CONTENT OF PRESENTATION

 Introduction
 Objective
 Scope
 Quality Control Principle
 QC Overview
 QA versus QC
 General Principle
 Basic Requirement of Quality Control
 Quality control unit
 Quality control laboratory
 Responsibility
 Quality Control Documents
 Tasks of Quality Control
 References
1
INTRODUCTION

2
 INTRODUCTION
 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is the part of Quality
Assurance that ensures that products are produced and
controlled consistently and reliably. This consistency of
production and control is essential. It can only come
about by having clear descriptions of the way in which
the work will be done.
 GMP specifically addresses risks of cross-contamination
and mix-up that cannot be fully controlled by testing of
the final product.
 These risks can best be controlled by having a properly
managed system of working that takes them into
account. This means that the quality checking system
must be designed with these risks in mind and set out
to find whether any errors have occurred. 3
 OBJECTIVES

 To understand key elements in

quality control.
 To understand specific
requirements on organization,
procedures, processes and
resources.

4
 SCOPE
 Quality control involved sampling, inspecting
and testing of starting materials, in process,
intermediate, bulk and finished products.

 It also includes where applicable, environment

monitoring program, review of batch
documentation, sample retention programs,
stability studies and maintaining correct
specification of materials and products.

5
QUALITY CONTROL PRINCIPLES

6
 QUALITY CONTROL OVERVIEW
Assurance

Objective Product with consistent quality for its intended use

Established Quality System Requirements

How Product contain the correct materials of specified quality & quantity
Manufactured under proper conditions accordingly to SOPs

Sampling
Inspection & testing of: Starting Material, Bulk, Intermediate, Finished product
Key Environment monitoring program Batch record review/documentation
Focus
Area Sample retention program Stability study Calibration Reagent Handling
Release/Reject: Control for materials & product disposition

Reprocessing Specification Control Return

7
 QA VS QC
The terms quality assurance and quality control are often used 
interchangeably to refer to the actions performed for ensuring the
.quality of a product, service, or process
Both terms, however, have many interpretations because of the 
".multiple definitions for the words "assurance" and "control
The definitions below, for example, point toward a specific distinction 
:between these two terms
Assurance
Assurance : = The
The actact of giving
of giving Quality assurance : All the planned and
confidence,
confidence, thethestate
state
of of being
being certain,
certain, systematic activities implemented within
or the
or the act
act of
ofmaking
making certain.
certain. the quality system that can be
demonstrated to provide confidence a
product or service will fulfill
requirements for quality.

Control : An evaluation to indicate needed Quality control :The operational

corrective responses; the act of guiding or techniques and activities used to fulfill
the state of a process in which the requirements for quality.
variability is attributable to a constant
system of chance causes.
8
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 Each holder of a manufacturing authorization
should have a QC Department
 Independence from production and other
departments is considered to be fundamental
 Under the authority of an appropriately
qualified and experienced person with one or
several control laboratories at his or her
disposal.
 If do not have any facility, it can be managed
by appointed respective external laboratory
institution(s).
9
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF
QUALITY CONTROL

10
 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
Quality Control department should have :
 resources:
 adequate facilities
 qualified personnel
 approved written procedures
 tasks :
 sampling, inspecting, testing,
 releasing or rejecting
 monitoring
 objects :
 Starting materials, intermediates, bulk, and finished
products
 Returned products
 Environmental conditions 11
 QC LABORATORY
 There shall be QC laboratory attached to each manufacturing
unit.
 The laboratory shall be capable of performing all the test in
accordance to approve specification, or to perform part of test
while sub-contracting part of tests to approved contract
laboratory.
 Where appropriate, QC laboratories shall be separated from
production areas especially for microbiology lab.
 The laboratories should be designed to suit the operations to be
carried out in them. Sufficient space should be given to avoid
mix-ups and cross-contamination. There should be adequate
suitable space for sample and records.
 Separate rooms may be necessary to protect sensitive
instruments from vibration, electrical interference, humidity, etc.
12
 QUALITY CONTROL UNIT
 Large firms : Quality Control Unit(s).
 Small firms :
 specific tasks unit with limited laboratory apparatus, or
 contract analysis with respective external laboratory
institute(s)
 Responsibilities defined in written procedures
 Independence from production and other
departments is fundamental
 Under the authority of an appropriately qualified
and experienced person
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 RESPONSIBILITIES
 Examines, approves or rejects incoming materials, intermediates,
bulk, the finished products, and returned products.
 Does the inspection during production (in-process control)
 Establishes, standardizes, and implements all QC procedures,
and also establish the specification of each incoming materials.
 Establishes specification of intermediates, bulk and finished
goods together with head of Production.
 Approves reprocessing instruction and rework instruction
 Reviews production records to determine errors and ensures that
investigations have been conducted and corrective action taken
 Involves in all decisions concern with the product quality

14
 OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES
 Establishing, verification, and implementing all QC
procedures
 Evaluating, maintaining, storing, and monitoring all
reference standards and retained samples
 Reviewing batch documentation
 Maintaining correct specification of materials and finished
products
 Stability testing of each finished product
 Participating in :
 complaint investigations
 environmental monitoring
 GMP training

15
QC DOCUMENTS

16
 SPECIFICATION CONTROL
 Each specification shall be approved, signed
and dated, and maintained by QC unit
 The following specification shall be minimally
maintained and controlled:
 Starting materials specification
 Process water specification
 Intermediate or bulk product where applicable
 Finished product specification
 Master formula
 Batch Manufacturing Record (BMR)

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STARTING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
The following details should be included in the 
:specification
designated name, and internal code reference if applicable 
qualitative and quantitative requirement with acceptance 
limits

Depending on the company practice, other data may 

:be added to the specification
the supplier and the original producer 
direction for sampling and testing, or reference to an 
approved procedure
storage condition or precautions 
the maximum period of storage before re-examination 

18
 PROCESS WATER SPECIFICATION
 Drinking water standard is defined as minimum
standard for use in cosmetic processing.
 Appropriate specification for chemical and microbial
quality should be established based on point of use.
 Periodic testing should be conducted, eg. weekly
 Further treatment may be necessary based on the
product formula, process and claim requirements.
Specification for water with further treatment shall be
established based on supplier design specification or
pharmacopoeia standard

19
FINISHED PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Finished product specification should include:
 Designated name, and internal code reference if
applicable
 Formula number
 Description of finished product and its package details
 Qualitative and quantitative requirement with acceptance
limits
 Direction for sampling and testing, or reference to an
approved procedure
 Storage condition or precautions, if any
 Shelf life, if any
 Batch numbering requirement (including manufacturing
date or expiry date )
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 IN-PROCESS CONTROL
 Inspection and testing based on process monitoring
or actual sample testing at defined sampling interval
and location
 Shall be documented in Batch Manufacturing Record
 The result shall conform to Batch Manufacturing /
Packaging Record requirements
 Control chart/other statistical tools for process
capability may be used for trend analysis

21
OTHER LABORATORY DOCUMENTATION
Other laboratory documentation includes
 Sampling procedures
 Calibration and Maintenance Equipment
 Stability Procedures, where applicable
 Environment Monitoring, where applicable
 Testing procedures and records (including worksheets
and/or laboratory notebooks)
 Analytical reports and/or certificates

22
 QUALITY RECORD RETENTION

 Master Formula and Batch Manufacturing Record

shall be retained for the shelf life + 1 year of the
product
 Other laboratory record (e.g. analytical tests results,
environmental controls…) it is recommended that
records be kept in a manner permitting trend
evaluation
 Other raw data such as laboratory notebooks and/or
records should be retained and readily available

23
 TASKS OF
QUALITY CONTROL

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 QC WORK FLOW
Start
Quarantine
Quarantine • Intermediates
• Incoming
• Bulks
materials 2. Receiving • Finished goods
• Water
• Environment
• Returned goods
monitoring
3. Sampling
QC/QA Status
4. Test samples
Quarantine Lab
Quarantine Records
Review of batch record .5
Release
Release
NO Non conformance or .7
Reject
Reject Meet specification out of specification
YES investigation
Goods release .6
Release
Release
Goods Reject .8 Reject
Reject
End
End
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 RECEIPT
 There should be written procedure on the receiving,
internal labeling, quarantine and storage of starting
materials, packaging materials and other materials as
appropriate
 Upon receiving of the supplied goods, its identity,
legibility of batch number, integrity of its primary
packaging and seal shall be verified prior to acceptance.
 Certificate of Analysis shall be provided by the supplier
accompanying the receiving of starting materials
 Quarantine goods shall be segregated from “Release”
goods
 Reject goods shall be stored in a define area with
consideration of control access (eg. Locked area)

26
 SAMPLING
The sample taking shall be done in accordance
with written procedure that describe:
 The method of sampling
 The sampling tools used
 The amount of samples to be taken
 The type and condition of the sample container to be
used (ie amber glass bottle)
 The identification of the container sampled
 Special precaution for hazardous materials
 The storage condition (if any)
 Instruction for cleaning and storage of sampling
equipment
 Instruction for re-sealing the opened container.

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 SAMPLING PROCESS
 Sampling tools such as knives, pliers, saws, hammers, wrenches,
implements to remove dust (preferably a vacuum cleaner)
 Material to re-close the packages (such as sealing tape), as well as
self-adhesive labels to indicate that a part of the contents has been
removed from a package or container.
 Containers due to be sampled should be cleaned prior to sampling if
necessary.
 There should be a written procedure describing the sampling operation.
This should include health and safety aspects of sampling.
 The container used to store a sample should not interact with the
sampled material nor allow contamination. It should also protect the
sample from light, air, moisture, etc., as required by the storage
directions for the material sampled.
 Microbiology sampling tools shall be sterilised prior to use
 Aseptic technique shall be used during sampling
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 SAMPLING PLAN
1. Raw Material
Sampling plan for raw material should be based on defined
sampling standard, for example:
• the “n plan” is based on the formula n = 1+√N, where N is the
number of sampling units in the consignment;
• the “p plan” is based on the formula p = 0.4 √N, where N is the
number of sampling unit; or
• the “r plan” on the formula r = 1.5√N .
• reduce sampling plan such as “p plan” shall be considered only
when there is established confidence on the material’s
uniformity.

2. Packaging materials and Finished Product

Sampling plans for packaging materials should be based on
defined sampling standards, for example British Standard BS 6001-
1, ISO 2859 or ANSI/ASQCZ1.4-1993.

Microsoft Word
Document29
 SAMPLING TOOLS

Scoop for solid

Dip tube Spears for bag

for liquid

Weighted container for large tank

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 TESTING & ANALYSIS
 All tests shall be performed in accordance with the
test methods as stated in the specification
 Reduce testing rational shall be documented
 Test can be performed by in-house laboratory or
external laboratory
 Where test is performed in-house, laboratory shall be
available

31
 LABORATORY DATA (1)
 QC should maintain adequate analytical records
concerning the examination of materials and products.
 Such records should include among others:
 The result of every test performed, including observations
and calculations, relating to compliance with the established
specifications (calculations done on scratch paper shall be
included in the record).
 The source of the specification used.
 Signature(s) of the person(s) who performed the quality
control procedure.
 A final review (eg. laboratory management), the decision
taken, and a dated endorsement by a duly authorized expert
(eg. supervisor/manager).

32
 LABORATORY DATA (2)
 Laboratory data must be recorded in a manner that
assures its accuracy, authenticity and completeness,
preserves its integrity and assures its retrievability
 Data recording should be clear, permanent (not pencil)
and traceable to the item tested.
 Records, either handwritten or equipment/ computer
generated, shall be reviewed, signed off and dated.
 There should be a written policy about averaging of
numbers, cross-outs of mistakes, significant figures,
leaving notebook pages or fill-in-the-blank entries
empty, etc.

33
 RETAIN SAMPLE (1)
 Retain sample should be representative of the batch of
materials or products from which they are taken.
 Retain sample shall be of a size sufficient to permit at
least 2 full re-examinations
 Retain samples for each batch of finished products
shall be retained at a defined period
 Finished product should be kept in their final
packaging and stored under the recommended
condition (eg. Consumer use condition at room
temperature)

34
 RETAIN SAMPLE (2)
A retain sample log shall be maintained with
the sample identification, batch number and
its storage location for ease of retrieval
Prior to disposal of retain sample, visual
inspection should be carried out

35
 CONTROL OF
STARTING MATERIAL ACCEPTANCE
1. All starting materials shall be verified prior to use.
2. Verification should include the following:
 Review of Certificate of Analysis from the manufacturer
versus approved specification
 Other tests may be conducted as appropriate:-
 Identification test / package identification and other
characteristic of the material shall be examined.
 Primary packaging: No leakage, sharp dents, tear ,
exposed parts and seal integrity
 Legible label and identification and batch number
 Frequency: Every batch of manufacturer’s batch

36
 CONTROL OF
PROCESS WATER ACCEPTANCE

 Minimally meet National or WHO Drinking Water

standard.
 Treated water specification shall be based on
supplier’s design specification or pharmacopoeia
standard

37
 CONTROL OF
IN-PROCESS BULK/PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE

 In-process inspection and testing should be

performed by monitoring the process or by actual
sample analysis at defined locations and time.
 The results should conform to established process
parameters or acceptable tolerances.
 Line clearance shall be practiced on all packaging
lines
 Where necessary, standard reference for labeling
and coding format/ requirement should be available.

38
 CONTROL OF
FINISHED PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE

 Review of Batch Manufacturing Record

 Review all non-conformance or deviation
documented on the BMR and its reprocessing or
rework instruction
 Review of physical, chemical and microbiological
results
 Review of sample from the batch for verification on
its conformance to BMR requirement.
 Approve Certificate of Analysis with clear summary
statement on the product status, ie “Release” or
“Reject”

39
OUT OF SPECIFICATION INVESTIGATION
 Written procedure should be made available.
 Typically, an investigation includes:
• A review of the calculation to ensure they are correct.
• A review of test procedures utilized.
• A review of equipment, columns, charts and previous analyses of
samples of the same product/material
• A review of reagent/ standardization carried out for the test (e.g.,
pipettes).
• A complete investigation and evaluation of initial results prior to a
retest.
• A review of product/material history
• Assigned person responsible for investigation
• Documented rational for retest and re-sampling
 Proper documentation of investigations, recommendation
and disposition must be in place.

40
 LABORATORY REAGENT
 Reagent should be prepared in accordance with written
procedures.
 Volumetric solution, the last date of standardization and the last
current factor should be indicated.
 Where necessary, the date of receipt of any reagents should be
indicated on the container. Instruction for use and storage
should be followed.
 Where necessary, the identification test and/or other testing of
reagent materials is required upon receipt or before use.
 Reagent to be certified by the original producer to the quality of
reagent grade purchased, typically a CoA shall be available for
review and verification on acceptance.
 Laboratory safety manual shall be available for safe operation of
the reagent and chemicals.

41
 LABORATORY REAGENTS

All reagents should bear a label containing

the following information :
The name of the reagent
Its strength or concentration
Its expiration date
Date of preparation
Name of the individual who prepared it
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

42
ENVIRONMENT MONITORING (1)
 Environment Monitoring to be implemented where
appropriate.
 The objective is to demonstrate the manufacturing
environment is functioning at an adequate level of
microbial control for the specific product/product
group.
 Sample site selection based on:
Room design/ size
Manufacturing process
Product susceptibility
 Potential sampling site shall include
Starting material sampling room/area
Dispensing area
Manufacturing area
Microbiological lab
43
ENVIRONMENT MONITORING (2)
Alert and Action limits should be established
based on statistical methods.
Sampling frequency shall be established, eg
weekly.
The media selection for use of detection and
growth of viable airborne particulate shall be
established.
Direct and in-direct methods available, most
commonly used are STA air sampler, SAS air
sampler and settling plate.
44
 STABILITY STUDY (1)
 Stability test shall be carried out where applicable

 Real time stability shall extend to the end of shelf life

period for any new products and should include the
following parameters:-
 Number of batch(es) for different batch size
 Relevant physical, chemical, microbiological test methods
 Acceptance criteria
 Description of the container closure system(s)
 Testing intervals (time points)
 Description of the condition of storage

45
 STABILITY STUDY (2)
 The number of batches and frequency of testing shall
provide a sufficient amount of data to allow for trend
analysis.
 Bracketing and matrixing design may be applied where
applicable.
 Worst case situation shall be covered within the real
time stability program after any significant change or
deviation to the process or package, ie. After rework or
reprocessing.
 A summary of data should be generated, with interim
conclusion on the trend analysis.
 Result of stability studies should be reviewed by
authorized person(s).
46
 CALIBRATION
 To maintain the accuracy and precision of test equipment at
all times.
 To ensure highest level of confidence in all measurement
that affect materials disposition decision, with unbroken
chain of traceability to national standard.
 To determine whether the equipment is still fit for its
intended purpose.
 It is based on the comparison of a primary standard or
instrument of known accuracy with another equipment (to be
calibrated)
 It is used to detect, correlate, report or eliminate by
adjustment of any variation in the accuracy of the equipment
being calibrated.
47
EQUIPMENT CLASSIFICATION
 Critical equipment:
 Direct measurement that affect the final product
quality
 Measurement on critical process parameters in the
process specification

 Non critical equipment:

 Indirect measurement that will not directly affect the
final product quality
 Shall be maintained based on company
maintenance schedule

48
 CALIBRATION INTERVAL
Depending on:
 Classification of Critical or non-critical
 Usage (light or heavy usage)
 Handling (light or heavy handling)
 Manufacturer’s recommendation
 Reference to NIST or accreditation body
guideline for a specific measurement system

49
 PRIMARY STANDARD
Highest accuracy order in the
measurement system
Traceable to National or
International standard

50
REFERENCE STANDARD*/MATERIAL
 Reference Standard
It shall be calibrated by a body that can provide
traceability. Such reference standard of measurement
held by the laboratory shall be used for calibration only.
It shall be calibrated before and after any adjustment
 Reference Materials
Where possible, it shall be traceable to SI units of
measurement, or to Certified Reference Materials.
Internal Reference Material shall be checked as far as
is technically and economically practical

Note: * Working Standards

51
 CALIBRATION RESULT
Traceable to National or International
standard
Measurement standard to be specified
with validity period
Conclusion made on the validity of
calibration
Certificate to be reviewed by authorize
personnel
52
 VERIFICATION
Applicable to equipment that cannot be
calibrated (adjustment, correlation, etc)
Verification against measurement standard
with correction factor documented
Actual reporting of result shall include the
correction factor
Temperature correction factor “- 2 0C”.
 Measured value: 240 C
 Reported value = 24 0 C –2 0 C= 22 0 C

53
 OUT OF CALIBRATION
Remove equipment from use
Out of Calibration Investigation to be carried
out to determine the source of inaccuracy
Evaluate the impact of OOC result on the
final product quality and other previously
measured data
All investigation findings should be
documented

54
 CALIBRATION RECORDS
Calibration Master Plan
Include the control of all critical measurement
equipment that contain the following details
 Name
 Identification by model # and serial #
 Location
 Owner/Responsible
 Calibration Frequency
 Calibration due date
Calibration Certificate
Calibration Procedure

55
 CALIBRATION CERTIFICATE
 Name and address of contracted calibration
laboratory
 Name and address of client
 Description and identification of item calibrated
 Environment conditions when calibration was
made
 Date of receipt of instrument, date of
calibration and date of next calibration
 Calibration method
 Result of calibration
 Signature and title of person responsible for
the calibration
 External calibration contract shall be awarded
to Accredited by the nation institution
56
CALIBRATION IDENTIFICATION
Status of equipment calibration shall be
available and affixed to the equipment
where applicable.
Equipment identification shall bear the
following information:
 name of equipment
 serial no.
 date calibrated
 status
 schedule of next calibration and
 initial/signature of the person who performed the
calibration
57
 REPROCESSING (1)
Reprocessing includes both definitions of
Reprocessing and Rework
Definitions
 Reprocessing: Subjecting all or part of the batch/lot of
an in-process bulk, intermediate or product of a single
batch or lot to the previous step of the approved
manufacturing/packaging process due to failure to meet
pre-determined specification.
 Rework: Subjecting all or part of the batch /lot of an in-
process bulk, intermediate or product of a single batch
or lot to an alternate manufacturing/ packaging process
due to failure to meet pre-determined specification.

58
 REPROCESSING (2)
 Complete OOS/Non-conformance investigation with risk
assessment on recovery decision, based on approved
procedure
 Reprocessing Instruction includes the following details:
Additional Ingredient where necessary
Reprocessing instruction
Responsibility
Sampling Plan
Acceptance Criteria
 Approval of Reprocessing Instruction by QC
 Where batch adjustment which is part of the In-Process
Quality Control, this should not be considered where
there is reprocessing.
59
 CONTROL OF
REPROCESSING PRODUCT
Meeting the Reprocessing Instruction
acceptance criteria
Where the stability of the product is in doubt,
additional testing of any finished product
which has been reprocessed should be
performed, stability study to be included as
appropriate.

60
 RETURN (1)
 Definition- Finished product that has been distributed
and is being returned for reasons other than a product
complaint reason.

 Returned products shall be identified as such and put

on hold. If the conditions under which returned
products have been held, stored, or shipped before or
during their return, or if the condition of the product,
its container, carton, or labeling, as a result of storage
or shipping, casts doubt on the safety, identity or
quality of the product, the returned product shall be
destroyed unless examination, testing, or other
investigations prove the product meets appropriate
standards of safety, identity or quality. 61
 RETURN (2)
 A product may be reworked/reprocessed
provided the subsequent product meets
appropriate standards, specifications, and
characteristics.

 Records of returned products shall be

maintained and shall include the name, lot
number (or control number or batch number),
reason for the return, quantity returned, date of
disposition, and ultimate disposition of the
returned product.

62
 RETURN (3)
 If the reason for a product being returned implicates
associated batches, an appropriate investigation shall
be conducted.
 Procedures for the holding, testing, and reprocessing
of returned products shall be in writing and shall be
followed.
 The recovery rational shall be documented with
approval from the QC unit.
 Disposal of return goods shall be based on approved
procedure.
63
CONTROL OF RETURN PRODUCTS
 Products that have been subjected to improper storage
conditions including extremes in temperature, humidity, smoke,
fumes, pressure, age, or radiation due to natural disasters, fires,
accidents, or equipment failures shall not be salvaged and
returned to the marketplace.

 Whenever there is a question whether products have been

subjected to such conditions, salvaging operations may be
conducted only if the following acceptance criteria were fulfilled:
 Product labeling meeting current regulatory requirements
 Laboratory tests that the product meet the product
specification
 Visual inspection on the product and their associated
packaging were intact and comparable to standard

64