CE413

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE

Lt. Col. Dr. Khondaker Sakil Ahmed

Instructor Cl A

Department of Civil Enginering, MIST

Khondaker Sakil Ahmed, PhD, PEng,

CEng
M.ASCE, MSEI, MICE, FIEB
Lt. Col & Associate Professor
Design of Tension
Members
 Design of Tension Members
• Structural Elements Subjected to Axial Tensile
Forces

Trusse Cables in suspension and

s cable stayed bridge

Bracing for Buildings and

Design of Steel Tension Members

P P

What is the maximum

value of P?

LRFD Equation  i Qi  Rn
 Design of Steel Tension Members

Equations for strength of tension members:

a) For yielding in the gross section:

 Rn  Fy Ag
b) For fracture in the net section:

 Rn  Fu Ae
Design of Steel Tension Members

Yielding in the gross section:

P Max stress Yield stress Fy P

Fu

P P
 Yield Stress of Gross Section
Strength of Tension Members
Controlling limit States:
a) Yielding of the gross cross section away from connection
b) Fracture of the effective net area at connection
c) Block shear failure through bolt holes

Yielding of gross cross section

Tn= Nominal Tensile Strength
Tn Fy Ag Fy= Yield Stress
Ag= Gross cross section away from connection
 Strength of Tension Members
Fracture through bolt holes:

Tn= Nominal tensile strength

Fu = Specified minimum tensile strength
Tn Fu Ae Ae = Effective net area = UAn’
An = Net area
U= Reduction coefficient ( an efficiency factor)
 Net Area Calculation
Net Area
Member cross-sectional area at the connection is reduced and the strength of
the member may also be reduced depending on the size and location of the holes.
Holes are cut by a) punching b) sub-punching and reaming and c) drilling.
Actual hole diameter is generally 1/16’’ more than the diameter of the bolt.
Cutting hole causes damage in the metal around the hole. For this reason additional
1/16’’ is deducted. Thus,
Bolt hole diameter= Bolt diameter+ 1/16’’+1/16’’= Bolt diameter+ 1/8’’
Standard Hole for a ¾’’ Diameter bolt

T T
An = Ag- (Width for hole X Thickness of Here,
Plate)
= 1.0 – (0.875 X 0.25)
Ag = 4 X 0.25 = 1.0 sq. inch

= 0.781 sq. inch

Width to be deducted for hole = 3/4 +1/8 = 7/8 inch= 0.875 inch
 Net Area (An) Calculation
Staggered Holes:
Whenever there is more than one hole and the holes are not lined up transverse to
the loading direction, more than one potential failure line may exist.

For Figure (b),

Net length of A-B = Length of (A-B)- (Width of hole+ 1/16 Where,

inch) Length Correction:
Net length of A-C = Length of (A-B)- 2 (Width of hole+ 1/16
 Net Area Calculation Example
Staggered Holes:
Path AD      0.25 2.5 sq. inch
  15 1  
12 - 2
  16 16  

Path ABD 12 - 3      0.25 2.43 sq. inc

     
2 2
 15 1  2.125 2.125

  16 16  4 2.5  4 4  

Path ABC 12 - 3      0.25 2.42 sq. inch

  15 1      
2 2
2.125 1.875

  16 16  4 2.5  4 4  
 Design of Steel Tension Members

Equations for strength of tension members:

a) For yielding in the gross section:

Where,
 Rn  Fy Ag  0.90
b) For fracture in the net section:

Where,
 Rn  Fu Ae  0.75
 Important Notes
Note 1. Why is fracture (& not yielding) the relevant
limit state at the net section?
Yielding will occur first in the net section. However, the
deformations induced by yielding will be localized around the net
section. These localized deformations will not cause excessive
deformations in the complete tension member. Hence, yielding at
the net section will not be a failure limit state.

Note 2. Why is the resistance factor (Ør) smaller for

fracture than for yielding?
The smaller resistance factor for fracture (Ø t= 0.75 as
compared to Ør=0.90 for yielding) reflects more serious nature and
consequences of reaching the fracture limit state.
 Load Combination

1.4 D

1.2 D +1.6 L+0.5 (Lr or S)

1.2 D + 1.6(Lr or S)+ (0.5 L or 0.8 W)

1.2 D +1.6 W +0.5 L+0.5 (Lr or S)

0.9 D+1.6 W
 Effective Area (Ae)

A e?

• For bolted connection, the effective net area is Ae= U An

• For welded connection, the effective net area is Ae= U Ag

Where, the reduction factor U is given by,

x
U 1  0.9
L
Determination of
 Determination of L

The AISC manual also gives values of U that can be used

instead of calculating / L.
They are based on average values of / L for various bolted
connections.
•

For W, M and S shapes with width-to-depth ratio of at least 2/3

and for Tee shapes cut from them, if the connection is through
•

the flanges with at least three fasteners per line in the direction
of applied load…….........U= 0.90
• For all other shapes with at least three fasteners per
W M S Shapes
 U For Welded Connection (1/2)
U 1.0

Tension Description Shear Lag Factor, U Example

Member
Type
All bolted U 1.0

All Welded

Plate
U 1.0

Transverse weld U 1.0

Longitudinal
Welds
l 2w,U 1.0
1.5wl 2w,U 0.87
wl 1.5w,U 0.75
 U For Welded Connection (2/2)
U 1.0

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections

Tension 80Lag Factor, U

Description Shear Example
Member
Type
Round HSS Single
concentric
l 1.3D,U 1.0

gusset plate
x
D l 1.3D,U 1
l
D
x

Rectangular Single
HSS concentric
x
l H ,U 1
gusset plate
l
B 2 2BH
x
4( B  H )
 Others
Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections
Tension Description Shear Lag Factor, Example
Member U
Type
Four or more
fasteners per
line in the
direction of the
Single
U 0.80

load
Angle
Two or three
fasteners per
line in the
U 0.60
direction of the
load
 Example-1
A single angle tension member L, 4 X 4X 3.8 inches, made from A36 steel is
connected to a gusset plate with 5/8 inch diameter bolts, as shown in Figure below.
The service loads are 35 kips dead load and 15 kips live load. Determine the
adequacy of this member using AISC specification. Assume that the effective net
area is 85% of the computed net area.
 Example
Determine the design tensile strength of the plate (200X10 mm)
with the holes as shown below, if the yield strength and the
ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 420 MPa and
20 mm diameter bolts are used. Calculation of net area:
Here, fy = 250 MPa
fu = 420 MPa
An(Section 11) =(200-3×21.5) ×10
=1355 mm2 (governs)
An(Section 1221) =(200-4×21.5+ ) ×10
=1557 mm2
An(Section 12321) =(200-5×21.5 + ) ×10
=1758 mm2
 Example-2
U 0.80

Determine the design strength of an ASTM A992 W8 X 24 with 4 lines if ¾ inch

diameter bolts in standard holes, two per flange, as shown in the Figure below.
Assume the holes are located at the member and the connection length is 9.0 inch.
Also calculate at what length this tension member would cease to satisfy the
slenderness limitation in LRFD specification B7.

• For ASTM 1992

material:
Fy= 50 ksi

• For the W8 X 24
Section:
Ag= 7.08 sq inch
tw= 0.285 inch
tf= 0.4 inch
d=7.93 inch
bf= 6.5 inch
r =1.61 inch
 Example-3
Consider the welded single angle L, 6 X 6 X ½ tension member made from A36 steel
shown below. Calculate the tension design strength.
 Block Shear
U 0.80

For some connection configurations, the tension member can fail due to “tear-out”
of material at the connected end. This is called block-shear.
For example, the single angle tension member connected as shown in the Figure
below is susceptible to the phenomenon of block shear.

For the case shown here, shear

failure will occur along the
longitudinal section a-b and
tension failure will occur along
the transverse section b-c
Block Shear-2
Example of Block Shear Failure
 Criteria
Block shear strength is determined as the sum of the
shear strength on a failure path and the tensile strength
on a perpendicular segment.

Block shear strength = net section fracture strength on

shear path + gross yielding strength on the tension path
Or,
 Block shear strength = gross yielding strength of the
shear path + net section fracture strength of the tension
path
 Design Equations
As per AISC manual (Section J4.3: Page 16.1-67)
When Fu Ant 0.6Fu Anv ;

t Rn  0.6Fy Agv  Fu Ant  0.6Fu Anv  Fu Ant 

When Fu Ant 0.6Fu Anv ;

t Rn  0.6Fu Anv  Fy Agt  0.6Fu Anv  Fu Ant 

Where,
Ant =Net area subject to
 0.75
Agv =Gross area subject to
shear shear
Agt =Gross area subject to Anv =Net area subject to
Tension Tension
 Design Equations
As per ASTM
Shear yielding-tension rupture (0.6FyAgv< 0.6 FuAnv)

Tn 0.6Fy Agv  FuU bs Ant

Shear fracture-tension rupture (0.6FyAgv≥ 0.6 FuAnv)

Tn 0.6Fu Anv  FuU bs Ant

Agv =Gross area subject to Ant =Net area subject to

shear shear
Agt =Gross area subject to Anv =Net area subject to
Tension Tension
 Block Shear Example
The single angle :, 4 X 4 X 3/8 made from A36 steel is connected to gusset
plate with 5/8 inch diameter bolts as shown below. The bolt spacing is 3 inch
center-to-center and the edge distances are 1.5 inch and 2.0 inch as shown
in the Figure below. Calculate block shear strength.

Agt =Gross Tension Area

=2.0X3/8=0.75 in2
Ant =Net Tension Area
=0.75-
0.5X(5/8+1/8)X3/8=0.609 in2
Agv =Gross Shear Area
=(3.0+3.0+1.5)X3/8 =2.813
in2
Anv =Net Shear Area
 Calculation
 Step I Step II
Assume a block shear pathCalculate which equation governs
0.6 Fu
and calculate required •areas. Anv= 0.6X58X2.109=73.393
kips
• Fu Ant=58X0.609=35.322 kips

• 0.6 Fu Anv>Fu Ant

• Therefore, equation with fracture of shear
path governs
Step III

• ØtRn=0.75 (0.6FuAnv+FyAgt)
 Home Work
Problem:1
Determine the design tension
strength for a single channel
C15 X 50 connected to a 0.5
inch thick gusset plate as
shown in Figure. Assume that
the holes are for ¾ inch
diameter bolts and that the
plate is made from structural
steel with yield stress (Fy)
equal to 50 ksi and ultimate
stress (Fu) equal to 65 ksi.
Solution
 ASD Design
ASD Design
Block shear strength along tear out path
Nominal strength:
Tn 0.6Fy Agv  FuU bs Ant
Allowable strength:


Tn 0.6Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant
 
 
0.6Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant 
  2.00
Safety factor Ω=2.00 for block shear which is essentially a
fracture limit state