COOLING LOAD AIR QUANTITIES

The quantity of air circulated must be adequate to

handle the cooling load as the air warms up to room
temperatures from its supply temperature. The lower the
supply temperature, the less the quantity which must be
circulated, but the minimum temperature is determined by
the system arrangements, the necessity of avoiding drafts
and cold regions, the ceiling height, and the throw
required.
 Qs m
t2
t1
Supply air m

Sensible heat load

Qs = mCp (t2 – t1)

Where:
Qs = sensible heat load, KJ/s or KW
m = mass flow rate of supply air, kg/s
Cp = specific heat of the supply air = 1.0062 KJ/kg-0C
t2 = inside space temperature to be maintained, 0C dry bulb
t1 = supply air temperature entering space, 0C dry bulb
 QL m
W2
W1
Supply air m

Latent heat load

Moisture picked up = (W2 – W1) kg/kg dry air

Where: W2 = humidity ratio of inside air, kg/kg

W1 = humidity ratio of supply air, kg/kg
The latent heat of steam (water vapor) in the air conditioning
is approximately 2500 KJ/kg.
QL = m (W2 – W1) kg/s
QL = 2500 (m) (W2 – W1) KJ/s or KW
 QT m
h2
h1
Supply air m

Total heat load

QT = Qs + QL
QT = m (h2 – h1)

Where: QT = total heat load, KW

h2 = enthalpy of inside air, KJ/kg
h1 = enthalpy of supply air, KJ/kg
Sensible heat ratio or sensible heat factor is the ratio of the
sensible heat load to the total heat load.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

An auditorium is to be maintained at a temperature of 25 0C

dry bulb and 190C wet bulb temperatures. The sensible heat
load is 88 KW and 58 kg/hr of moisture must be removed. Air
is supplied to the auditorium at 180C. Determine (a) the mass
flow rate of supply air, (b) the relative humidity, dew point,
and wet bulb temperatures of the supply air, (c) the sensible
heat ratio.

Solution:

a. Qs = m (1.0062)(t2 – t1)
88 = m (1.0062) (25 – 18)
m = 12.49 kg/s
b. Moisture picked up = 58 / 3600(12.49) = 0.0013 kg/kg

From the psychrometric chart at t2 = 250C & tw2 = 190C,

W2 = 0.0114 kg/kg

Humidity ratio of supply air,

W1 = W2 – 0.0013 = 0.0114 – 0.0013 = 0.0101 kg/kg

From the psychrometric chart at t1 = 180C & W1 = 0.0101

kg/kg,
RH1 = 77%
tdp1 = 14.20C
tw1 = 15.60C
c. QL = 2500 (m) (W2 – W1)
= 2500(12.49) (0.0114 – 0.0101)
= 40.59 KW

SHR = QS / QS+QL = 88 / 88+40.59

= 0.6843
 Various Methods of Handling the Air Supplied to a
Conditioned Space
A. All Outside Air Supplied, No Recirculation

The use of all outside air with no recirculation is

uneconomical unless the outside conditions are close in
temperatures and humidity to the inside conditions
maintained. Recirculation is impracticable in spaces
where objectionable odors arise.

1
Outside Air 2 3 Conditioned Space
Conditioner
Fan
Reheater 4
 Example:
In a space, the sensible heat load is 13.5 KW and the
latent heat load is 3.4 KW. Outside air is at 32 0C and 50%
relative humidity. The space is to be maintained at 25 0C dry
bulb and 180C wet bulb temperatures. All outside air is
supplied with reheater to satisfy the space conditions. The
conditioned air leaves the supply fan at 170C. Determine (a)
the refrigeration load, (b) the capacity of the supply fan, and
(c) the heat supplied in the reheater.

250C
1 180C
Conditioner
2 3 Fan 170C
m Outside Air Conditioned
320C m Space
Reheater
50% RH 4
 Solution:

Qs = m (1.0062)(t4 – t3) Point 2:@W2 = W3 =

13.5 = m (1.0062)(25 – 17) 0.0093 kg/kg & saturated,
m = 1.68 kg/s h2 = 37 KJ/kg

Point 4:@ t4 = 250C & tw4 = 180C, Point 1:@ t1 = 320C & RH
W4 = 0.0101 kg/kg = 50%,
h1 = 71 KJ/kg
Point 3: QL = m(2500)(W4 – W3)
3.4 = 1.68(2500)(0.0101 – W3)
W3 = 0.0093 kg/kg
@t3 = 170C & W3 = 0.0093 kg/kg,
υ3 = 0.835 m3/kg
h3 = 40.5 KJ/kg
(a) Refrigeration load = m(h1 – h2) = 1.68(71 – 37) = 57.12 KW
(b) Fan Capacity = mυ3 = 1.68(0.835) = 1.40 m3/s
(c) Heat Supplied = m(h3 – h2) = 1.68(40.5 – 37) = 5.88 kW

1
2 3

To conditioned
space
 (B) Recirculated and Outside Air Supplied

Recirculating part of the air is more economical

than using all outside air, as the temperature of the
recirculated air is usually more favorable than that of the
outside air. In the ordinary conditioner, the air must be
cooled to a relatively low temperature to condense the
surplus humidity, and when this temperature is too low for
comfortable delivery to the conditioned space, some
reheating of the dehumidified air is necessary.
mr 4 Recirculated Air

1 4 Conditioned
mo Space
Outside Air m Conditioner
2 3 Fan
5 Cool Air
Reheater
 Example:
A space to be air conditioned has a sensible heat
load of 36 KW and a latent heat load of 10.2 KW. The
space is to be maintained at 260C and 50% relative
humidity. Outside air is at 320C dry bulb and 240C wet
bulb temperatures. The conditioned air will enter the space
at 190C. If 45% of the supply air is fresh air and the rest is
recirculated air, find (a) the volume flow rate of fresh air
at supply conditions, (b) the apparatus dew point, and (c)
the refrigeration load.
mr 4 Recirculated Air
Conditioned
1 4
Space

190C 260C
mo
Outside Air m Conditioner
2 3 Fan RH = 50%
32 C 0 5 Cool Air
Reheater
240C
Solution:

QS = m(1.0062)(t4 – t3)
36= m(1.0062)(26 – 19)
m = 5.11 kg/s

Point 4:@ t4 = 260C & RH = 50%,

W4 = 0.0106 kg/kg
h4 = 53 KJ/kg
Point 3: QL = m(2500)(W4 – W3)
10.2 = 5.11(2500)(0.0106 – W3)
W3 = 0.0098 kg/kg

@ t3 = 190C & W3 = 0.0098 kg/kg,

υ3 = 0.841 m3/kg
mass flow rate of outside air, mo = 0.45(m)
= 0.45(5.11) = 2.30 kg/s

(a)Volume flow rate of outside air, Vo = moυ3

= (2.30)(0.841) = 1.93 m3/s

(b)Point 2: @ W2 =W3 = 0.0098 kg/kg & saturated

h2 = 39 KJ/kg; t2 = 140C
Apparatus dewpoint, tdp2 = 140C

(c) Point 1: @ t1 = 320C & tw1 = 240C,

h1 = 72.5 KJ/kg
mass flow rate of recirculated air,
mr = m – mo = 5.11 – 2.30 = 2.81 kg/s
Refrigeration load = mr(h4 – h2) + mo(h1 – h2)
= 2.81(53 – 39 + 2.30(72.5 – 39)
Another Solution:
h5 = moh1 + mrh4 / m = (2.30)(72.5) + (2.81)(53) / 5.11
= 61.7 KJ/kg

Refrigeration load = m(h5 – h2) = (5.11)(61.7 – 39) = 116 KW

1
5
4
2
3
To conditioned
space
 (C) Recirculated Air with External-Bypass System

In the bypass system, part of the recirculated air is

controlled by damper action in order to make it bypass the
conditioner. This warmer bypass air is used to reheat the
air leaving the refrigerated coils to a more suitable
temperature for distribution at the grille outlets. This
method produces economical performance as compared
with systems where reheat might be required.

mr 4 Recirculated Air
4
By pass Air m
y 4
1 Conditioned
mo mc m m Space
Outside Air mc Conditioner
Fan
5 2 3 3 Cool Air
 Example:
In an auditorium, the sensible heat entering is 96
KW and the latent heat is 38.40 KW. Outside air is at 33 0C
dry bulb and 250C wet bulb temperatures. The supply air
enters at 180C and the auditorium is to be maintained at
250C dry bulb and 180C wet bulb temperatures. If 20% of
the fan capacity is fresh air and the bypass system is used,
determine (a) the apparatus dewpoint, and (b) the
refrigeration load.

mr 4 Recirculated Air
4
By pass Air m
y 4
1 Conditioned
mc m 18 C
0
mo m Space
Outside Air mc Conditioner
Fan
330C 5 2 3 3 Cool Air 250C
250C 180C
Solution:

QS = m(1.0062(t4 – t3)
96= m(1.0062(25 – 18)
m = 13.63 kg/s

Point 4:@ t4 = 250C & tw4 = 180C,

h4 = 50.5 KJ/kg, tdp4 = 14.20C
W4 = 0.0101 kg/kg

Point 3: QL = m(2500)(W4 – W3)

38.4 = 13.63(2500)(0.0101 – W3)
W3 = 0.0090 kg/kg

@ t3 = 180C & W3 = 0.0090kg/kg

tdp3 = 12.50C
(a) Let y = percent air bypassed
c = percent air conditioned

4
y 3
2 c

Solving eq. 2 & 3 simultaneously,

y+c=1 eq. 1 y = 0.509
yt4 + ct2 = t3 c = 0.491
25y +ct2 = 18 eq. 2 Substituting in either eq. 2 or 3:
t2 = tw2 = tdp2 = 10.70C
ytdp4 + ctdp2 = tdp3
14.2y + ct2 = 12.5 eq. 3
(b) Point 2: t2 = tw2 = tdp2 = 10.70C
h2 = 31 KJ/kg
Point 1: @ t1 = 330C & tw1 = 250C
h1 = 76 KJ/kg

mo = 0.20 (m) = 0.20 (13.63) = 2.73 kg/s

mc = 0.491 (m) = 0.491 (13.63) = 6.69 kg/s
mr = mc – mo = 6.69 – 2.73 = 3.96 kg/s

Refrigeration load = mo(h1 – h2) + mr(h4 – h2)

= 2.73(76 – 31) + 3.96(50.5 – 31)
= 200.1 KW
Another Solution:
h5 = moh1 + mrh4 / mc = (2.73)(76) + (3.96)(50.5) / 6.69
= 60.9 KJ/kg

Refrigeration load = mc(h5 – h2) = (6.69)(60.9 – 31) = 200 KW

1
5

2
3 4
To auditorium
 EXERCISE NO. 3

1.An auditorium is to be maintained at 250C dry bulb

temperature and 50% relative humidity. The supply air enters
the auditorium at 170C. The sensible and latent heat loads are
150 KW and 61 KW, respectively. Determine the wet bulb
temperature, relative humidity and the volume flow rate of the
supply air.
2.In a certain space to be air conditioned the sensible and latent
heat loads are 20.60 KW and 6.78 KW, respectively. Outside
air is at 330C dry bulb and 240C wet bulb temperatures. The
space is to be maintained at 250C with a relative humidity not
exceeding 50%. All outside air is supplied reheater. The
conditioned air enters at 180C. Determine (a) the refrigeration
load required, (b) the capacity of the supply fan, and (c) the
heat supplied in the reheater.
3. An air conditioned auditorium with a capacity of 1000
persons is to be maintained at 240C dry bulb temperature and
55% relative humidity. The sensible and latent heat loads are
115 KW and 42 KW, respectively. The conditioned air enters
the auditorium at 170C. For proper ventilation, 40% of the
supply air is fresh air and the rest is recirculated air. Outside
air is 340C and 50% relative humidity. Determine (a) the
volume flow rate of recirculated air, (b) the apparatus
dewpoint, and (c) the refrigeration load.

4. A store is to be maintained at 250C and 50% relative

humidity has a sensible heat load of 18.90 KW and a latent
heat load of 6.30 KW. Outside air is at 320C dry bulb and
230C wet bulb temperatures. The conditioned air enters at
170C. If 30% of the supply air is fresh air and the bypass
system is used, determine (a) the refrigeration required, and
(b) the volume of the bypass air at supply condition.