than surrounding rural environments.
• Soils where Urban infrastructures have developed are compacted, existing
trees are over- or incorrectly pruned, roots are given very little space to
grow, trees are improperly staked, and on and on. All these elements are
detrimental to the growth of urban trees.
• However, the urban landscape can also benefit trees. For example, urban
trees can be protected from stress by frequent watering during drought and
added fertilizer to promote growth during unfavorable climate conditions
Urban Plant Physiology
• Urban Plant physiology is that branch of plant sciences that aims to understand
how urban plants live and function.
• It is a biological science in which the studies on the plants absorb minerals and
water, grow and develop, and flower and bear fruit, mineral nutrition,
photosynthesis, respiration, accumulation of substances which together enable
plants to grow and reproduce themselves.
• Urban Plant physiology seeks to understand all the aspects of urban plant life, it
is usually divided into three major parts:
• (1)The physiology of nutrition and metabolism : deals with the uptake,
transformations, and release of materials, and also their movement within and
between the cells and organs of the plant;
• (2)The physiology of growth, development, and reproduction : which is
concerned with the aspects of plant function; and
• (3) Environmental physiology : which seeks to understand the responses of
plants to the environment.
 Urban Plant Physiology contd…
• The part of environmental physiology which deals with effects of and
adaptations to adverse conditions—and which is receiving increasing
attention—is called stress physiology.
• Urban plant physiology responses the stress and adaptation of plants to
urban conditions.
• Urban plant physiology assesses the capacity of urban vegetation to provide
key environmental services.
• The concept of ‘urban plant physiology’, focuses on plant responses and
long term adaptations to urban conditions
• The capacity of urban vegetation to mitigate environmental hazards in
urban cities such as air and soil pollution.
Unit 4.2. Inventory of street tree, green space, urban
canopy cover
Inventory of street trees
• Inventory is a collection of various data about the urban trees located on public / private properties
as Urban Forests. Following information or data need to be collected while doing inventory of urban
forest : tree species, location (address or GPS information) size, age, diameter, condition,
maintenance need, Growing space limitations or conflicts, stocking etc
• Street plantation and existing trees on the right - of – way (ROW) of the roads/streets also falls under
one of the urban forests categories.
• The inventory data and assessment of such trees located within public street rights-of-way (ROW)
provide us information on urban forest’s structure, function and value which can promote
management decisions that will improve public health and environmental quality.
• The inventory of street trees within public street rights-of-way (ROW) gives us information on public
tree population, stocking of trees, species composition, tree condition, tree values and benefits.
• Management of street trees is necessary to provide the environmental and health benefits to the
local communities.
• These information are essential for carrying out the sustainable management decisions of street
trees.
 Types of Inventories

Types of Inventories –
Depending on the size of urban forestry and resources available, there are different
types of inventories that can be accomplished to provide with an accurate accounting of
public trees.
• “Windshield "or Reconnaissance Surveys – A windshield survey is a simple method of
evaluating public trees, and may be a good first step for a new or developing urban
forestry program.
• To perform a windshield survey, an arborist or someone knowledgeable about trees, drives
along a community's roads recording certain tree characteristics.
• Windshield surveys are most efficient when the arborist is looking for only a few particular
tree characteristics, such as species, size, maintenance needs, or safety risk level.
• Windshield surveys have been and continue to be used in many cities and towns of the
developed countries. The data collected during such a survey can be kept in written simple
data format or forms, or entered into simple spreadsheet programs
 Types of inventory contd….
Statistical Sample Inventories – A statistically sound, random or systematic sample of an urban
forest is a cost-effective way of obtaining an overall picture of the state of the trees.
• Usually, obtaining data from between 3 to 6 percent of street distance and/or public property will
produce results that are accurate to within 10 percent of what a complete inventory would
produce.
Partial Inventories – Partial inventories collect tree data on 100 percent of the right-of-way
kilometers or hectare , but only in specific areas of a community. When budgets are limited, this
approach can be effective and affordable. (Site specific )
• The public works agency decides which defined areas of the city or county are inventoried:
particular wards, neighborhoods, districts, historic areas, etc.
• Using partial inventories allows the agency to spread the inventory process over a period of time
depending on available funds and resources.
Complete Inventories – A 100 percent, or complete, inventory is the best method if the public
works agency wants a highly accurate accounting of the urban forest on a citywide basis.
• All trees and potential planting sites on all public rights-of-way and public property under the
management of public works are located and assessed during a complete inventory.
 Street tree inventory steps
For the inventory of Street Trees , we conduct following step by step tasks :
1. Sampling :
• If the street is too long, it will not be worth carrying out inventory by 100 % sampling of all trees located
on the street rights-of-way. Because the 100 % sampling /inventory will be quite expensive and time
consuming.
• Therefore, we need to conduct inventory of trees taking appropriate sample size dividing the stretch of
street into equal segment or blocks of equal sizes .
• A sample intensity ranging from 1- 0.5 % depending upon the ground situations, cost and available
manpower will be taken and survey of trees on both sides of street rights-of-way will be conducted
selecting the segments based on the sample size.
2. Calculate the area of street rights - of – ways on both sides of the street
3 . Determine the sampling intensity : Following sampling intensities for the inventory of forests have been
recommended :
• a. 1.0 % sampling intensity is recommended for trees having area < 100 Ha
• b. 0.5 % sampling intensity is recommended for trees having area between 100-500Ha
• c. 0.1 – 0.5 % sampling intensity is recommended for trees having area > 500 Ha
Street tree inventory steps contd…
4.Sampling Size
Example :
• Area of right – of – ways of street = 40 Ha = A
• For area 40 Ha, which is lessthan 100 Ha, we take sampling intensity of 1 %
• Now, the sampling size = Area * Sampling Intensity = 40 * 1 % = 40 * 1/100 = 0.4 Ha
= 4000 sq. m = Sampling area
• Sample plot size =10m * 10m = 100 sq. m
• No of sampling plots of size 10m * 10m required = 4000 / 25 = 160 numbers = n
• We need to carry out systematic sampling, so we need to determine the distance of
one sampling plot to another.
• Use the formula = a = Square root of A/(n + 1) = distance between two sample plots,
where A = area of right – of – ways = 40 Ha, n = No. of sampling plots = 160.
• Therefore a = Square root of A/(n + 1) = Square root of 40 * 10000 / 161 = 49. 84 =
50 m
Street tree inventory steps contd…
5. Enumerate number of trees in each plot of size 10 m * 10m and record in a table. Develop appropriate
table to list species and local name of individual tree (with DBH and Height of individual tree) found in
each sample plot.
• Total all the trees found in 160 sampling plots, let us assume this = 4000 trees
• Average number of trees/plot = 4000/160 = 25 trees or 25 trees in 100 sq. m
• Therefore Av. Trees / ha = 25 * 10000 / 100 = 2500 trees
• Av. Estimated number of trees in the area of 40 Ha of right of ways of the street = 25,00 * 40 = 1,00,000
trees

6. Calculate Standard Deviation and Sampling Error, to calculate the % error in we estimation of average
number of trees. The sampled trees provide the basis for statistical estimates for the entire street tree
population. In general, sample sizes that produce a Standard Error (SE) value of 20% or less of the total
tree estimate are considered sufficient for making basic judgments about the state of the street tree
resource
Street tree inventory contd…
7. Calculate the estimated % stocking rate of trees / kilometer. This can
be obtained by dividing estimated total number of street trees by
total distance of road * 100 . Percent stocking rate of trees gives us an
idea whether we can perform plantation of additional trees in the
remaining open space in the right – of – ways of the street.
8. Develop an appropriate data sheet for condition ranking ( Health)
of each species found in each sampling plot. The condition ranking of
each individual tree in each sampling plot need to be recorded.
Condition of each tree, including: root characteristics, branch
structure, trunk, canopy, foliage condition, and the presence of pests
Street tree inventory contd….
9. The condition of each inventoried tree should be rated as Good, Fair, Poor, or Dead.
Based on these data, the general health of the inventoried tree population will be rated
• Good : No sign of stress, good looking foliage and boles, very few sign of physical
damage, decay, disease or insect damage, very few dead wood (5 %) in the crown, no
interfering with utility lines
• Fair : Some visible sign of stress, thin canopy, small leaves, diseases and insects
infestation, poor form, steam damage, some dead woods on the crown, limbs and trunk
(10 %)
• Poor : State of decline, major diseases or insect attack, physical defects, 50 % dead wood
in the foliage, bark beginning to peel,
• Dead : almost dead, very poor condition, removal is needed, 90 % dead branches,
completely affected by insects, pathogens, nutrient deficiencies, little or no foliage visible
during growing season
Street tree inventory contd….
10 Diameter Size Class Distribution : Analyzing the diameter size class distribution (measured as
diameter at breast height [DBH]) provides an estimate of the relative age of a tree population and
gives information on maintenance practices and needs.
11 The inventoried trees should categorized into the following diameter size classes: young trees (0–8
inches DBH); established trees (9–17 inches DBH); maturing trees (18–24 inches DBH); and mature
trees (greater than 24 inches DBH).
11 . Calculate Frequency, Density , Relative Density, Basal area/Relative basal area, Coverage, relative
coverage of all individual species in the sample plots. These information are necessary to calculate
Importance Value Index to estimate the relative dominance of species in the area inventoried
12. IVI = Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative Basal Area

Note : Above method can also be used for inventory of green space,
Tree inventory in the park, avenue, river or canal site
( This covers 4.6, 4.7 of Unit 4. )
Understanding of green space , urban tree canopy
cover (UTCC)

• Understanding urban tree canopy cover (UTCC) is an important aspect of Urban Forestry for :
• Setting goals for sustainable management of Urban Forestry
• Determining high priority planting areas, and fostering tree planting
initiatives within the nation including municipalities
Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) is :
• The layer of leaves, branches, and stems of trees that cover the ground when viewed from above using
aerial or satellite imagery and GIS technology
• UTC, is a measure of the trees we live with, the trees that grace our ( beautify ) neighborhoods, towns,
parks, schools, and roadsides.
• UTC provides many benefits to the communities , improving water quality, saving energy, lowering
summer temperatures, reducing air pollutions , enhancing property values, providing wildlife habitat,
facilitating social and educational opportunities and providing aesthetic benefits.
• UTC helps planner to establish a tree canopy goal, which is crucial for communities who are seeking to
improve their green infrastructure.
Contd…..
• UTC assessment is the first step in urban forest planning, which provides estimates or
the amount of tree canopy currently present in a county as well as the amount of tree
canopy that could theoretically be established.
• Tree canopy cover refers to the proportion of land area covered by tree crowns as
viewed from the air.
• Assess the amount of canopy cover using aerial imagery to get an overall picture of the
urban forest.
• By determining the current canopy cover, you establish a baseline for the range of the
urban forest and define canopy cover targets for the future.
• Defining canopy cover will help you find opportunities to broaden the urban forest and
to determine where management is needed to sustain current canopy levels.
• Knowing canopy cover helps quantify the ecosystem services provided by the urban
forest.
About UTC analysis and data :
• Tree canopy studies are usually performed using high-resolution satellite photo, and involves significant
analysis by Geographic Information Systems technicians
• These days UTC usually measure using i-Tree, a free easy to use software that allows users to rapidly measure
the tree canopy in a given area and is more accurate assessments
• UTC analysis gives us a great idea of the general quantity of tree cover, and can help show the trends in change
in tree canopy .
• However, its limitations don’t give us a full understanding of the function and value of our urban forest.
• UTC analysis help us finding new spaces to plant and preserve the urban trees
• Also UTC analysis help us expand natural areas into parks, along rights-of-way, without impeding (obstructing)
existing use, and improving our environment.
• Using Tree canopy data can help us identify potential areas for the improvement of urban forestry and the
management of the existing urban forest more sustainable .
• A more positive way to look at UTC data is to identify possible planting spaces in the Country.
• This allows the concerned institutions to find areas where the most impact can be had for planting.
• UTC data can make large urban forestry projects easier to manage than individual street trees or plantings.
UTC contd….
• UTC has been identified as an important measure of urban forest health. It indicates the condition and
quality of health of forest trees
• UTC is important to understand how canopy may be changing, and understanding of canopy change trends.
This information will allow managers to make important decisions regarding management strategies of
urban forestry .
• UTCC is important to identify how much urban tree resources are there in the country including
municipality.
• UTCC tells us how much trees there are, where they fall, what conditions they have and whether existing
and future provisions for developing urban forestry are adequate to effectively support the sustainable
growth, health and wellbeing of urban communities.
• UTCC help address the knowledge gap and provide decision-makers with the baseline information they need
to know for strategically plan and manage urban tree resource.
There are some limitations to urban tree canopy data, they are :
• the top-down data does not speak to what species of trees are in the community
• whether we have a vertically complete forest (trees, shrubs, grasses), or is an over-browsed unsustainable
forest.
Contd….
Estimation of Urban Tree Canopy Cover :
There are many methods for calculating UTC
cover, but the simplest method is :
Crown Diameter Method
• Select sample trees
• Occularly estimate the projection of Plo D1 D2 D1 D2 D1 D2
t
Minor and Major Axis of trees on the no
ground, let it be D1 and D2 1

• Use the Formula :

2
Average Crown Cover % of a tree = (( D1 +
D2 ) /4 )2 * 22/7 ) /Area * 100 3
Unit 4.3 Green space Management

• Urban green spaces are integral components of urban ecosystems, contributing to enhanced
environmental quality, quality of life and sustainable urban development.
• Scientific evidences in the last two decades have emphasized the crucial necessity of green areas
within urban social-ecological systems to solve several problems of city-culture.
• Role of parks and gardens has become much more important in view of ever-increasing population
of cities, particularly in developing countries.
• Tangible and intangible benefits provided by these green assets are often taken for granted by the
public and some city authorities.
• Like other developing economies, Nepal is being urbanized at a faster pace, but the data on per
capita green space is lacking.
• Urban forestry studies, involving technical and social science aspects are lacking in developing
countries. There is no record of per capita availability of urban green spaces in many important
cities of developing countries including Nepal.
Green space mgt. contd…
• Open space : any open piece of land without any built structures and is accessible
to the public.
• Green space : Any feature in the land whether natural or artificial, private or public,
as long as it contains partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other
vegetation, which overall provide the experience of contact with nature.
• Green space includes parks, community gardens, Schoolyards Playgrounds, Public
seating areas, Public plazas, Vacant lots and Cemeteries.
• Public green space: Green space owned and managed by a local authority which is
provided for public use and access (Minister of Public Works, 2008).
• Private/institutional green space: Green space owned by an individual or certain
institution for limited users, in the form of house yards, institutional space or
corporate space etc (Minister of Public Works, 2008).
Green space mgt. contd…
Green Space Management :
The Green Space Management is an integrated management of all the facets of natural resources
like vegetation (forests, shrubs, grass, any plants) agriculture, wetlands, terrestrial and aquatic
biodiversities available in the green space to provide the ecological, social , economical ,
aesthetic, recreational, health benefits to the communities or urban dwellers.
Why Green Space Management ? :
• Central to family and quality of life of the communities
• Supporting health, happiness and recreation
• Improving social cohesion
• Promoting local economic growth
• Delivering environment services
• Vital pieces of local infrastructure
• Builds sustainable communities
Importance of Green Space
Management
• Green spaces management fundamentally affect communities wellbeing. They are an
important determinant of health and quality of life of the communalities.
• Management of Green space provides management of recreational areas for residents and
helps enhance the beauty and environmental quality of neighborhoods.
• Green Spaces are vital pieces of local infrastructure. The quality of parks and open space
services has a proven effect on public perceptions of local authority performance.
• Green space also significantly affects the economic performance of a place.
• It has been recognized that the contribution of quality green spaces builds sustainable
communities
• In industrializing and urbanizing countries, urban green spaces such as parks play an
increasingly important role in contributing to the quality of urban life and environment.
• Green space management like park management can have good environmental impacts, due
to control of pesticide, runoff, siltation from overused hiking and destruction of habitat.
Contd….Green space mgt…
Purpose of Green Space Management
Wet land
To beautify and management
protect urban
environment

increase green
To ensure space awareness
Contribute to
urban dweller
sustainable
involvement
human
and
settlement
commitment
Importance of green space mgt
contd..
• Green space management are an essential component of urban ecosystem management, it delivers a range of
services to help sustain life, promote well-being, and support economic benefits.
• Green space management make our towns and cities more attractive to live in, encouraging inward investment,
improving the energy efficiency of buildings – as well as removing air borne pollutants and connecting people
with nature.
• Management of green space can also mitigate the extremes of climate change, helping to reduce storm water
run-off and the urban heat island.
• Green space management is necessary because green spaces are a crucial part of the cityscape, softening and
beautifying the built environment, improving neighborhood safety and livability, and providing vital ecosystem
services such as air purification, temperature mitigation, and storm water interception.
• Urban communities can receive many benefits from the management of green space such as improving water
quality, conserving energy, lowering city temperatures, reducing air pollution, enhancing property values,
providing wildlife habitat, facilitating social and educational opportunities, and providing aesthetic benefits.
• Good quality management of parks and green spaces contribute to individual well-being, and through their
social, economic and environmental values contribute to more livable and attractive towns and cities
• Management of Urban parks and green spaces provide numerous direct and indirect contributions to people’s
prosperity, wellbeing, social relations, and daily life experience
Importance of green space mgt
contd..
• Given the growth in population and the demand for urban settlements as well as the growing need for
natural resources to sustain livelihoods of the urban dwellers, the management of green space available
in the country is imperative.
• Through the green space management, newly developed urban settlements can enjoy the environment,
social and economic benefits that green space can provide on a sustainable basis..
• The Green Space Management should intends to address the poorly managed areas such as unmanaged
open spaces, illegal dump sites, eroded areas and areas overgrown with vegetation. These areas do not
only attract poor waste management but also criminal activities and health hazards.
• The management of these areas can transform areas into green recreational areas for the communities
to relax and enjoy the natural environment, which will also improve the well-being of the communities.
• Green spaces play an integral part in maintaining the environmental integrity in most urban settlements.
• Green space management contribute not only to the maintenance and the integrity of the natural
environment but also plays a significant role in the biodiversity conservation, social and physical well-
being of the human population by creating green job opportunities and also providing food security
through the planting of fruit trees.
Green Space management
Strength /Opportunities in
Nepal
• Whatever may be the cases, the urban dwellers and communities have now increasingly recognized the
importance of management of these green spaces for their social, economic and ecological benefits .
• Therefore, ways have to be found to maintain and develop a multifunctional and sustainable green infrastructure
through the better planning and management of green spaces in the whole Metropolitan cities across Nepal
• All urban green space is under the jurisdiction of municipalities. Planning and Management of such green
spaces should rest on municipalities
• Apart from implementing national policies, the municipalities should develop their own municipal policies , Act
and Regulation and incorporate into their urban settlement strategy .
• Municipalities should develop urban settlement strategy giving high priority to the management of green space.
These strategies should me merged into National Urban Development Strategy
• The new government has focused on urban greening and beautification as an instrument for nation building, the
National Urban Development Strategy has stipulated creation of green infrastructures across the country
• Integration of green space management into the urban development objectives, strategies and plan of the
municipalities is also an opportunity for the development of management plan of urban green space .
• The management of a green space is an integral part of maintenance and the integrity of the natural environment
shaping the community areas as well as a pull factor for investments in the areas.
Contd….
• All organizations under the municipalities should play responsible roles for
green space planning and management in the cities.
• Urban green space governance (i.e. strategic decision making) and
management should involve a wider range of actors than just municipal
departments and units.
• National-level actors responsible for urbanization, and enhancing greening
operations together with the series of knowledge based institutions
(universities and research centres) can play an important role, e.g. as advisors
to city councils on planning, management and design issues.
• All the municipalities should develop their own short-term, mid-term and
long-term plans for the planning and management of green spaces within the
municipalities .
Green Space Management
Issues
• Rapid population growth and urbanization across the globe including Nepal have led to pressures on the natural green
space .
• Green spaces have been degraded due to a number of demands from urban dwellers ranging from housing developments and
other land use demands and virtually end up being illegal dump sites.
• These days most Metropolitan cities and towns of the country lack a well-functioning green infrastructure
• Natural and open green spaces have been lost due to the development of housing areas, infra-structure, commercial and
industrial areas.
• With the loss of natural green space , ecosystem services such as providing better air and water quality and recreational
opportunities have come under threat
• Nepal, as a rapidly urbanizing country, is facing high pressure on its urban green spaces.
• Due to increasing trend of urbanization and development of physical infrastructures across the country, majority of
green spaces have been susceptible to land use changes and are in the state of degradation of their environmental and
social qualities.
Effective and efficient management of the urban forest relies on an understanding of the structure and function of the
resource, as well as the benefits it provides.
• Many green areas are affected by population increase in the cities. Severe loss and degradation of urban green spaces
have adversely affected important green space ecosystem services as well as have caused detrimental effects on the
quality of human life.
Contd….
Green Space Management should addresses the following issues:
• Management of neglected green spaces in the communities
• Illegal human encroachment and settlements in the green space and
dumping of garbage
• Lack of social and community cohesion and resources
• Improve the social well-being that enhances strong and healthy
communities
• Recreation for family and community gatherings and health concerns of
the communities
• Empowering communities with historical indigenous information
Contd..
Green Space Management Objectives should primarily be focused on
the followings :
• Restoration, enhancing and rehabilitation of available green spaces
• Maximized measures towards air and water pollution mitigation
• Recreation for family and community gatherings and health concerns of
the communities
• Improved climate change adaptation through minimization of
biodiversity loss
• Encourage use of greener technologies to mitigate against
environmental degradation
Contd….
General Criteria to be followed for the management of urban Forestry :
• Management of green space needs a balance between multitude of demands of the
communities and valued of the public green spaces that are used by the community.
• For this reason, careful consideration should be given to the principles and guidelines
for the management of green space. The following outlines the criteria specifically
associated with the design of green space.
• Detail Survey and inventory of existing Green Space across the country
• Set national criteria for the management of different kinds of green spaces like :
Urban park or public park, Private park, Private gardens, Formal gardens, Play areas
etc
• Classify the Green space based on the criteria and management objectives
• Set management objectives of each type of green space
Contd….
• Develop Goals, Strategy, Policy, Act and regulation for the management of
green space across the country.
• ‘In the management of green space, One size fits all’ is not appropriate
because green spaces have different varieties of resources and sizes, physical
features, types of spaces, different activity opportunities, different
management purpose and character of the development area.
• Public Green space management needs clearly defined objectives since they
differ in size, location, use rights of public, physical features and demands of
local communities.
• It is important to be clear about the main purpose of the management of each
parcel of green space from the beginning and manage the green space
accordingly.
Contd…
• In the management, versatility and flexibility are essential to provide for a diversity of
activities, user groups and functions. This includes establishing a hierarchy of green space
and green space with different roles such as settlements and public squares, parks and
trails and greenways.
• Management of Green space in higher density urban developments should be focused to
support active living and cater for a range of community needs and different age groups.
• Management of Green space in higher density urban developments should be high
quality to encourage active use and exercise, and support intensive use. The quality of
green space has been found to have a profound impact on people’s health and well being.
• People are twice as likely to engage in physical activity if they have good access to large
and attractive parks and links to destinations. This suggests that the management of
good sized parks should linked to higher density urban developments (even if this is
nearby and accessible rather than within the development area).
Contd….
• Management should focus on Innovative and facilities such as community gardens with an interaction
focus, innovative play and activated edges, with high social benefits.
• Landscape is a very important aspect of management of green space so there should be a strong focus on
‘green’ open space and good vegetation cover, creating opportunities for large trees to establish,
retaining existing mature trees and vegetation, distinctive landscape design and good amenity such as
shade and shelter.
• Green space management should be developed to have balanced access to sun and shade. This includes
considering appropriate amenity, aspect, prospect, surrounding building height, street setback and
management of overlooking and overshadowing.
• Designing green space to make the most of views and vistas is important. Good design should respond
and contribute to the natural and built context.
• Community concerns and public access to safe open and green space should be a critical area of concern
for urban residents in a sustainable management of urban green space .
• Effective and efficient management of the green space relies on an understanding of the structure and
function of the resource of green space , as well as the benefits the green space provide to the
communities.
Unit 4.4. Tools for assessing and managing
urban and community Forests Arboriculture
(NB:Plz search this in Google. It is
incomplete…..)
 Information on i-tree as a management tool of Urban Forests
• i-Tree is a state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed software suite from the USDA(United States Development of
Agriculture) Forest Service that provides urban and rural forestry analysis and benefits assessment
tools. It's designed to quantify the benefits and values provided by trees, helping communities, non-
profit organizations, consultants, and others to make informed decisions about tree management and
policy. Here are some key aspects of i-Tree:
Key Features
• i-Tree Eco: This tool provides a broad and detailed analysis of urban and rural forest structure, function,
and value. It measures and values factors like carbon storage and sequestration, air pollution removal,
stormwater interception, and more.
• i-Tree Canopy: This is a quick and easy tool to estimate tree canopy cover and the benefits provided by
the trees in a specific area using aerial images.
• i-Tree Landscape: This tool allows users to explore tree benefits and land cover in a broader context,
integrating with GIS data and allowing for regional and landscape-level analysis.
• i-Tree Hydro: This tool assesses the effects of trees and other vegetation on hydrology and water
quality, helping communities understand how tree cover impacts stormwater and water quality.
• i-Tree Design: This is an easy-to-use tool that allows homeowners, planners, and developers to see how
tree planting can improve energy savings, stormwater interception, and carbon sequestration on their
property.
• i-Tree Species: This tool helps users select the most appropriate tree species based on the ecosystem
services they provide.
 Benefits of i-Tree

• Quantification of Tree Benefits: i-Tree tools provide precise data on

the ecological and economic benefits of trees, aiding in advocacy and
policy-making.
• Support for Planning and Management: These tools support strategic
planning for urban forestry and help in managing tree resources more
effectively.
• Community Engagement: By providing clear and accessible data, i-
Tree helps engage the community in tree planting and conservation
efforts.
• Educational Resource: i-Tree serves as an educational tool for
students, researchers, and the general public to learn about the
importance of trees in urban environments.
 How to Access i-Tree

• i-Tree is available for free and can be accessed through the i-Tree website. The site offers
downloads, user manuals, training resources, and support to help users get the most out
of the tools.
• Applications
• Urban Forestry Planning: Municipalities use i-Tree to plan and manage their urban
forests.
• Environmental Impact Studies: Researchers and consultants use i-Tree for
environmental impact assessments and to support environmental policy.
• Community Projects: Non-profit organizations and community groups use i-Tree to
advocate for and implement tree planting projects.
• i-Tree's suite of tools is continuously updated and improved, incorporating the latest
research and user feedback to provide accurate and relevant information for urban
forest. In sum, i-Tree is a software suite developed by the USDA Forest Service that
provides tools for analyzing and assessing the benefits of urban and rural forests. It
quantifies ecological and economic values such as carbon storage, air pollution removal,
and storm water interception, aiding in tree management, policy-making, and
community engagement.
 What is Aboriculture ?
Arboriculture is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial
woody plants. It focuses on the health and safety of plants in various environments, including urban settings,
parks, and private properties. Here are some key aspects of arboriculture:
Key Areas of Arboriculture
• Tree Health Care: This involves diagnosing and treating tree diseases, pests, and other health issues. It
includes practices like pruning, fertilization, and soil management to ensure tree vitality.
• Planting and Transplanting: Arborists select appropriate species for specific locations and conditions, ensuring
proper planting techniques to promote healthy growth.
• Pruning and Trimming: Regular pruning helps maintain tree structure, aesthetics, and health. It can also
prevent safety hazards by removing dead or weak branches.
• Tree Removal: Safe and efficient removal of trees that pose risks to people, property, or other plants. This also
includes stump grinding and disposal of tree debris.
• Cabling and Bracing: Installing support systems in trees with structural weaknesses to prevent limb or trunk
failure.
• Soil Management: Enhancing soil conditions to support healthy root growth, including aeration, mulching, and
soil amendments.
• Risk Assessment: Evaluating trees for potential hazards, such as structural weaknesses or disease, and
implementing measures to mitigate risks.
 Importance of
Arboriculture
• Environmental Benefits: Trees provide numerous ecological benefits,
including air purification, carbon sequestration, storm water
management, and habitat for wildlife.
• Aesthetic Value: Properly maintained trees enhance the beauty and
value of landscapes and properties.
• Public Safety: Regular tree care prevents accidents and property
damage caused by falling branches or trees.
• Urban Planning: Arboriculture plays a crucial role in urban planning
by improving green spaces, reducing urban heat islands, and
promoting biodiversity
 Arborists…..?

• Arborists, also known as tree surgeons, are professionals trained in

arboriculture. They possess the knowledge and skills to provide
proper tree care, ensuring trees' health, safety, and longevity.
Certification from organizations like the International Society of
Arboriculture (ISA) can indicate a high level of expertise and
professionalism.
 Arboriculture vs. Forestry

• While both fields involve the management of trees, arboriculture

focuses on individual trees and their care in urban and suburban
environments, whereas forestry typically deals with managing forests
and woodlands for timber production, conservation, and recreation.
Educational Resources and Organizations of
Arboriculture

• International Society of Arboriculture (ISA): Provides certification,

education, and resources for arborists.
• Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA): Offers training, certification, and
advocacy for tree care professionals.
• Arboricultural Association: A UK-based organization offering resources,
training, and certification for arborists.
• Arboriculture is essential for maintaining healthy, safe, and aesthetically
pleasing trees in our communities, contributing significantly to environmental
sustainability and quality of life.
 Unit 4.8. Replacement mechanism of the 4 D tree in the
Urban Forestry
4 D trees ( Dead, Dying, Decayed and Diseased )
Hazard Tree: A hazard tree is a tree that poses a potential risk to people, property, or
infrastructure due to structural weaknesses, disease, damage, or instability. Identifying and
managing hazard trees is crucial for public safety, particularly in urban areas, parks, and near
buildings or roads. Here are some key aspects:
Live Crown Ratio (LCR):
The relative proportion of the green crown of a tree to its overall height. Generally, healthy
trees will have a LCR of 50% or greater.
Purpose of Replacement of 4D trees :
• The formation of dead, dying, diseased, decayed, detached or broken branches stumps, snags,
broken branches, rubbing branches, unwanted shoots and climbing plants within the crown of
the trees is part of the natural system of tree life.
• However, such trees or branches need to be removed from urban forests (woodlots, street right
–of – ways, parks and the golf course ) to improve crown appearance, the overall tree aesthetics
and long life of the tree.
• Removal of such trees or part of trees gives more light and enables the tree to grow to its full
potential and increases the condition of health of trees .
 Contd…..
• Removal of such trees or branches is also termed as hazardous pruning or crown cleaning, where
pruning is used in such a way that a tree is being maintained as a specimen within the context of
a formal park or ornamental garden.
• We need adequate machineries, trained and skilled man power in order to carry out removing
operations.
• The removal of such trees and branches may also be considered desirable where they represent a
risk to persons or property or utility services
• It is also important to remember that dead wood is an essential habitat for a large number of
organisms in the ecosystem in which the tree lives.
• Any removal of dead wood from the crown could potentially be detrimental to the continued
viability of the ecosystem in which the tree lives. However, to improve the general health of the
trees and in turn to improve the health of ecosystem, pruning of such trees in the urban forestry
is important
• Such operations should be carried out systematically climbing throughout the crown of the tree.
• Cuts into live wood must be avoided when removing dead branches and stubs.
• No damage must occur to the branch collar when carrying out such operation
 Contd…
• We need to set certain goal before we start the removing operation of the trees. One of the
goal could be : removal of dead, dying, diseased, decayed, detached or broken branches
stumps, snags, broken branches, rubbing branches, unwanted shoots and climbing plants that
could cause injury, damage property, damage utilities infrastructures, spread disease, or
improve the general aesthetic of the tree.
• Normally not all the deadwood need to be removed, however, should decide upon a minimum
size of dead branch before hand.
• Less-dangerous tree that looks cleaner should not be removed.
• Branches that are decayed due to disease and/or pest infestation, then the removal of those
branches may be applicable and justified for health, safety and sanitation purposes and to
prohibit the spread of specific diseases.
• In general situations, dead and decaying branches should either be removed fully or shortened
if they pose risks to people, property, utilities infrastructures, sites, and affect access.
• However, it may be viable to consider some other management options for the removal of
such trees, if the rate of deadwood volume is in considerable quantity.
Contd…
• We should also undertake the safe removal and pruning of branches that exhibit dieback
and decay, promoted by the natural process of ageing.
• Tree removal operations should be based on the basis as dictated by the tree removal
policies or Specification Manual. If there is no such tree removal policies or
Specification Manual, they should be developed by Provincial or Municipal government
with in-depth consultations with responsible authorities, experts and working with local
communities at Provincial or Municipal levels .
• Trees located on village owned properties, street right-of-ways, urban development,
irrigation projects need to be removed only when they are deemed dead, dying,
dangerous, or condemned because of disease.
• After removal of trees, the stump will be ground out and clean up of debris with soil and
turf repairs by the responsible projects . Typically these operations will be performed
during tree planting time periods or during summer months as needed.
• When a tree is removed and the site is adequate for planting , we need to start
replacement operations in which, the replacement tree should be suitable tree species
that will maintain the aesthetic value and general good appearance of the landscape of
the urban forestry.
Contd….
• Tree insects and diseases should be managed in the urban forests on as
need basis and is guided by budget or funding availability in Provincial or
Municipal level
• Decision on selection of replacement trees should be made based on the
interactions and meetings with the communities, Provincial or Municipal
level concerned institutions and local experts on urban forestry
• Tree canopy coverage goal of 40% should be normally placed in Urban
Forestry
• For this require, innovative planting techniques and products to facilitate
tree planting in restricted, high-use, difficult, and special needs areas
Unit 4.9. Thinning and Pruning
activities in the Urban Forestry
What is Thinning ?

“A treatment to increase the diameter increment of residual trees, improve

stand quality and health, and increase stand level production by cutting excess
and potential mortality trees without permanently breaking the crown canopy”
Why thinning?
Why Thinning ?

• To increase dbh growth, maintain larger crowns and higher vigor

• To reduce rotation length
• To improve average tree quality and value
• To provide intermediate income
• To reduce volume losses to mortality
• To improve resistance to insect disturbances
• To increase seed production
• To enhance wildlife food production and availability
• To improve aesthetics, by creating a more open, park-like appearance
Methods of Thinning

1. Low thinning
2. Crown thinning
3. Selection thinning
4. Geometric thinning
5. Free thinning
Contd…
Low thinning
• Low thinning, also known as "thinning from below," is a silvicultural practice used in forestry to improve the
growth and health of a stand of trees by selectively removing the smaller, weaker, or less desirable trees. This
type of thinning focuses on the lower canopy levels, targeting trees that are suppressed or intermediate in
height, rather than the dominant or co-dominant trees in the upper canopy.
• Trees are removed from the lower crown classes
• Must be very heavy or done early and frequently to appreciably increase growth of upper crown class
trees
• Most applicable in stands which nearly all trees are merchantable(acceptable standard)
Crown thinning
• Crown thinning is a pruning technique used in arboriculture and forestry to selectively remove branches from the crown, or upper
part, of a tree. The primary goal is to reduce the density of the tree's crown without altering its overall shape or size significantly.
This practice can enhance light penetration and air circulation within the canopy, which promotes healthier growth and can mitigate
certain risks.
• Removes trees from upper crown classes to favor the best trees in those classes
-- Removes mostly co-dominant trees, but intermediate or dominant trees interfering with desired
residuals also removed
• Unlike low thinning, no matter how lightly applied, principle cutting is made in the upper crown classes
• Can provides greater income than low thinning
Contd….
Crown thinning : is a pruning technique primarily used on hardwood trees.
• Crown thinning is the selective removal of stems and branches to increase light penetration
and air movement throughout the crown of a tree. The intent is to improve a tree's structure
and form while making life uncomfortable for tree pests.
• In forestry , thinning is the selective removal of trees, primarily undertaken to improve the
growth rate or health of the remaining trees.
• Overcrowded trees are under competitive stress from their neighbors. Thinning may be done
to increase the resistance of the stand to environmental stress such as drought , insect
infestation, extreme temperature, or wildfire
• Thinning is a more drastic form of pruning, a thinning is the removal of an entire shoot, limb,
or branch at its point of origin. This is usually employed to revitalize a plant by removing over-
mature, weak, problematic, and excessive growths.
Ecological thinning : A thinning in which the trees removed have little or no economic value
is also called a pre-commercial thinning. Ecological thinning is a alternative of this being
studied for use in forest conservation.
Contd…
• The primary aim of forest thinning is to increase growth of selected trees,
but ecological thinning is done to favor development of wildlife habitat
(such as hollows) rather than focusing on increased timber yields .
• Thinning may also reduce the risk of wildfire by increasing availability of
groundwater as well as reducing fuel for wildfires.
• Another type of thinning is called variable density thinning. In this type
of thinning, the intent is to manage various portions of the stand in
different ways to create structural and spatial heterogeneity.
• Chemical thinning is a form of non-commercial thinning in which the trees
are killed while they stand by injecting a chemical such as gly-phosphate
(Round Up) into a cut made in the stem.
Contd….
• Selection thinning
• Removes dominant crown class trees in order to favor the growth of trees in
lower crown classes
• Trees favored in crown and low thinning are likely to be cut in selection thinning
• If incorrectly applied, leads to high-grading and reductions in residual stand growth
and quality
• Most commonly used to remove poorly formed dominant trees
• Applied in some two-layered stands to remove taller layer
• Repeated selection thinning is only appropriate for shade tolerant and
negatively geotropic conifers
Contd….
• Geometric thinning
• Trees to be cut are chosen strictly on the basis of spacing or pattern with no regard to crown class
• This results in removal from all crown classes and retention of trees in all crown classes
• Most appropriate where there is little differentiation in crowns or in tree quality
• Usually applied only as a first thinning in young stands or plantations
• Free thinning
Free thinning is a silvicultural practice that involves selectively removing trees from a stand
without adhering to a strict systematic pattern or predefined criteria based on tree size,
spacing, or position. Instead, the decisions on which trees to remove are made based on a
combination of factors aimed at meeting specific management objectives. These factors can
include tree health, species composition, growth potential, and overall stand structure.

• Objective is to select the best trees, regardless of canopy position, and release them
• Differs from area-wide thinning methods (e.g. low or crown) in that residual density or spacing across the
site need not be uniform
• Typically, a set number of crop trees are released (e.g. 50 or 100)
• Number of crop trees should be sufficient to fully stock the stand at the end of the rotation
Prunning
What is Prunning ?
In forery, pruning is a silvicultural practice involving the selective removal of certain
parts of a tree, such as branches , buds or roots.
• Reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by controlling or
redirecting growth), improving or sustaining health, reducing risk from falling branches,
preparing nursery specimens for transplanting , and both harvesting and increasing
the yield or quality of flowers and fruits.
• The practice entails targeted removal of diseased , damaged, dead, non-productive,
structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted tissue from tree and landscape plants .
• In general, the smaller the branch that is cut, the easier it is for a woody plant to heel
the wound and thus limit the potential for pathogen intrusion and decay.
• It is therefore preferable to make any necessary formative structural pruning cuts to
young plants, rather than removing large, poorly placed branches from mature plants.
Contd…
Why Pruning in Urban Forests ?
There are many reasons for pruning trees .
• Pruning can assure added safety for people entering the landscape
• Increase tree vigor and health and will make a tree more beautiful
• Value-added benefits of pruning includes stimulating fruit and flowers production.
In general, pruning in Urban forestry is necessary for :
1. Pruning for Personal safety -
• Removal of branches that could fall and cause injury or property damage
• Trimming branches that interfere with lines of sight on streets or driveways,
• Removal branches that grow into utility lines
Contd…
2. Pruning for tree health -
• Removal of diseased or insect-infested wood,
• thinning the crown to increase airflow which will reduce some pest problems, and
removing crossing and rubbing branches.
• Pruning can best be used to encourage trees to develop a strong structure and reduce
the likelihood of damage during severe weather.
• Removing broken or damaged limbs encourage wound closure.
3. Pruning for landscape aesthetics -
• Pruning can enhance the natural form and character of trees and stimulates flower
production.
• Pruning for form can be especially important on open grown trees that do very little
self-pruning.
Contd…

• Types of prunning
• The type of pruning in urban tree are classified based on the trees health,
longevity, safety, and appearance.
• In urban forestry, proper pruning is important because trees add beauty and
enhance property value, up to 27%.
• Improperly pruned or neglected urban trees can result in:
-- suffering tree health
-- lessened property value
-- increased potential hazards and liability and
-- increased long-term maintenance costs.
Types contd….
1. Crown lifting pruning :
• Removing a tree's lower branches up to a certain level.
• This is usually set at around a third ( 1/3) of the tree's height.
• This is frequently carried out where access is required for vehicles and pedestrians to
pass underneath with safety.
• This technique also facilitates more light reaching the lower part of the tree which can
encourage growth.
2. Crown Pruning :
• Carried out to control the height and the span of a tree growth by selectively
removing branches.
• This increases the penetration of light, and can help a fruit tree to produce more fruit.
Types contd…
3. Formative or directional pruning :
• Determines how the tree is shaped and made structurally sound by removing appropriate
branches.
4. Pollarding :
• Takes place when some deciduous species are trimmed back to a pollard, or knob.
• New growth will emerge from this point.
• This is thought to be quite an extreme pruning technique, and is carried out both to keep
growth within certain parameters and to encourage plenty of shade from the canopy.
5. General pruning :
• Often takes in the dormant phase (autumn or winter) and routinely by reducing the length
of the side branches, to let in more light and put the tree at less risk of damage from
storms or high winds.
Contd….
6. Maintenance pruning :
• This type of pruning is done periodically to keep a tree healthy and vigorous.
• Remove any dead, broken, damaged or diseased branches and any stubs (broken or
cut base of a branch projecting from a tree trunk) as soon as you notice them.
• Remove any water sprouts and suckers as quickly as possible.
• Prune any inward-growing branches and any that are rubbing on or interfering with
other branches.
• Prune any branches and stems that are too closely spaced.
Pruning reduces the risk of storm damage in 2 ways :
• 1- by reducing drag (wind resistance on the crown)—this is true of all pruning types
• 2- by lowering the height of the pressure center of the crown
Contd…
Regular pruning is beneficial for numerous reasons.
• Pruning can improve the appearance of the tree, facilitate air circulating
around the tree,
• Manage the height of the tree
• Remove dead or diseased branches
• Pruning can help increase the number of flowers or fruit a tree may bear
• Get nursery-bred trees ready for transplant; or
• Help to shape the growth of the tree in a particular fashion.
• Judicious pruning can improve the health of a tree, whilst severe and clumsy
pruning can send a tree into shock
Contd….
When to prune young and mature trees
• It is easiest to prune trees when they are dormant, either in early spring (before the buds burst) or in
late fall (about a month after the leaves have dropped).
• Their structure is clearly visible at those times.
• They can also be pruned during the growing season, except during extremely hot or dry spells.
• No pruning should be done in the depths of winter (January and February).

Pruning Cycle:
• Except for the problem trees and 4 Ds trees, the general optimal pruning cycles would be every two
years to every five years, depending upon the species, their growth rate and level of beautification of
the landscape.

Important Note: Pruning especially during the early years, will improve a tree's structure. As trees
mature, pruning will shift to maintaining that tree's structure, form, health and appearance.
Thank you

Best of Luck