INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY

• Entomology is a science that deals with the

study of arthropods.
• Arthropods are invertebrate animals that have
jointed legs.
• The word arthropod is a combination of two
words : Arthro and Poda.

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 INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY.

• The word Arthro means jointed or joined .

• While the word Poda means legs.
• Arthropod therefore means animals with joined
legs.

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 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

• Medical entomology is an aspect of

entomology that deals with the study of
arthropods of medical importance.
• It may also be defined as the study of
arthropod that affect the health of man and
vertebrate animals.

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 ARTHROPOD
ARTHROPODS,CHARACTERISTICS OF
ARTHROPOD,
WHY STUDY ARTHROPODS,
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODS
CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD VECTORS
INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY

• Entomology is a science that deals with the study of

arthropods.
• Arthropods are invertebrate animals that have jointed
legs.
• The word arthropod is a combination of two words
Arthro and Poda.
• The word Arthro means jointed or joined .
• While the word Poda means legs.
• Arthropod therefore means animals with joined legs.
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 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

• Medical entomology is an aspect of entomology

that deals with the study of arthropods of medical
importance.
• It may also be defined as the study of arthropod
that affect the health of man and vertebrate
animals.

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 WHAT ARE ARTHROPODS
• Arthropods are Ectoparasites that causes disease condition in
man
• They have a temporary or permanent association with their
host.
• They are of medical importance in that they cause disease in
human and animals alike.
• They also act as nuisance to man.
• They act as vectors of viruses bacteria, protozoa, or helminthes
• They also acts as blood suckers and vectors of infectious agent.
 WHAT ARE ARTHROPODS

• They act as nuisance to man.

• They act as vectors of viruses, bacteria,
protozoa and helminthes
• They also acts as blood suckers and vectors of
infectious agents.
 GENERAL CHARCRERISTICS OF
ARTHROPODS

• ARTHROPODS have a body THAT is made up of

skeleton.
• The skeleton covers the body, so they have what is
known as exoskeleton.
• The exoskeleton is non-living and is secreted by
underlying dermis.

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 GENERAL CHARCRERISTICS OF
ARTHROPODS

• Arthropods have bi-laterally symmetrical body that is

divided into segments.
• They have appendages on some parts of the body.
• Their body is made up of a tough rigid substance
called chitin

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 GENERAL CHARCRERISTICS OF
ARTHROPODS

• Arthropods have body cavity between the

alimentary canal and the body wall.
• They have an open circulatory system.
• This is unlike the circulatory system of man and
other animals which is closed.

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 GENERAL CHARCRERISTICS OF
ARTHROPODS

• They have no vein or artery as seen in other higher

animals like man.
• They have open circulatory system which is free
flowing and works by diffusion .
• It is called hemolymph.

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 GENERAL CHARCRERISTICS OF
ARTHROPODS

• Arthropods have nervous system .

• Their nervous system is a ventral ladder type of
nervous system called ganglia
• This is equivalent to the spinal cord in vertebrate.

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 GENERAL CHARCRERISTICS OF ARTHROPODS

• Arthropods grow by molten.

• Their growth is controlled by hormones.
• They have ganglia which coordinates brain to
spinal cord.

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 WHY DO WE STUDY ARTHROPOD (1)

• We study arthropod because of their effect on man and

animals.
• Their effect on man and animals may be negative or and
positive.
• The Negative effect of arthropods on man includes the
following:
(a) Cause tropical diseases in man.:
• They do this by biting, stinging, piercing and secreting
poisonous substances while trying to defend themselves .
(b) Cause irritation through contact with Urticaria hair of
certain caterpillars. 15
 WHY DO WE STUDY ARTHROPOD (1)

(a) They cause tropical diseases in man.:

• They do this by biting, stinging, piercing and
secreting poisonous substances while trying to
defend themselves .
(b) They also cause irritation in man when they
come in contact with Urticaria hair of certain
caterpillars.
 WHY DO WE STUDY ARTHROPOD (2)

( C)Because they cause fear in man (Ento-mophobia).

(d) Because they cause allergic reaction in man.
(e) Because of their indirect effect on man : by causing
damage to buildings domestic fabrics and food .
• They cause spoilage of food and other materials when
they feed on them thus rendering them unsuitable for use
or to eat.
• They also cause nuisance

.
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 WHY DO WE STUDY ARTHROPOD (3)
(BENEFIT OF ARTHROPOD.)

• Despite the disadvantages of arthropods to man, animals

and the environment, they are also of benefit to man.
• The following are some of the benefits or advantages of
arthropod to man.
(i) Crop pollination, that is they help in crop pollination.
(ii) Some of them acts as food e.g grass hopper.
(iii) They produce food and medicine for human use e.g
honey from bees.
(iv) They accelerate decomposition of organic matter, e.g
beetles and maggots. 18
• CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA

• Arthropods are classified into four main groups or

class as follows:
(a) CLASS Arachnida: Examples includes spider,
scorpion, tick and mite.
(B) CLASS insecta e. g Insects
© CLASS diplopodia e.g millipedes
(D) CLASS chilopoda e.g, centipede

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
(A) CLASS ARACHNIDA )

• Members of this class include spider, tick, mite and

scorpion.
• They have the following morphological characteristics:
(a) They have a Cephalothorax
(b) They have six pairs of appendage
© They have Pedi palps used for sensing and feeding.
(d) They also have four pairs legs.
(e) Gas exchange is by book lungs
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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
(B) CLASS (INSECTA)

• Members of this CLASS/GROUP are insect.

• Their body is divided into three (3) parts .
• That is Head Thorax and Abdomen.
• They are said to be Hexapoda.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
© CLASS (DIPLOPODIA) MILLIPEDE

• Members of this class are worm like.

• They have a large number of legs which are
divided two pairs per segment
• They feed on decaying plant matter

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
(D) CLASS (CHILOPODA) CENTIPEDES

• The class/group Chilopoda are carnivorous

• They have many trunk segment
• Each trunk segment has one pairs of walking legs
• The most anterior trunk segment carries the
poisonous claws.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
(E) CLASS CRUSTACEAN

• Members of this class CRUSTACEAN includes the following:

(i) Crabs(II) Lobsters (III) Cyclops, (IV)Shrimps
(V) Crayfish etc.
• They have two pairs of antennae
• They also have three or more pairs of mouthparts
including mandible.
• They have walking legs on the thorax, with appendages
present on the abdomen.
• Crustacean can regenerate their lost appendages.
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 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
(E) CLASS CRUSTACEAN.CONT.

• They are able to exchange small amount of gasses

through/across the thin area of their cuticle
• They exchange Large amount of gasses through
their gills.
• Crustacean are able to Excrete nitrogenous wastes
by diffusion across thin areas of the cuticle.
• They maintain their salt balance by specialized
antennal or maxillary glands.
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 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD

• The control of arthropod is divided into two:

(a) Early control measure
(b) Current control measure.
• Both control measures are directed at controlling
vectors.

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 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
(EARLY CONTROL MEASURES)

• The early control measures were adopted because

effective vaccine and drugs are not always available
for the prevention and treatment of arthropod
borne disease.
• The early control measure is divided into two
• (a) Physical measures
• (b) Chemical measures i: Involving the use of
chemicals.

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 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
(EARLY CONTROL MEASURES)((PHYSPCAL)

• The physical control measures includes the

following:
(i) Screening of houses
(ii) Use of mosquito nets.
(iii) Draining of water bodies used as breeding
sites of insect vectors.
(iv) Application of oil to breeding places of
vector.
 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
(EARLY CONTROL MEASURES) (CHEMICAL)

• Apart from the physical control measures, other control measure is chemical.
• The chemical used is Dichloro-Diphenyl trichloro-ethane (DDT).
• This is very effective and cheap to produce.
• It acts by causing change in the environment which prevent vectors from
breeding.
• It gave a permanent success until it later became expensive and out of reach.
• A situation which results in the disease returning to significant level.

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 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
(EARLY CONTROL MEASURES)CHEMICAL

• DDT acts by causing change in the environment

which prevent vectors from breeding.
• It gave a permanent success until it later became
expensive and out of reach.
• A situation which results in the disease returning to
significant level.
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 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
( CURRENT CONTROL MEASURE)

• The current control measures are also directed at vectors.

• It is divided into five as follow:
(1) Personal protection against vectors .
(2) Environmental management control.
(3) Biological control.
(4) Chemical control.
(5)Genetic control: Use of genetically modified materials to
eliminate the vectors from the environment.

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 CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD
( CURRENT CONTROL MEASURE)
(A) PERSONAL MEASURE

• This involves the use of physical barriers between a

vertebrate and arthropod VECTOR
• For example, use of bright clothing materials.
• This offers protection from biting insects.
• The use of brighter colored dress generally attract
fewer insects than darker ones..

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 CURRENT METHODS USED TO CONTROL ARTHROPOD
VECTOR.
(a) Personal protection.

• When clothing material is thick and the texture is

impenetrable, the insect vector can not easily bite
• The use of chemical repellant cream on the body.
• This help to repel arthropod from biting.
• The use of arthropod toxicants that are applied
directly to a vertebrate

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 CURRENT METHODS USED TO CONTROL ARTHROPOD VECTOR.
(b) (ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT)

• This involves altering the breeding sites of vectors

and marshes.
• For example filling ponds and marshes on permanent
bases.
• (C) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: This is the use of living
organism or their products to control vectors and pest
insect
• For example use of fish that feeds on mosquito lavae.
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 CURRENT METHODS USED TO CONTROL ARTHROPOD VECTOR.
(D) ( CHEMICAL CONTROL )

• Chemical control of arthropods consist of using

chemical insecticide.
• The insecticide used are divided into two based
on the way they act.
• Some act as stomach poison when consumed /
taken in by insect vector in the form of a bait.
• The chemical insecticide is taken into the
alimentary canal when the insect cleans itself.
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 CURRENT METHODS USED TO CONTROL ARTHROPOD VECTOR.
( CHEMICAL CONTROL )

• Other chemical insecticide act as contact poison

• They are applied to the atmosphere through which the
insect is flying,.
• It may also be applied to surfaces over which the arthropod
will walk.
• The chemical penetrate the cuticle and enter the spiracle.
• Depending on the ingredients of the chemical It may act
on the nervous system by disrupting nerve impulses and
causing uncoordinated behavior. 37
 CURRENT METHODS USED TO CONTROL ARTHROPOD VECTOR.
GENETIC CONTROL

• This involves manipulation of genetic mechanism

or hereditary.
• Sterilized male mosquito are used for this purpose.
• They are used to compete with natural ones
• Thus decreasing the new generation of mosquito.

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