Planting System

Direction: Arrange the steps using leters (A, B,
C, D, E, F). Write the letter on the

space provided Items 1-12.
Wet Land Preparation
____ Level the field
____ Flood the field
____ Perform primary tillage operations
____ Irrigate the field
____ Perform secondary tillage operations
____ Repair or construct bunds
 Dry Land Preparation
____ Lay-outing
____ Harrowing/leveling
____ Plowing
____ Digging of holes
____ Clearing
____ Furrowin
Field Lay-outing
LAYOUT
• The layout of the orchard is a very important

operation. Under this, the arrangement of
fruit plants in the plot is carefully done to
put the plants at a suitable distance for
proper development and for accommodating
the requisite number of plants per unit area
in addition to improving the aesthetic look of
the orchard.
Factors which are considered
important for proper layout of the
orchard
• system of planting and
• planting distance of
individual fruit species
Advantages of proper lay-outing
• Allow equidistance for each tree for uniform growth.
• Allow easy orchard operations like cultivation,
intercropping, irrigation, spraying of plant protection
chemicals and growth regulators, harvesting etc.
• Proper utilization of orchard space avoiding wastage of
land.
• Help in proper supervision and management of the orchard.
• Aloe further extension of area from time to time so that
subsequent planting would match with the existing orchard
planting.
Here are tools and materials used in lay outing a
field.
TOOLS AND USED
MATERIALS
Strings are used to straighten the

edges and
sides of the field being layout.
Measuring tape is a flexible ruler used
to
measure size or distance.
TOOLS AND USED
MATERIALS
Measuring tape is a flexible
ruler used to measure size or
distance.
Stakes is a strong wooden or

metal post with a point at one
end,
driven into the ground to support
a tree,
form part of a fence, act as a
boundary mark, etc.
SYSTEM OF PLANTING
The system of planting to be adopted is
selected after considering the slope of land,
purpose of utilizing the orchard space,
convenience etc. Generally, six systems of
planting are recommended for fruit trees.
Systems of planting
The selection of a system for planting depends on the conditions and topography of the
orchard’s location, plant species to be planted and orchards management practices.
The systems of planting are also called systems of layout and no system is ideal for
planting of fruit/vegetable plants in all conditions. There are following systems of
planting commonly used for planting of fruit trees and vegetables:
1. Square system: This is a common

system of planting adopted in plains.
The distance from
plant to plant and row to row is kept
equal. The planting is done at each
corner of the
squares. The square system of the
layout is easy to draw and provides
equal space to each fruit/vegetable
plant. The space at the center of square
Square system
• This system is considered to be the simplest of all the system
and is adopted widely.
• In this system, the plot is divided into squares and trees are
planted at the four corners of the square, in straight rows
running at right angles. While laying out the plot a base line is
first drawn parallel to the road, fence or adjacent orchard, at a
distance equal to half the spacing to be given between the
trees. Pegs are fixed on this line at the desired distances. At
both ends of the base line right angles are drawn by following
the simple carpenter’s 3, 4, 5 meters system. After the
formation of three lines it is easy to fix all the other pegs to
mark the tree locations in between the lines at the required
spacing by using ropes connecting the pegs of the lines in
opposite directions.
Advantages
1. Irrigation channels and paths can be made straight.
2. Operations like plowing, harrowing, cultivation,
spraying, and harvesting becomes easy.
3. Better supervision of the orchard is possible as one
gets a view of the orchard from one end to the other.
Disadvantages
4. Comparatively less number of trees is
accommodated in given area.
5. Distance between plant to plant and row to row
remains the same and, hence, certain amount of
space in the middle of four trees is wasted.
Rectangular system
• In this system, the plot is divided into
rectangles instead of squares and trees are
planted at the four corners of the rectangle in
straight rows running at right angles. The
same advantages which have been mentioned
in the square system are also enjoyed here.
The only difference is that in this system more
plants can be accommodated in the row
keeping more space between the rows.
Advantages
1. Intercultural operations can be carried out easily.
2. Irrigation channel can be made length and breadth wise.
3. Light can penetrate into the orchard through the large inter
spaces between rows.
4. Better supervision is possible. 5. Intercropping is possible.
Disadvantages
5. A large area of the orchard between rows is wasted if
intercropping is not practiced.
6. Less number of trees are planted.
The income is increased, and the growth of the weeds is suppressed. The acute competition
between primary and filler fruit crops for water, nutrients, sunlight, and air along with overlapping
of branches and overcrowding of trees/plants are the disadvantages of the quincunx system of
planting.
Quincunx system
• This system of planting fruit trees is similar to square
system, except that a fifth tree is planted at the centre
of each square. As a result the tree number in an unit
area becomes almost double the number in the square
system. The additional tree in the centre is known as
“filler”. The fillers are usually quick growing, early
maturing and erect type fruit trees like banana, papaya,
pomegranate, etc., which are removed as soon as the
main fruit trees planted at the corner of the square come
into bearing. The planting of filler trees provides an
additional income to the grower in the early life of the
orchard.
Advantages
1. Additional income can be earned from the filler crop till the
main crop comes into bearing.
2. Compared to square to square and rectangular systems,
almost double the number of trees can be planted initially.
3. Maximum utilization of the land is possible.
Disadvantages
4. Skill is required to layout the orchard.
5. Inter/filler crop can interfere with the growth of the main
crop.
6. Intercultural operations become difficult.
7. Spacing of the main crop0 is reduced if the filler crop is
allowed to continue after the growth of the main crop.
Triangular system
• In this system, trees are planted as in the square
system but the plants in the 2nd , 4th, 6th and
such other alternate rows are planted midway
between the 1st, 3rd, 5th and such other alternate
rows. This system has no special advantage over
the square system except providing more open
space for the trees and for intercrops. It is not only
a difficult layout but cultivation also in the plots
under this system becomes difficult.
Hexagonal system
• In this system, the trees are planted at the corners of
an equilateral triangle and thus, six trees from a
hexagon with the seventh tree at the centre. This
system is generally followed where the land is costly
and very fertile with ample provision of irrigation water.
Though 15 per cent more trees can be planted in a unit
area by this method over the square system, fruit
growers usually do not adopt it, as it is difficult to
layout and cultivation in the plot cannot be done so
easily as in the square system.
Advantages
1. Compared to square system 15% more trees can be
planted.
2. It is an ideal system for the fertile and well irrigated
land.
3. Plant to plant distance can be maintained the same.
4. More income can be obtained.
Disadvantages
5. Intercultural operations become difficult.
6. Skill is required to layout the orchard.
Contour system
• It is generally followed on the hills with high slopes. It
particularly suits to a land with undulated topography,
where there is greater danger of erosion and irrigation
of the orchard is difficult. The main purpose of this
system is to minimize land erosion and to conserve soil
moisture so as to make the slope fit for growing fruits.
So, the contour line is designed and graded in such a
way that the flow of water in the irrigation channel
becomes slow and thus finds time to penetrate into
the soil without causing erosion.
Advantages
1. This system can be adopted in hilly regions and in leveled land.
2. Contour system can control the soil erosion.
3. It helps simultaneously in the conservation of water.
4. Preservation of plant nutrients supplied by manures and fertilizers is
possible.
5. Contours from an easy path movements on the hill slopes are used for
carrying out various orchard operations such as weeding, manuring,
pruning, harvesting, disease and pest control.
Disadvantages
6. Laying out of contour lines is difficult and time consuming.
7. Special skill is required to layout this system.
8. Special instruments are required for making contour lines.
9. The row to row distance will not be equal and adjustments may be required
in the plant to plat distance.
10. Rows are broken in to bits and pieces.
7. Freestyle system
• When planting of fruit/vegetable plants

is done without following any regular
geometrical layout design, the system
is termed freestyle system.
Procedure for layout
In the layout procedures for different system, a

few common steps can be identified.
1. Measure the land.
2. Decide the types of trees to be plated,
planting distance and the system of planting.
3. Prepare a plan on the paper marking
all details.
Activity 1
Directions: Underline the different tools and materials used in
conducting field layout.
Post-assessment
Direction: Identify each statement. Write your answer on the space provided.
___________________ 1. These are used to straighten the edges and sides of the field being
layout.
___________________ 2. It is a flexible ruler used to measure size or distance.
___________________ 3. It is a strong wooden or metal post with a point at one end, driven
into the ground to support a tree, form part of a fence, act as a boundary mark, etc
___________________ 4. It is used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and
stumps
___________________ 5. It is used for digging canals breaking hard topsoil and for digging
up stones and tree stumps
___________________ 6. It is used for breaking hard topsoil and pulverizing soil.
___________________ 7. It is used for removing trash or soil, digging canals or ditches, and
mixing soil media
___________________ 8. It is used in removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil from
one place to another and for mixing soil media
___________________ 9. This is a common system of planting adopted in plains.
___________________ 10. In this system of planting row to row distance is kept more than
the plant-to-plant distance.

Planting System

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Direction: Arrange the steps using leters (A, B,

C, D, E, F). Write the letter on the

• The layout of the orchard is a very important

Strings are used to straighten the

Stakes is a strong wooden or

1. Square system: This is a common

• When planting of fruit/vegetable plants

In the layout procedures for different system, a

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