LEGAL

Genzy P. Llorito, Rcrim

MEDICINE
Top 2 – October 2016
MS Criminology-On Going – Holy Trinity College-Gen. Santos City
BS Criminology-Magna Cum Laude – Sultan Kudarat State University-Tacurong City
Legal medicine

is a branch of medicine which deals with

application of medical knowledge to the
purposes of law and justice.
Medical Jurisprudence
is a branch of law which deals with the
organization and regulation of the medical
profession.
It is the system used in the Philippines at present which is
handled by a medico-legal officer who is a registered
physician duly qualified to practice medicine in the
Philippines.
A. Medical Jurisprudence B. Medico- Legal
System
C. Medical Evidence D. Physical
Evidence
 The Medico-Legal System

1.Medico-legal Office System

2.Medical Examiner System
3.Coroner System.
Medico-legal Office System
This is the medico-legal system used
in the Philippines at present which is
handled by a Medical Jurist or Medico-legal
Officer who is a registered physician duly
qualified to practice medicine in the
Philippines
Coroner System
The Coroner System probably
originated in England, although there are
no records of its actual origin. In common
law, the office of the Coroner is a very
ancient one.
Medical Examiner System
In some parts of the United States, the
Medical Examiner System is the preferred,
although the Coroner System is still used in
some states. The Medical Examiner System is
handled by the Chief Medical Examiner who is a
Doctor of Medicine and appointed by the Mayor
from the classified lists compiled by the Civil
Medical Examiner is on a 24-hour work with
clerical staff always present.
What Is Death Investigation?

Death investigation deals with the postmortem

investigation of sudden and unexpected death
Death Scene Investigation
For the pathologist and criminal investigator to
perform a thorough investigation, the death scene
must be well documented
 Role of Forensic Pathologist

• Forensic pathologists have multiple

roles in a death investigation:
• Establishing cause of death
• Establishing manner of death
• Estimating time of death
THE MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY

An autopsy should be performed at once when

there is the slightest reason to suspect the probability of
homicide.
In general, it maybe stated that death has been
caused by violence, an autopsy is always performed
unless there is adequate proof to the contrary.

AUTOPSY
the process by which the medico-legal officer
conducts an examination on the cadaver to determine
the exact CAUSE OF DEATH
AUTOPSY VS POST MORTEM
EXAMINATION

Post mortem examination is the

cursory examination of the dead body by the
medico-legal officer at the crime scene.

AUTOPSY/NECROPSY REPORT
- It is a document stating the cause of
death of the victim. This is the medico-legal
report.
CAUSE OF DEATH

1.Proximate
-initial injury that led to a sequence of
events, which caused the death of the
victim

2. Immediate
-injury or disease that finally killed the
individual.
 Kinds of Autopsy
A.) Hospital on Non-Official Autopsy
- This is an autopsy done on a human body
with the consent of the deceased person
relatives.
B.) Medico-legal or Official Autopsy
- This is an examination performed on the
dead body. To determine the cause, manner
( mode ) and time of death. Recovering,
Identifying , and Preserving evidentiary material.
then Providing inter petition and correlation of
 Persons Authorized to perform
Autopsy
1.Health Officers
2.Medical officers of law enforcement
agencies
3.Members of the medical staff of
accredited hospitals
Evidence
 Forms of Medical Evidence
1. Real or Autoptic
evidence which is addressed to the
senses of the court. It is not limited to that
which can be known by the sense of vision
but extends to those which are perceived by
the senses of hearing, taste and smell or
touch.
2. Testimonial Evidence
A physician may be commanded to appear
before a court to give his testimony.
Is the declaration of truth or facts by an expert.
A solemn declaration made orally by a witness
under oath in response to interrogation by a lawyer.
3. Experimental
is a form of evidence wherein an expert or
a medical witness may be required to performs
certain experiments to prove a certain matter
of fact.

4. Documentary evidence
any written evidence presented by an
expert witness in court which is relevant to the
subject matter in dispute.
5. Physical Evidence
Are articles and materials which are
found in connection with an investigation
and which aid in establishing the identity of
the perpetrator of the circumstances under
which the crime was committed or which in
general assist in the prosecution of the
criminal
Mr. Xanzo was caught stealing the personal belongings of
Mr. Zanny particularly a pale of paint. When Mr. Xanzo fled
together with the stolen item, he did not notice that there was
a hole in the pale that cause a continuous dropping of the
paint. These drops of paint are example of physical
evidence which can be considered as…
A. Corpus Delicti Evidence B. Associative evidence
C. Tracing evidence D. None of
these
 Types of Physical Evidence
1. Corpus delicti evidence
It means the body of the crime or actual
commission of the crime charged.
2. Associative evidence
These are physical evidence which link a
suspect to the crime.
3. Tracing evidence
These are physical evidence which may
assist the investigator in locating the suspect.
 Medico Legal
Aspects of
Identification
 Rules in Personal Identification

Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in

Identification
The greater the number of points of
similarities and dissimilarities of two persons
compared, the greater is the probability for the
conclusion to be correct.
 Methods of Identification
• By comparison
Identification criteria recovered during
investigation are compared with records
available in the file.

• By exclusion
If two or more persons have to be identified
and all but one is not yet identified, then the
whose identity has not been established may
be known by the process of elimination.
Characteristics Characteristics that
which may easily may not be easily
be changed. changed

• Growth of hair, beard • Mental memory

or mustache • Speech
• Clothing • Gait (manner of walking)
• Frequent place of • Mannerism
visit • Complexion
• Grade of profession • Hands and feet(size,
shape, and
• Body ornamentations abnormalities)
Mr. Sengiam walks like a robot. His legs are
held together and the steps are dragged and
short. It is the best description of what manner of
walking?
A. Cerebellar B. Ataxic
C. Paretic D. Spastic
 Forms of Gait
• Ataxic gait
The foot is raised high, thrown forward and
brought down suddenly.
• Cerebellar gait
Associated with staggering movement is
seen in cerebellar diseases.
• Cow’s gait
A swaying movement due to knock – knee.
• Paretic gait
The steps are short, the feet are dragged and
the legs are held more or less widely apart.
• Spastic gait
The legs are held together and move in a stiff
manner and the toes dragged.
• Frog gait
A hopping gait resulting from infantile
paralysis.
• Waddling gait
exaggerated alteration of lateral trunk
The complete, continuous, persistent
cessation of respiration, circulation and almost
all brain function of an organism.

A. Apparent death B. Molecular

death
C. Cellular Death D. Somatic
death
 What is death?
• Is the termination of life
• It is the complete cessation of all the vital
functions without possibility of resuscitation.
• It is an irreversible loss of the properties of
living matter
• The ascertainment of death is a clinical and
not a legal problem.
 Signs of Death
1. Cessation of heart action and circulation.
2. Cessation of respiration.
3. Cooling of the body
4. Rigidity of muscles
5. Insensibility of the body and loss of power to
move
6. Changes in the skin
7. Changes in and about the eye
6. Absence of sensitivity
 Types of Death
Brain death
death occurs when there is irreversible coma
absence of electrical brain activity and complete
cessation of all the vital functions without
possibility of resuscitation.
Cardio-Respiratory Death
death occurs when there is continues and
persistent cessation of hearth action and
respiration.
 Kinds of Death
1. Somatic or Clinical Death
state of the body in which there is complete,
persistent and continues cessation of the vital
functions of their brain, heart and lungs which
maintain life and death.

2. Molecular or Cellular death

it is the cessation of life of individual cells in the
body which occurs one at a time after somatic death.
muscle cells live longer until the onset of rigor
mortis which is about 3-6 hours.
3. Apparent Death or State of
Suspended Animation
This condition is not really death but
merely a transient loss of consciousness or
temporary cessation of the vital functions of
the body on account of disease, external
stimulus.
It may arise especially in hysteria,
uremia, catalepsy and electric shock.
Mr. Calimutan was abandoned by the family,
unvisited and let alone to die. This is the best
example of what type of clinical death?

A. Sociological death B. Psychic

death
C. Biologic death D. Physiologic
death
 Clinical Types of Death
a. Sociological death
Type of death wherein the withdrawal and
separation from the patient by others producing
a sense of isolation and abandonment.

b. Psychological death
The condition of death wherein the patient
regresses, gives up or surrenders accepting
death prematurely and refuses to continue
living.
c. Biogenic death
Type of death characterized by the absence
of cognitive function or awareness, although
artificial support system may maintain organs
functioning.

d. Physiologic death
Type of death when all vital organs cease to
function.
Several tests could be administered to the victim’s
body in order to ascertain if there is still sign of life.
What is that test in which a ligature will be applied
around the victim’s finger?

A. Icard’s test B. finger webs test

C. Magnus test D. Winslov test
 Methods of Detecting the
Cessation of Hearth Action
Examination of the hearth
1. Palpation of the hearth
2. Auscultation with the aid of stethoscope (hearth
sound)
3. Fluoroscopic examination (reveal the shadow of
the hearth)
4. Electrocardiograph(determining the hearth action)
 Examination of the Peripheral
Circulation
1. Magnus test
A ligature is applied around the base of a
finger with moderate tightness.
2. Icard’s test
This consists of the injection of a solution of
fluorescein subcutaneously.
if circulation is still present, the dye will
spread all over the body and the whole skin will
have a greenish-yellow discoloration due to
fluorescein
4. Pressure on the Fingernails
If the pressure is applied on the fingernails
intermittently, there will be a zone of paleness at
the site of the application of pressure which
become livid on release.

4. Diaphanous test
the fingers are spread wide and the finger
webs are viewed through a strong light.
Living : the finger webs appear red
Dead : yellow
 Methods of Detecting Cessation of
Respiration
1.Expose the chest and abdomen and observe
the movement during inspiration and
expiration.
2. Examine the person with the aid of a
stethoscope.
3. Examination with a mirror.
4. Examination with a feather or cotton fibers.
5. Winslow’s test(Glass of Water/Milk)
 It is mostly associated with violent death due to
extreme nervous tension and injury to the central
nervous system, the statement is referring to the
spontaneous rigor, what if all the muscles of the body
totally stiffed due to death?

A. cadaveric spasm B. cold stiffening

C. heat stiffening D. rigor mortis
Changes in the
body following
death
 Cooling of the body

Algor Mortis
- After death the metabolic process inside
the body ceases. No more heat is produced
but the body losses slowly its temperature by
evaporation or by conduction of the
surrounding atmosphere.
 Post- Mortem Caloricity

- is the rise of temperature of the body after

death due to rapid and early putrefactive
changes or some internal changes. It is usually
observed in the first two hours of death.
 Changes in the muscles

1. Stage of Primary Flaccidity

- it is the stage of muscular changes upon
death characterized the relaxation of muscles
and loss of their natural tone so that jaw or head
drops down, the thorax collapses and the limbs
become flaccid and the splinters relax.
2. Stage of Post Mortem Rigidity (Rigor
Mortis)
refers to the “stiffening” of the body
observed after death due to post mortem
muscle contraction. It occurs 3-6 hours.
 CONDITIONS STIMULATING RIGOR
MORTIS
A. Heat Stiffening
a condition characterized by hardening of the
muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins
when the dead body is exposed to intense heat as
by burning or immersion in a hot liquid.
B. Cold stiffening
The stiffening of the body may be manifested
when the body is frozen, but exposure to warm
condition will make such stiffening disappear. The
cold stiffening is due to the solidification of fat
when the body is exposed to freezing
 Local effects of cold temperature

1. Frostbite = expose of the certain parts of

the body to cold temperature producing
mechanical description of the cell structure
characterized by diminished body
temperature, cold stiffening and pallor which
later lead to swelling thrombosis, necrosis and
gangrene of his affected tissues.
2. Trench Foot – a condition usually seen among
those walking over the snow wherein the foot is
exposed to freezing temperature characterized by
cold stiffening, muscle cramps, necrosis and
gangrene of the foot.

3. Immersion foot – a sub variety of trench foot

wherein the foot is submerged into cold freezing
liquid characterized by decrease body temperature,
cold stiffening, muscle cramp, necrosis and
gangrene
 Effects of Heat in the Body
Specific Heat – is the number of calories
required to raise the temperature of one gram
of a particular substance with a temperature of
one degree centigrade.

Sensible Heat – when which absorbed by the

body produces a rise temperature.
1. Heat Cramps – a painful contraction of the
skeletal muscles due to dehydration and loss of
sodium chloride to excessive sweating.

2. Heat Exhaustion (Heat Collapse) – a

physiological breakdown following exposure to
heat precipitated by exertion and warm clothing
characterized by peripheral vasomotor collapse,
faintness, palpitation nausea vomiting, dizziness
and headache. The victim dies of heart failure
3. Heat Stroke (Sunstroke) – breaking
down in sweating mechanism usually seen
among workers working in warm
environment or direct exposure to sunlight
manifested by elevation of body
temperature, mental confusion, congestion
and haemorrhages in various organ.
 Local Effects of Heat
Scald – burn due to contact with a hot or
boiling liquid characterized by redness, pain and
blister formation.

Burns – an injury due to application of physical

heat in any form to the body and is
characterized by redness, heat coagulation of
tissues to actual charring.
C. Cadaveric Spasm (Instantaneous
Rigidity)
it is the instant stiffening of a certain
group of muscles which occurs immediately
at the moment of death, although its cause
is unknown, it is associated with violent
death due to extreme nervous tension, and
injury to the central nervous system.
3. Stage of Secondary Flaccidity
- A muscular change characterized by
the softness and flaccidity of the muscles in
which no longer respond to mechanical or
electrical stimulation due to dissolution of
the muscles that have been previously
coagulated during the stage of rigor mortis.
Changes in the
blood
1. Livor Mortis (postmortem lividity)
is a reddish, purplish-blue discoloration of
the skin due to settling of blood, by gravity, in
the vessels of the dependent areas of the
body.
 Kinds of Post-mortem Lividity

1. Hypostatic Lividity
- the blood merely gravitates into the
most dependent portions of the body but still
inside the blood vessels and still fluid in
form.
2. Diffusion Lividity
-this appears during the later stage of its
formation when the blood has coagulated
inside the blood vessels or has diffused into
the tissues of the body.
 Putrefaction

- it is the process of dissolution of tissues

by the digestive action of its enzymes and
bacteria that results to softening and
liquefaction of tissues are usually
accompanied by the liberation of foul smelling
gases and change of color of the tissue.
 Marbolization

- It is the prominence of the superficial

veins with reddish/Brownish
discoloration during the process of
decomposition which develops on both
flanks of the abdomen, root of the neck
and shoulder and which makes the area look
lie a “marbled” reticule of branching veins.
THREE (3) SPECIAL FORMS
OF PUTREFACTION
1. Mummification – a condition where is
removal of the body fluid before
decomposition set in that resulted sinking and
preservation of the body.

2. Saponification - also termed as adipocere

formation.
the formation of a soft friable and
brownish white greasy substance in a soft
fatty tissues of the body after death.
3. Maceration – It is a condition of the dead
body usually the fetus characterized by
softening and discoloration of tissues as well
as formation of blisters in the skin due to
action of autolytic and proteolytic enzymes in
the absence of putrefactive bacteria.
In a tropical country, if the blood is found to be soft with the abdomen distended
with gases without the presence of rigor mortis, it may have been dead for about
A. 24 hours B. 12 hours
C. 36 hours D. 48 hours

This is the second stage of death investigation that involves thorough and
meticulous examination of the cadaver?
A. Autopsy B. Post-mortem Investigation

C. Exhumation D. Crime scene investigation

A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to solidification of

fats, muscles and fluids due to exposure to ice or snow.
A. Cold stiffening B. rigor mortis
C. Heath stiffening D. algor mortis
The medical dissection and examination of a body in order
to determine the cause of death is?
A. Autopsy B. Necropsy
C. Exhumation D. Saponification

Examination of the victim’s body in order to determine

the cause of death and what internal organs were destroyed
in injured.
A. autopsy B. probe
C. embalming D. surgery
CAUSES OF DEATH
Natural Death – It is death that occurs due to
a disease or ailment in the body. The disease
may occur spontaneously or it might have been
consequence of the physical injury inflicted prior
to its development. Sudden death is the
termination of life whose arrival is not expected.

Violent Death – It is death due to injuries by

some forms of outside force wherein the
physical injuries inflicted is the proximate cause
of death.
 Violent Death
Accidental Death – death due to
misadventure or accident. An accident is
something that happens outside the sway of
our will, and although it comes about through
some act of will, lies beyond bounds of human
foreseeable consequences.

Negligent Death – death due to reckless

imprudence, negligence, lack of skill or lack of
foresight.
Suicidal Death – the law does not punish
the person committing suicide because
society has always considered a person who
attempts to kill himself as an unfortunate
being, a wretched person deserving more of
pity than penalty.
Parricidal Death
Infanticidal Death
Murder
Homicidal Death
Euthanasia or Mercy Killing
It is a willful acceleration of death of a
person in order to lessen his sufferings.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL ON THE DEAD BODIES

1. Embalming – it is the method of preserving the

dead body for the removal of the body fluid and
replacement of the same by chemicals sucks as
formalin, alcohol and phenol.
2. Burial, Interment or Inhumation – it is the
method of placing the dead body into the crave.
3. Cremation – pulverization of the body by using
intense heat.
4. Disposal of the dead body to the Sea –
dead person who had died aboard a sea vessel
may be thrown over board usually after a brief
ceremony.
5. Use of His dead body for Scientific
Purposes – the body of any deceased person
which is to be buried at public expense and which
is unclaimed by the relatives or friends for a
period of 24 hours after death shall be subjected
to the disposition of Director of Health.
6. Exhumation – it is the raising or disinterring
the dead body or remains from the grave.
It may be made to in order to afford the opportunity for a
post mortem examination to establish the circumstances
of the death.
A. autopsy B. post mortem
examination
C. exhumation D. interment

A wound which if inflicted in the body so serious that it will

endanger one’s life.
A. mortal wound B. trauma
C. coup injury D. superficial wound
PHYSICAL INJURY
Physical Injury – is the impairment of the body
structure or function caused by the outside force.

Vital Reaction – is the sum total of all reactions

of tissues or organs to physical injury or trauma.

Wound – is a break or solution in the continuity

of the skin or tissues of the living body.
 CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS
As to Severity:
1. Mortal Wounds or Fatal Wounds – which
when inflicted capable of causing death.

2. Non- mortal Wounds – wound when

inflicted will not endangers one’s life.
As to Depth of Wound:
1. Superficial Wound – wound which involves
the outer layer of the skin
2. Deep Wound – wound which involves the
outer as well as the inner structure of the body
a. Penetrating Wound – wound wherein
the instrument pierces a solid organ or tissues.
b. Perforating Wound – wound wherein
there is communication between the outer and
inner portions of the hollow organs.
As to the relation of the site of
application or force and the location of
injury:
1. Coup injury - injury found at site of the
application of force
2. Contre Coup - injury found opposite the site of
the application of force.
3. Coup Contre Coup - injury found at the site
and also opposite the application of force
4. Locus minoris resistancia - injury found
both at the site or opposite the site of the
application of the force but in some areas
offering least resistance to the force applied

5. Extensive Injury - injury involving a

greater area beyond the site of the
application of force.
 SPECIAL TYPES OF WOUND

1. Patterned Wound – wound produced

by the shape of the instrument or object
reflected in the body.
2. Defense Wound – produce by person’s
instinctive reaction for protection.
3. Self-Inflected wound- wound
produced on oneself.
 LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL INJURIES

1. Mutilation – the intuitional act of cutting or

looping any parts of the living body.
2. Slight Physical Injury – it is the physical
injury wherein the victim is incapacitated for work
or requires medical attendance for a period from
one to nine days.
3. Less Serious Physical Injury – a physical
injury wherein the offended party is incapacitated
for work or require medical attendance for 10
days or more but not more than 30 days.
Deformity – permanent disfigurement of the body
producing physical ugliness

Incapacity – the inability of the injured person to

perform his work where he is habitually engaged.
As to Types of Wound :
1. Closed Wound – when there is no break
in the continuity of the skin or mucous
membrane.

2. Open Wound – there is a break in the

continuity of the skin
 CLOSED WOUNDS
Petechiae – circumscribed extravasation of blood
in the subcutaneous tissues, pinhead size like
mosquito
Contusion “Pasa” – effusion of blood into the
tissues underneath the skin on account of the
ruptured of the blood vessels as a result of the
application of blunt force.
Hematoma ( blood cyst, bukol) – extraversion
or effusion of blood in the newly formed cavity
underneath the skin.
 OPEN WOUNDS
1. Abrasion – characterized by removal of the
superficial layer of the skin brought about by
friction against a hard rough object.

2. Incised Wound – an open wound produced

by forcible contact with sharp edged instrument
characterized by gaping of the wound with
smooth edges and causing profuse bleeding.
3. Lacerated Wound – wound produced by blunt
instrument characterized by ill- defined or irregular
edges.

4. Punctured Wound – an open wound produced

by round bodied and pointed instrument
characterized by small opening.

5. Stabbed Wound – wound produced by sharp

pointed and sharp edged instrument. The edges of
the wound are clean- cut, smooth and distinct,
A type of wound which result of a person’s instinctive reaction of
self protection
A. Patterned Wounds B. Deep Wounds
C. Defense Wounds D. Self-Inflicted Wounds

A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as club and

stone.
A. incised wound B. hack wound
C. lacerated wound D. punctured wound

Characteristics of gunshot wound of entrance

A. Inverted edge B. Bigger size
 Gun Shot Wound
Entrance Exit
Size Smaller than the missile Bigger than the
missile

Edge Inverted Averted

Shape Round or Oval No definite
Shape
Contusion Present Absent
Collar
Tattooing Present(Contact/Near Absent
Contact Firing)
A displacement of the particular surface of the
bone without external wounds.
A. Hematoma B. Fracture
C. Sprain D. Dislocation

A break or solution in the continuity of bone

refers to…
A. Fracture B. Wound
C. Dislocation D. contusion
 Musculo-Skeletal Injuries
1. Sprain – the over-stretching, instead of an actual
tearing or rupture of a muscle or ligament which may
not be associated with the joint.
2. Dislocation – displacement of the articular
surface of bones entering into the formation of a
joint.

3. Fracture – solution of continuity of bone resulting

from violence or some existing pathology.
 The cause of death of a person who immediately died because of
lack of oxygen for around 3 to five minutes
A. Asphyxia B. stupor
C. Stroke D. Exhaustion

A victim of homicide was found lying on the floor at his own

apartment. On the deductive process of the investigation, the cause
of the victim’s death is asphyxia by applying pressure to the latter’s
neck while the assailant using his arms was on the back of the
victim. The statement best describes:
A. strangulation B. burking
C. throttling D. mugging
ASPHYXIA
- Is a condition wherein there is
interference in the process of respiration
resulting to impairment of normal exchange
of respiratory gases. Whereby the supply of
oxygen to the blood and tissues has been
reduced below the normal level.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ASPHYXIA

1. Asphyxia by Hanging – is a violent death

wherein the body is suspended by a ligature
encircled around the neck.

2. Asphyxia by Strangulation – is produced by

compression of neck by trying to ligature around
the neck and the two ends pulled in the opposite
direction in such a manner to tighten the ligature
3. Asphyxia by Suffocation – is exclusion of air
from the lungs by closure of air openings or
obstruction of air passages from the external
openings.

4. Asphyxia by Drowning or Submersion in

Water
- the air passages are submerged in water
thereby preventing the force blow of air into the
lungs. It is not necessary for the whole body to be
submerged in water.
Tete De Negri - dark bloated condition of the face
5. Asphyxia by Compression on the Chest
- Is a form of asphyxia death wherein the
exchange of gases into the lungs is prevented due
to trauma to the chest and abdomen.

6. Asphyxia by breathing Irrespirable Gases

- Some gases when inhaled is detrimental to
life and health. The most common gases which
cause asphyxial death are carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur
dioxide
 SPECIAL FORMS OF STRANGULATION

1. Palmar Strangulation – form of strangulation

wherein palms of the hand are used in applying
pressure over the neck while the assailant is
either in front or at the back of the victim.

2. Garrotting – form of strangulation wherein a

metal collar or strap is placed around the neck
and tighten to compress the neck.
3. Mugging – form of strangulation wherein the
assailant stands at the black of the victim and
forearm is applied in front of the neck.

4. Compression of the Neck with a Stick ,

Rod or Pipe – this is a form of strangulation
wherein a piece of pipe, rod or stick is used in
applying pressure over the neck and the
assailant is either in front or at the back of the
victim.
 Asphyxia by Suffocation:

1. Smothering – caused by closing of the

external respiratory orifices either by the use of
hands, cloth, pillows or linen.

2. Choking – form of suffocation brought about

by the impaction of the foreign body, food or
blood clots in the respiratory passages.
3. Gagging
- The application of materials usually
handkerchief, linen or other clothing matters to
prevent air to have access through the mouth or
nostrils.
4. Plastic Bag Suffocation
- used of plastic bag, common among children.
 This will always be applied to children below the of age
puberty.
A. physical virginity B. demi- virginity
C. moral virginity D. virgo-intacta

State of not knowing sex life and have not experienced

sexual intercourse:
A. Physical virginity B. Demi-virginity

C. Moral virginity D. Virgo-intacta

VIRGINITY
Virginity – is a condition of woman who has not
experienced sexual intercourse. And whose
genital organ has not been altered by sexual
intercourse.

Defloration – rupture or laceration of the hymen

as a result of sexual intercourse. All lacerations
or rupture of the hymen by any other means
from sexual intercourse is not called defloration.
 KINDS OF VIRGINITY
1. Moral Virginity – is a state wherein the female
is not physically and sexually matured, and has not
experienced sexual intercourse. The sex organs
and secondary sex characteristics are not fully
developed.

2. Physical Virginity – a condition of a female

wherein she is conscious about sexual life, the sex
organs and secondary sex characteristics are fully
developed but had not experienced sexual
intercourse.
a. True Physical Virginity – the woman is
sexually matured, had not experienced sexual
intercourse and whose hymen is still intact with
distinct regular edges and the opening is small
barely admits the tip of the smallest finger

b. False Physical Virginity – is a condition of a

woman who had not experienced sexual
intercourse. The hymen is unruptured, elastic and
distensible and admits 1 or 2 examining fingers
with least resistance.
3. Demi- Virginity – is a condition of a woman
who allows any form of sexual acts but refrain
rupturing the hymen

4. Virgo Intacta – is a condition of a woman

who had several intercourses but had not born a
child.
 Parts of the Female Anatomy which may
considered in the determination of
Virginity:
1. Breasts – are two masses of fleshy tissues at
the region of the chest with its nipple at the center
and surrounded by brown or pinkish areolae. This is
not a good basis to determine virginity.

2. Vaginal Canal – it is a muscular- membranous

canal used as a female copulatory organ and
covered by hymen externally among virgin.
3. Labia Majora and Labia Minora – the labia
majora and labia minora are two longitudinal folds
of tissues which formed the lateral boundaries of
the pudendal cleft which the urethra and vagina
open.
4. Fourchette and Perineum – the fourchette is
the V- shaped structure formed by the anion of the
labia majora posturing and below the vaginal
orifice.
5. Hymen – this is a thin fold of mucous
membrane surrounding by the vaginal orifice. It
ruptures during sexual intercourse, instrumentation
or self manipulation.
 Type of physical injury located at the site of application of
force.
A. Coup Injury B. Coup-
Contre Coup Injury
C. Contre- Coup Injury D. Physical Injury
What refers to the cutting of a body part of another
person to weaken his defense?
A. Castration B. Mayhem
C. Mutilation D. Amputation
Who is the father of medicine?
A.Hippocrates
B.Paulus Zacchias (Paolo Zacchia)
C.Hans Gross
D.Atillertse Atseucal
Who is the father of FORENSIC MEDICINE?
E.Hippocrates
F. Paulus Zacchias (Paolo Zacchia)
G.Hans Gross
Imhotep
- the earliest recorded medico legal
expert (2980)
-chief physician and architect of King
Zoser of the third dynasty in Egypt
- builder of the first pyramid
- first recorded report of a murder trial
written on clay tablet
Code of Hammurabi
-the oldest code of the law
Hippocrates
-in Greece, discussed the lethality of wounds
Aristotle
-fixed animation of fetus at the 40th day after
conception
Numa Pompilius
- bodies of all women dying during
confinement should immediately be opened in
order to save the child’s life
 - first police surgeon/ forensic pathologist
Pope Innocent lll
- issued an edict providing for the
appointment of doctors to the courts for
determination of the nature of the wounds.
Pope Gregory IX
- caused the preparation of “Nova Compilatio
Decretalium”
Pope John XXII
- expressed the need of experts in the
ecclesiastical courts in the diagnosis of leprosy and
Paulus Zacchias
-Papal Physician “ Father of Forensic Medicine”
-published “questiones medico-legales”
Severin Pineau
-publish his work in Paris on virginity and
defloration
- confirmed the existence of hymen and that it may
not rupture during sexual intercourse
Orfila
-Introduced chemical method in Toxicology
-founder of modern toxicology
Dr. Rafael Genard Y Mas
- Chief Army Physician
- published the first medical textbook printed
including pertinent instruction related to medico
legal practice.
- Manual De Medicina Domistica
The color of blood in post mortem lividity?
A. Blue B. Violet
C. Pink D. Bright red

The ABO system divides the human race into four

blood types. Which of the following types has the
lowest percentage?
A. O type B. B type
C. A type D. AB type
Blood and blood
stains
 BLOOD
• The circulating tissue of the body. The red fluid
of the blood vessels. A highly complex mixture
of cells, enzymes, proteins and inorganic
substances.

• Every cubic milliliter there are 5,000,000 red

cells present, there are about six quarts in an
average size man.
 Composition of Blood
• 55% Plasma – is the liquid portion of the blood. It is
the straw yellow liquid that settles at the top when
blood is allowed to stand.

• It is principally composed of:

a. Water(90%)
b. Solid(10%) - largely protein in nature and consists
of albumen, several globulins and fibrinogen.
45% Formed Elements or the Solid
Materials consisting of:

a. Red Blood Cells or ERYTHROCYTES

– contains hemoglobin and carry
oxygen to various cells in the body.
b. White Blood Cells or LEUKOCYTES
– are masses of nucleated
protoplasm, it defends the body from
invading microorganisms.
c. Blood Platelets or THROMBOCYTES
– cells that are produced by the bone
marrow and are necessary for clotting of
blood.

SERUM
– a straw-yellow liquid form in a clotted blood. It
contains fibrin.
 History of Blood Grouping

Panum and Landois, in 19th century

showed that when an animal had been
depleted by blood it could be saved by
transfusion with of another animal of the
same species.

Ponfick, found out that transfusion

between animals of same species were safe.
• Landsteiner in 1909 found out that serum
of one normal individual can agglutinate or
hemolyze the blood of certain other
individual. This also marked the discovery
of blood transfusion among human being.
This also leads to the discovery of two
principles in blood known as Agglutinogens
and Agglutinins.
 1. Physical Examination
1. Solubility test
Recent blood shed is soluble in saline solution
and imparts a bright red color.
Stains which have been exposed to air become
dry; haemoglobin is transformed to meth-
hemoglobin or hematin. If the stain has been kept
in damp place for a long time; haemoglobin is
transformed to himatin.
2. Heat test
Solution of the blood stain when heated
will impart a muddy precipitate.
3. Luminescene test
Stains on dark fabric mixed with mud,
paint, etc. emit bluish-white luminescene in a
dark room when sprayed.
 2. Chemical Examinations
1. Benzidine test
The most commonly used test, however
benzidine has identified as a known
CARCINOGEN. Positive result – intense blue
color.

2. Guaiacum test or Schonbein’s test

(Van Deen’s Dyas) – positive result – blue
color
3. Phenolpthalein test – substituted the
benzidine and also known as Kastle – Mayer
test. Positive result – deep pink color.

4. Leucomalachite Green test – positive

result – bluish green or peacock-blue color.
 2. Confirmatory Test for Blood
1. Microscopic test – distinguishes mammalian, avian,
piscine and reptilian blood.
2. Micro-Chemical Test
a. Haemochromogen Crystals or Takayama test – a
delicate test for the presence of hemoglobin. Positive
result – large rhombic crystals of salmon pink
color.
b. Teichmann haemin test or Teichmann test or
Haemin test – determines the characteristic crystals
formed with hemoglobin. Positive result – dark brown,
rhombic crystals of haemin or haematin chloride.
c. Acetone – Haemin or Wagenhaar test –
positive result – dark brown crystals of
acertone haemin.

4. Spectroscopic test – use of instrument

called Spectroscope. Positive result -
hemoglobin-broad band spectra.
 3.Origin/Biological Examination

1. Precipitin test for Blood

Determines whether blood is a human or
nonhuman origin, and if non-human, the
specific animal family from which it originated.
2. Blood Grouping Test- determines the
blood group of human
Two methods
1.Detection of agglutinins
2.Detection of agglutinogens
• Agglutinogens – antigens found on the
surface of each red blood cells which stimulate
the production of agglutinins.

• Agglutinins – antibodies contain in the serum

which cause agglutination of the red blood cells.

• Agglutination – the process of clumping or

clustering of red blood cells together upon the
addition of each corresponding antibodies.
Group of Blood / Percentage of Blood
Group among Filipino population

• A = 26.3%
• B = 24.7%
• O = 43.3%
• AB = 5.7%
Blood transfusions – who can receive blood
from whom?
 Gavino Ang was found dead in the garage with a deep stab wound on the
neck. Kim Pang was found with a kitchen knife in his hand stained with blood.
Examination of the weapon showed that the stain was blood of human origin and
belonging to the same group as that of the deceased Gavino Ang, with such result
of the examination, the investigating authorities have a very strong presumption
that Kim Pang was the one who committed the crime. This case would help us
evaluate the legal importance of blood and blood stain as to:
A. Determination of the direction of the escape of the victim or the assailant.
B. Circumstantial or corroborative evidence against or in favor of the
perpetrator of the crime.
C. Determination of the approximate time the crime was committed.
D. Determination of the place of commission of the crime.
 Is the normal amount of
semen per ejaculation of a
normal built person.

a.1.5 to 3.5 cc
b.2.5 to 3.5 cc -England /Western
People
c.3.5 to 5.5 cc
d.3.5 to 4.5 cc
 Semen
• Viscidwhitish fluid of the male reproductive tract
consisting of spermatozoa suspended in secretion of
accessory glands.

Composition of Semen:
1.Seminal fluid – liquid portion
2.Formed Cellular Elements – consists the
spermatozoa, epithelial cells and proteins of
choline and lecithin.
Semen and seminal stains are involve in cases like:

• Rape
• Adultery
• Sodomy
• Bestiality

Fresh semen is viscid, gelatinous, sticky character

but after exposure to the air it tends to become
more liquid. It is slightly alkaline in reaction.
• Examination of fresh semen is done under the
microscope. Spermatozoa will be seen as a small
object with a pear-shaped head with a short neck
and a tail of ten times as long as the head.
• Test for Semen and Seminal Stain:
1. Physical Examination
a. By feeling the apparel – presence of stiff and
starchy feeling
b. Ultraviolet Examination – positive result –
bluish fluorescence.
2. Chemical Examination
a. Florence test – determines the presence of choline
crystals. Positive result – dark brown rhombic or
needle shape crystals of choline periodide.

b. Acid Phosphatase test – based on the reaction of

acid solution and acid phosphatase, an enzyme
secreted by the prostrate gland into seminal fluid.
Positive result – purple color.

c. Barberio’s test – detects the presence of spermine

by the use of picric acid. Positive result – slender
3. Microscopic Examination – determines the
presence of spermatozoa. A conclusive test for
semen and seminal stain. Positive result –
spermatozoa.

4. Biological Examination – determines whether

semen is animal or human origin.
(Spermato-Precipitin test)

• Cases wherein ejaculation has no Spermatozoa

(Males suffering from Aspermia and Oligospermia)
• Aspermia– a condition wherein males have
no spermatozoa at all in their seminal fluid.

• Oligospermia– a condition whereby males

have abnormally low sperm counts or with
few spermatozoa.
 In forensic examination, a tip of the hair is examined to
determine if it was _______.
A. Bend B. Folded
C. Stretched D. Cut

When collecting evidence like hairs, an investigator should:

A. enclose some of his/her hair with the evidence as a
reference
B. indicate where each hair was found
C. ignore hair not found in the same room as the victim
D. none of the above
 Hair

• Isan appendage of the skin. It is an epithelial

outgrowth of the skin which occur everywhere in
the human body except the palm of the hands
and the soles of feet.
STRUCTURE/PARTS OF HAIR
1. Root – portion embedded on the skin
2. Shaft - – portion above the surface of the skin.
3. Tip End – the distal end of uncut hair.
2. Shaft – portion above the surface of the skin.

PARTS OF SHAFT
1. Cortex or the Wall – thickest layer of the shaft
responsible for shade of color of the hair. Melanin –
is the chemical responsible for the color of the
hair, present in the cortex
2. Medulla – the central canal of the hair. It runs
through the cortex. Can be interrupted, continuous
or fragmented.
3. Cuticles – the scaly covering of the shaft.
 Hair Structure
Hair is composed of three principal parts:

Cuticle – outer coating composed of overlapping scales

Medulla – central core

Cortex – protein-rich structure around (contain air bubles and
the medulla that contains pigment some pigments)

The structure of hair has been compared to that of a pencil with the
medulla being the lead, the cortex being the wood and the cuticle
being the paint on the outside.
http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/
 Medullary Index
Determined by measuring
the diameter of the
medulla and dividing it by
the diameter of the hair.

Medullary Index for

human hair is generally 
less than 1/3.

For animal hair, it is

usually  greater than
1/2.
 Hair Shape
 Can be straight, curly or kinky depending
on the cross-section, which may be round,
oval, or crescent-shaped

Round Oval Crescent moon

(Straight) (Curly) (Kinky)
 The Root
Human roots look different based on
whether they have been forcibly
removed or if they are telogen hairs
and have fallen out. Animal roots will
vary, but in general have a spear
Follicular
shape. tissue still
attached

 Fallen out  Forcibly

removed
 Is the Chemical Substance
found in all cells whose
composition have been passed
on from parents to their
children.

a.RNA
b.DNA
c.Chromosomes
d.cells
 fundamental building block of all living matter.
The “blueprint of life”, DNA contains the inherited
information determining how an organism is built
and organized. DNA is a component of virtually all
the cells of the body, and is identical in each of
those cells.
 A group of DNA molecules that, together, perform
a specific function is known as a GENE. Most
genes are located on chromosomes that are then
tightly packed within the nucleus of a cell (nuclear
DNA). Genes may also be found in mitochondria,
which are located outside the nucleus of the cell.
The DNA comprising genes found in the
mitochondria are referred to as mitochondrial
 Structurally, nuclear DNA is a double
helix; two strands of genetic material
spiraled around each other like a
twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder
are made up of alternating sections of
phosphates and sugars. The inner
strands (like rungs of the ladder) are
pairs of four (4) bases:

a.Adenosine (A) c. Guanine (G)

b.Cytosine (C) d. Thymine (T)
USES OF DNA IN FORENSICS:
 Increased capacity to identify potential
criminal suspects
 Identification of victims of crime and mass
disasters
 Resolve paternity disputes
 DNA maybe found in the following
types of biological material
commonly recovered in child sexual
abuse cases:

a.Blood
b.Semen
c.Skin
d.Bones
e.Hair
 Contamination – the evidence becomes
contaminated when DNA from another
source gets mixed with the DNA relevant to
the case.

 Degradation – direct sunlight, warm

temperatures and moisture are all
damaging to DNA evidence.
 Deals with poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties,
effects, treatment and methods of detection usually on sudden and
unexplained deaths:
A. Chemistry B. Forensic Chemistry
C. Toxicology D. Poisonous Investigation

What substance is capable of producing noxious effect or destroy

life once introduce into the body, absorbed through the blood stream
and acts chemically?
A. Protein B. Poisons
C. Enzymes D. none of these
 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
Forensic Toxicology- study of poisons to the
elucidation of question that arise in judicial
proceedings.

Toxicology- the science of poisons. It deals with

the origin, physical and chemical properties,
physiological actions and symptoms, lethal
doses, proper antidotes indicated, specific
identification and quantification, and evaluation
and interpretation of the results.
 Poison- is any agent which may produce an
injurious or deadly effect when introduced into
the living body. A very potent poison is one,
which requires less that 5 grams to produce
these effect.

- is substance which, when introduced

into the body and is absorbed through the
blood stream, and acting chemically, is capable
of producing noxious effect or destroy life.
 DOSE
• The quantity of poison to be administered at one time.
KINDS OF DOSE:
1.Safe dose – one that does not cause harmful effect
-Minimum dose – is the smallest amount that will produce
the therapeutic effect without causing harm.
Maximum dose – is the largest amount that will cause no
harm but at the same time produce the desired
therapeutic effect
2.Toxic or poisonous dose – one that is harmful to both
healthy and sick
3.Lethal dose – one that kills
 ANTIDOTES
• Agents which neutralize a poison or otherwise counteract
or oppose it or its effect.
KINDS OF ANTIDOTES:
a.Mechanical antidote – an agent that removes the
poison without changing it or coats the surface of the
organ so that absorption is prevented.
Ex. Stomach tubes or pumps, emetics, cathartics,
demulcents and precipitants
b. Chemical antidotes – substances that make the
poison harmless by chemically altering it.
c. Physiological antidote – sometimes called
ANTAGONIST. An agent that acts upon the system so as
to counteract the effect of the poison. It merely mask
the symptoms produced.

EMETICS – are substances that produce vomiting.

CATHARTICS – agents which produce intestinal
evacuation.
DEMULCENTS – substances which soothe and protect the
part which they are applied.
PRECIPITANTS – these are substances which prevent
absorption of poisons by precipitating them and
 TYPES OF POISONING:

a. Acute poisoning – characterized by a marked

disturbance of function or death within a short time.
b. Sub-acute poisoning – cases of short duration
and extreme violence which may include some
symptoms of chronic poisoning.
c. Chronic poisoning – characterized by gradual
deterioration of function of tissues which may or
may not result in death.
 ACTIONS OF POISONS
I. Local – the changes or disturbance produced on that
part with which the poison comes in contact.
(corrosives & irritants)
II. Remote – the changes or disturbance produced in
distant parts away from the site of application.
(alcohol, dangerous drugs)
III. Combined – the effect of poison is not only localized
at the site but also affects remote organs, e.g. Phenol
causes corrosion of gastro-intestinal tract (local) and
causes convulsions (action on the cord)
 Approximately, height can be measure by extending the middle fingers of both
hands laterally. What age when a person ceases to increase in height?
A. 24 B. 23
C. 25 D. 26

As the first responder upon closely examining the cadaver found beside a river, you
noticed that there were no open wounds present on the body of the victim but both
hands and feet were tied because of the abrasions and then some strands of hair
could be found on his shirt. What will be your presumption?
A. the victim was poisoned and thrown to the river making some of the
evidence to perish
B. the victim was vigorously tortured before he was thrown to the river
C. the victim was forcibly drowned to death
D. the victim was threatened then jump to the river
 In a tropical country, if the blood is found to be soft with the
abdomen distended with gases without the presence of rigor mortis, it
may have been dead for about
A. 24 hours B. 12 hours
C. 36 hours D. 48 hours

A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to

solidification of fats, muscles and fluids due to exposure to ice or
snow.
A. Cold stiffening B. rigor mortis
C. Heath stiffening D. algor mortis
 This is an interlacing discoloration commonly purplish
brown that forms a network on the large part of the cadaver
such as the chest and abdomen.
A. putrefaction B. marbolization
C. livor mortis D. maceration
An open wound produced by the penetration of shots that
usually lodge on the body of the victim is categorized as
shotgun wound which is generally under the investigative
process of:
A. shotgun wound B. ballistics
C. firearms identification D. gunshot wounds
 Which of the following is true about post mortem rigidity?
A. It is the instant stiffening of the muscles in a certain group
B. It is characterized by hardening of the muscles due to the
coagulation of proteins
C. It lasts from 12-36 hours
D. It is characterized by hardening of the muscles due to the
solidification of proteins

It is an increase of temperature due to fast, early putrefactive and

chemical changes in the body, which occur 1-3 hours after death.
A. Post- mortem caloricity B. Post- mortem rigidity
C. Instantaneous rigor D. Putrefaction
Stab wound is produced by:
A. Sharp-pointed instrument
B. Sharp-edged and sharp-pointed instrument
C. Sharp-edged instrument
D. Blunt instrument
State of consciousness with insensibility of the pupil and conjunctive inability
to swallow, resulting from arrest of the function of the brain called:
A. Asphyxia B. Coma
C. Exhaustion D. Hemorrhage
Their presence in the cadaver would indicate that death has occurred not more
than 24 hours hence are useful to approximate the time of death.
A. Flies B. Bees
C. Earthworms D. Butterflies
 It is a physical injury wherein the victim is ill-treat or
incapacitated for work or require medical attendance for a
period of one to nine days.
A. Slight physical injury B. Serious physical
injury
C. Less serious physical injury D. None of these
Legal medicine is that branch of medicine which deals with
the application of medical knowledge to the purpose of _____.
A. Law and administration of justice
B. Determination of cause of death
C. Identifying the victim
If the powder has produced gray or yellow marks in a gunshot wound, it indicates?
A. The individual died after the shooting
B. The individual was dead before the shooting
C. The person shot himself
D. The person was shot 36 meters away from the shooter

If the soil found on suspect’s clothing is consistent with soil found at the crime scene, this would
indicate that:
A. the suspect was in the area at the same time
B. the suspect has committed the crime
C. the suspect was in the area at the time of the crime
D. the suspect is guilty of the crime

In gunshot wounds, when there is evident burning of tissues and blackening of the skin, it may
be ascertained that it is a near contact fire meaning that the distance of the body to the gun is
approximately.
A. 6 inches B. 18 inches
C. 12 inches D. 24 inches
After cessation of the vital function of the body there is still animal life among
individual cells.
A. Somatic death B. Molecular death
C. Apparent death D. State of suspended animation

A physical injury wherein the offended victim is incapacitated for work or requires
medical assistance for 10 days or more but not more than 30 days.
A. Slight physical injury B. Mutilation
C. Serious physical injury D. less serious physical injury

A policeman found the body of Jose floating in the river. Initial examination of
Jose’s body revealed that his stomach is not bloated. There is no sign of injury in his
body. What is the possible conclusion of Jose’s death?
A. accidental B. Homicidal
C. negligent D. drowning
The presence of maggots in a cadaver indicates that the
victim was dead for_________.
a.1 day c. 3 days
b.2 days d. 4 days

A Leon Es a soldier who disappeared in the battle zone and

considered as Missing In Action is presumed dead after:
A. 7 years B. 10 years

C. 5 years D. 9 years
48. A condition characterized by hardening of the muscle and
coagulation of muscles and due to exposure to burn and hot spot.
A. Cold stiffening B. rigor mortis
C. Heat stiffening D. algor mortis
49. It is a discoloration of the body after death when blood tends to
pool in the blood vessels of the most dependent portion of the body.
A. Algor mortis B. rigor mortis
C. Post investigation D. livor mortis
50. It may be made to in order to afford the opportunity for a post
mortem examination to establish the circumstances of the death.
A. autopsy B. post mortem examination
C. exhumation D. interment
 These fractures show up on the surface opposite to the one where the
fracturing blow or pressure was applied.
A. Concentric fractures B. Radial fractures
C. Both A & B D. None of these

It refers to a crack in a glass that extends outward like the spoke of a

wheel from the point at which the glass was struck?
A. Radial Fracture B. Concentric Fracture
C. Ulnar Fracture D. Diagonal Fracture
Rigor mortis is very important in determining the approximate time of
death for it starts at about 2 to 6 hrs and completes at ______?
A. 36 hrs B. 24 hrs
C. 12 hrs D. 48 hrs
 Type of physical injury located at the site of application of
force.
A. Coup Injury B. Coup- Contre Coup
Injury
C. Contre- Coup Injury D. Physical Injury
What refers to the cutting of a body part of another
person to weaken his defense?
A. Castration B. Mayhem
C. Mutilation D. Amputation
Who qualifies a forensic chemist as expert?
A. defence lawyer B. judge
 A condition of women who have had one or more sexual experience but not had
conceived a child.
A. virgo-intacts B. demi-virginity
C. moral virginity D. physical virginity
A displacement of the particular surface of the bone without external wounds.
A. Hematoma B. Fracture
C. Sprain D. Dislocation
All of the following are accurate tests for the presence of alcohol in the human body
except one:
A. Saliva test B. Harger Breath Test
C. Fecal test D. Blood test
A person allowed who gives his/her opinion or conclusion on a given scientific
evidence is considered
A. interrogator B. expert witness
C. prosecutor D. judge
A supercooled liquid which possess high viscosity and rigidity.
A. dry ice B. cartridge case
C. gel D. glass
A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as club and
stone.
A. incised wound B. hack wound
C. lacerated wound D. punctured wound
Characteristics of gunshot wound of entrance
A. Inverted edge B. Bigger size

C. Protrusion of tissue D. No definite shape

Children conceived by prostitutes are called
A. manceres B. adulterous
C. illegitimate D. incestuous
How many hours does the stomach completely digest a medium
meal?
A. 2-3 hours B. 3-4 hours
C. 5-6 hours D. 1 hour
It is the major component of a glass.
A. Lime B. Soda
C. Silica D. Gel
One is a condition that can approximate the time of death.
A. Cadaver B. Magnus test
C. Rigor mortis D. None of these
This is the yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes due to an
accumulation of bile pigments (e.g., bilirubin) in the circulating blood.
Another cause is liver damage caused by hepatitis.
A. Saprophagus B. Tetany
C. Jaundice D. Scurvy

This is an attempt to determine the mode of death (whether an

accident, suicide, homicide, or natural causes) by an examination of
what was known about the deceased.
A. Psychological autopsy B. Post mortem
examination
C. Psychiatric pathology D. Necropsy
 X and Y are husband and wife, X has a mistress, Miss W,
to whom he has a son (Z), a 2 year old baby. What kind of
death is involve if X killed his illegitimate child Z?

a.Homicidal
b.Parricidal
c.Infanticidal
d.Muder

What if Y killed Z?
e.Homicidal
f. Parricidal
g.Infanticidal
h.Muder