SPECTACLE

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Optometric optics &
Dispensing
OBJECTIVES
• Spectacle prescription
• History of spectacle
• Spectacle lens material
• Spectacle frame material
• Parts and measurement of spectacle
• Fitting principles
• Ordering and verification
History of Spectacles
Purpose of Spectacles
• To prevent impaired vision

• Better lifestyles
• Fashion
How to Read an Eyeglasses
Prescription
Prescription reading
• Which numbers are my right eye and which are my left eye on prescription
• What does “sphere (SPH)” mean on prescription
• What is the “cylinder (CYL)” number on prescription
⚬ CYL - Power & Axis
• ADD power
• The lens power for prism on prescription
• Corrected vision
• Pupillary distance (PD)
• Sphere or SPH is the power of the • CYL - Cylinder power indicates that your eyes
lens required to correct a single vision are not perfectly sphere in shape.
defect. • If you have some numbers in your CYL
column of your prescription, you will require
• This can be for myopia and eyeglasses to correct astigmatism.
hyperopia. It is measured in Dioptres.
• Axis reflects the exact orientation of your
astigmatism.
• The prescription can differ for both
the eyes. • It is always present along with your CYL
prescriptions.
• Ranges from 0.00 to +/- 20.00 D • If your prescription holds a CYL value and no
axis or vice versa, it is incomplete.
• Higher prescription means high
degree myopia/hyperopia
• Add or Near Addition power is • Pupillary distance (IPD) is an important

added on the lower part of the measurement from the center of one eye
to the center of another.
multifocal/bifocal lenses to
correct presbyopia. • This is used to mark the exact optical
center also geometrical centre of lens.
• This helps one in performing
• Distance between the centers of two
close-up tasks with ease. pupils
• Indicates the additional reading • Ranges from 50 to 70 mm
power • Incorrect PD value can cause eye strain &
visual distortion
• Used in bifocals, progressives
and reading glassesAdded at the
bottom half of the lens for
people with presbyopia
EFFECTIVE POWER
• The power of a lens is normally designated by its dioptric
power. Dioptric power depends on focal length.
• When light leaves the lens, the exiting light rays are either
parallel, converging, or diverging.
• The amount of convergence or divergence of light rays is a
dioptric value.
• Lenses get their dioptric power based on the reciprocal of
the distance from the lens to the point of focus.
• However, as the light travels closer to the point of focus,
its vergence value changes.
EFFECTIVE POWER VS VERTEX DISTANCE
• The distance from the back surface of the spectacle lens to the front surface of the wearer’s eye is
known as the vertex distance.
• Traditionally, for purposes of calculation, a distance of 13.5 mm was considered average. In actual
practice, vertex distances vary considerably. Positioning the glasses at a vertex distance other
than that used during the refraction means that the effective power at the refracting distance is
now different from that originally intended.
• For a low-powered lens whose focal length is long in comparison with the vertex distance, there is
very little difference.
• But for higher powered lenses, a small change in vertex distance can make a considerable change
in effective power.
14th century- Riveted nail spectacle 15th century - Scissor glass:
These spectacles were simply two magnifying These glasses are probably best described as a
glass handles riveted together at the end and pair of upside –down riveted glass, with a longer
curved handle to be held from below the eye.
hung at the nose.
Leather Bridge Frames
• Invented by Jan Van Eyck in 1410
• Joined by bridge
• Made by leather, soft metal and bone
• Advantage:
• Practical and comfortable
• Disadvantage:
• Difficult to produce
• 17th century - Lorgnette:
• In 17ᵗʰ century spectacle were in fashion for the upper class in Europe .
• The rich preferred to be perspective glass or lorgnette which were simply like magnifying glass.
• Advantage:
• Easy to handle
• 18th century - Turn Pin Temple Spectacles
• Turn pin temples, resting on the side of head were invented
• This provided a comfortable way for glasses to rest on the head
• Advantage:
• Comfortable to rest on the head
• Disadvantage:
• Not fashionable
Mid 19ᵗʰ century - Double twin pin:
The D and D- horseshoe shaped frames had
four glasses arranged in Wrap around
configuration.
Late 19ᵗʰ century - X-bridge:
X- bridge were popular ass well. X-bridge were
used on spectacle for the myopia and on
inexpensive imported spectacle frame.
• Early 20ᵗʰ century - Tortoise shell:
• The use of plastics for spectacle frame,
therefore., the plastics and the older tortoise
shell material that was used .
• They were valued for being light-weight, for
ease of polish but they are easily broken.
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
MAKING SPECTACLE LENS
SPECTACLE MATERIALS
Spectacle
Materials
Natural media Glass Plastics
NATURAL MEDIA
• Quartz or rock made out of pure silica was exclusively used
• Its hardness and low mist retaining property made it ideal for spectacle lens
• Not used in optical instruments since it is doubly refracting material.
GLASS
• CROWN GLASS
• BARIUM CROWN GLASS
• FLINT GLASS
• HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX GLASS
CROWN GLASS
• It is a soda-lime-silica glass containing about;
￭ 70% silica
￭ 12% calcium oxide(caO) or lime and
￭ 15% sodium oxide (NaO)
￭ Small percentage of potassium, borax, antimony and arsenic which improve the quality of
glass by acting as refining agents during the melt
CROWN GLASS
• Refractive index= 1.523
• Abbe value – 59
• Specific gravity = 2.54
• Transparency = 91.6%
• U.v absorption 280nm
CROWN GLASS
• Advantage :
⚬ Low in cost
⚬ Highly scratch resistant
⚬ Blanks available in all sizes
• Disadvantage :
⚬ Low impact resistance
⚬ Heavier material
⚬ Chips can easily form while edging and handling
BARIUM CROWN GLASS
• Contains about ;
￭ 35% of barium oxide (BaO)
￭ 30% of silica and
￭ Small percentage of lime , zinc , alumina, boron, antimony ,and zirconium
￭ Effect of barium oxide is to increase the refractive index of glass without greatly increasing
the mean dispersion.
Barium crown glass
• It also has types;
⚬ LIGHT BARIUM CROWN GLASS
￭ Refractive index is 1.573
￭ Abbe value is 57.4
￭ Specific value is 3.21
⚬ DENSE BARIUM CROWN GLASS

￭ Refractive index is 1.616
￭ Abbe value is 55.1
￭ Specific gravity is 3.36
BARIUM CROWN GLASS
• Advantage :
⚬ High RI without an appreciable increase in chromatic dispersion
• Disadvantage :
⚬ Chromatic dispersion more than crown glass
FLINT GLASS
• Flint glass contains about ;
￭ 60% lead oxide (PbO)
￭ 30% silica
￭ 8% soda and potash
￭ Small percentage of arsenic and antimony
￭ Effect of lead content is to increase refractive index of glass at same time also increases
mean dispersion and specific gravity or weight.
FLINT GLASS
• Dense flint :
⚬ RI = 1.649
⚬ Abbe value 33.8
⚬ Specific gravity 3.90
• Extra dense flint :

⚬ RI = 1.69
⚬ Abbe value 30.9
⚬ Specific gravity 4.23
FLINT GLASS
• Advantage :
⚬ Used in kryptok bifocal
⚬ High prescription
• Disadvantage :
⚬ High dispersion
⚬ High specific gravity
⚬ Transparency less than crown glass.
HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX GLASS
• The higher the refractive index , the more dense the glass is said to become. The lead content of
various flint glasses is approximately ;
￭ Light flint 35%
￭ Dense flint 45%
￭ Extra dense flint (EDF)55%
￭ Double extra dense flint(DEDF)65%
HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX GLASS
• Any lens having refractive index higher than 1.523 in glass called high index glass
• Available in 1.6 , 1.7 , 1.8 , 1.9
• Contents – high % of titanium oxide
• Transmission less than 92%
• Useful for reducing thickness of high powered lenses.
GHI (Glass high refractive index)
• Glass high refractive index(GHI) made of titanium oxide , barium oxide , or lead oxide
• Abbe value 36
• Specific gravity 1.45
PLASTICS
• POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE(PMMA)
• CR39 OR ALLYL DIGLYCOL CARBONATE
• TRIVEX
• HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX PLASTICS
PMMA
• One among the principal plastics
• Also known as perspex
• Refractive index of PMMA =1.49
• V = 58
• Density is 1.19 (half the weight of crown glass)
CR39
• Also one among plastic lens
• Also called columbia resin or allyl diglycol carbonate
• RI 1.498
• V = 57.8
• Density = 1.32
• Abbe value 58
• Thermosetting material
CR39
• Advantage :
⚬ Lightness
⚬ Resistance to fogging and pitting
⚬ Tintability
• Disadvantage :
⚬ Surface abrasion
⚬ Increased thickness
⚬ Inferior photochromic properties
⚬ Index variability with temperature
POLYCARBONATE
• First alternate plastic material
• RI = 1.586
• Density 120
• Also have UV absorption of 380nm
• Polycarbonate is extremely difficult to break
POLYCARBONATE
• Advantage :
⚬ Lightest of all
⚬ Impact resistance material
• Disadvantage:
⚬ High chromatic aberration
⚬ More scratches are formed
⚬ More distortion and expensive
TRIVEX
• New lens material

⚬ Exhibit 3 good characteristics as it is called trivex
⚬ Lightest weight of all plastic material
⚬ Impact resistance at least equal to polycarbonate
⚬ An excellent abbe value
⚬ Also known as phoenix or triology
TRIVEX
• RI = 1.530
• V = 45
• Density = 1.11
• Extermely difficult to break
• Similar uv absorption as polycarbonate
TRIVEX
• Advantage :
⚬ Lighter in weight
⚬ More rigid material
⚬ Does not break easily
• Disadvantage :
⚬ Get scratch easily
HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX PLASTIC
• RI = 1.640-1.740
• Abbe value 37
• Density 1.3-1.5
• UV cutoff 380nm-400nm
• Plastic high refractive index made of thermosetting plastic
NXT Lenses – Made with Trivex
• Light weight material
• Extremely strong
• Compatible with photochromic pigments and with polarisation
• RI = 1.523
• Density= 1.11
• Abbe value = 45
• Highly flexible
Laminated lenses
• Lenses made from two or more layers of material called laminated lenses
• Used in before dying any lenses
• Lamination also used in tinted and polarising lenses
Polarised lens
• Made by heating and stretching thin sheet of PVA (poly vinyl alcohol)
• This thin sheet is laminated between 2 layer of coated cellulose acetate butyrate for desired
curvature
Tinted lenses
• Tinted lens available in glass and plastics
• Metallic oxides like iron , cobalt , gold , nickel , silver , manganese are added to molten glass
material to get desired tints.
SPECTACLE FRAME MATERIALS
SPECTACLE FRAME MATERIALS
• Different materials are used for
⚬ Style
⚬ Durability
⚬ Color
⚬ Ease of use
• Frames are devices used for supporting spectacle lenses
• Usually made by molding.
• Light, strong & easily adjusted but retain there shape
• It should be flexible enough to insert lens
• Inexpensive
FRAME MATERIALS
METAL
⚬ Aluminium, Nickel silver, Monel, Titanium, Stainless steel, Beryllium, Cobalt, Gold, Bronze,
Trillium
PLASTIC
⚬ Cellulose acetate, PMMA, Polyamide, Acrylic, Nylon, Optyl, Cobalt, Polycarbonate
OTHERS
⚬ Shell, Wood, Carbon, Rubber
Properties of Frame materials
• Dimensional Stability
• Dermal Compatibility
• Mechanical Durability
• Low Specific Gravity
• Good strength to weight ratio
• Good thermal electric insulation
• High resistance to chemical
• Ease to production
• Resistance to corrosion
• Low cost
PLASTIC
• Plastic frames: available in many colors
• Usually thicker and wider than metal frames.
• Referred to as
￭ shell frames
￭ zyl frames
PLASTIC
• Two types:
Thermoplastic:- reformed with heat.
Thermosetting :- cannot be reformed with heat.
• Plastic spectacle are softer with heat since they are not thermoplastic
METAL
⚬Metal frames tend to be
• Thinner,
• Lightweight
• Strong
• Made of all metal parts, except for the nose pads, posterior temple section
• Eye-wire runs completely around lens
COMBINATION
• Frames have a metal chassis, plastic top rims, temples.
• Chassis includes the eyewire and centre or bridge section
• Frame with plastic eyewires, metal bridge, temples
PLASTIC MATERIALS:
• Usually thicker and wider than metal frames.
• Referred to as
￭ shell frames
￭ zyl frames
• Polycarbonate
• Cellulose propionate & acetate propionate
• Cellulose acetate
• Kevlar
• Cellulose nitrate
• Cellulose acetate butyrate
• Polymethylmethacrylate
• Pure nylons
POLYCARBONATE:
• Best known lens material
• Very strong
• Amorphous
USES:
• For sport & safety spectacles(side shield)
CELLULOSE ACETATE:
• Most common frame material (Zyl or Zylonite)
• Tolerably light, stable at normal temperature, flexible
• Bridge & temples become whiten in contact to patients body fluid
• Black Acetate : Fronts and Temples
• Acetate Granules : Injected molded
CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE :

• Very rare spectacles dispensed
• Occasionally used for safety spectacle
CELLULOSE NITRATE:
• Similar to acetate
• Banned due to its flammability
CELLULOSE PROPIPNATE / CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE :

• Similar to acetate
• Strong more flexible & have a lower density
• It can be dyed and painted
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE:( PMMA)
• Also Known as acrylic
• Clinical quality - Hypoallergenic
ADVANTAGES:
• Frames produced are often upswept supra
• Brittle and Lightweight
• Can be used for safety specs
DISADVANTAGES:
• Difficult to glaze a full rim & Further heating loses its softening point
EPOXY RESIN
• Thermosetting material
• Colored by surface dyeing
• Usually translucent but opaque colour available
• Manufactured by vacuum casting
• Light weight
ADVANTAGES
• Excellent shape and adjustment
• Heat, Chemical and Scratch resistant
DISADVANTAGES
• Adjustments are more difficult
• More heat is required to work with optyl
POLYAMIDE (NYLONS):
• Very strong, very soft & flexible
• Made by molding
• Shrink with excessive heat
USES:
• Sunglasses ,sports spectacle, safety spectacles & temporary aphakic spectacles
• Co - polyamide: mixture of other plastic materials
KEVLAR:
• Not in itself a composite , but it’s a cousin of nylons
• Very fine, very strong fibers
SILICONE RUBBERS:
• Soft ,flexible materials
• Stable & retain their elastic properties
USES:
• Bridges, side-tips , rim linear etc.
METALS:
• Consist of different materials:
• Base metals
• Plating
• Lacquer or coating
• Plastic side
METAL FRAMES :
• Made by soldering or welding
BASE METALS:
• Non precious metals – by precious coating they turn base metal into gold
NICKEL & COPPER NICKEL ALLOYS:

• Commonly used in spectacle frame
• Allergies are common in contact with skin
NICKEL SILVER:
Advantages
• Its rigidity makes it good for hinge, bridge and end piece applications.
Disadvantages
• Tends to dull and tarnish
• Turns green in contact with body fluids
MONEL:
• Adapts to lens curves

• Hypoallergenic
• Whitish in colour
• Pliable for good adjustment
BRONZES:
• Are copper tin alloys

• Used for specific properties ( e.g. springy sides )
STAINLESS STEEL : An alloy
• Is relatively difficult to work & to plate

• Uncommon as a spectacle frame material but increasing
TITANIUM :
• Light,strong,inert & hypoallergenic
• Very expensive due to extraction & manufacturing costs
• Pure titanium cause allergies
ALUMINIUM:
• Light & soft

• Due to softness of the material, metal frame is made thicker
• Better mechanical property
• It is usually an electrolytic coloring process
• Pure aluminium is hypoallergenic
• Doesn’t solder or weld well
MEMORY METALS:
Groups of unrelated alloys
PROPERTY :
They return to their original shape after considerable distortion
USES :
⚬ In temples & bridges
⚬ Eye wire, screws & other parts
BRASS:
• Usually copper-zinc alloy
USES:
• Spectacle frames
• Some Modern frames look & feel brassy
COBALT:
• In pure form - Not used for spectacle frames
• Similar to nickel – mechanically , chemically & allergenically
ANTIMONY:
• No longer be used in spectacle
• Cause irritant
LEAD:
• Present in “spring bronzes”
• No evidence of its recent use.
Composites
• Carbon Fibre
• Composite material of nylon + carbon fibers
• Colours tend to be dark, bold, shades
• Very cheap
• Very flexible
• Durable
Carbon
• Injection molded type
• Light weight, rigid and brittle
ADVANTAGES
⚬ Heat resistant
⚬ Scratch resistant
⚬ Strong and Durable
DISADVANTAGES
⚬ Colours are limited
⚬ Sizing is critical
Composites
• Copper Silver
• Cu +Ni+Zn, Ni 12 -25%
• Easily worked, flexible
• Core material for rolled gold
• Cause an allergic reaction
• More of a problem with females
Composites
Monel
• Ni-based alloy ( 66% Ni + 31.5% Cu + Fe, Mn and silicon)
• Excellent heat and corrosion resistance
• High nickel content = higher allergic reaction
Composites
• Memory Metals
• 40% Ni and 60% Ti
• High flexibility = difficult to adjust
• Corrosion and tarnish-resistant
• Bridges and sides are made of a more rigid material, typically Monel
Rolled gold
• Rolled gold is skin of gold onto base metal, usually of nickel silver
• Good resistance to corrosion
• Maintains appearance even after repair
Tortoise shell
• Formed from the plates of the hawksbill turtle, an endangered species
• Thermoplastic characteristics
• Expensive
• Hypoallergenic
Wood
Woods type
￭Boxwood, Beech, Lime,Cedar, Bamboo
￭Yew (Toxic: if eaten)
⚬Fibrous material
⚬Hard and lightweight
⚬Often has a yellow tinge
ADVANTAGES
• Cost effective
DISADVANTAGES
• Remodelling is very hard
• Polishing goes off soon and gives a dull look
PLATING OF FRAMES:
• Plated with another metal to improvement their cosmetic appearance
• To reduce corrosion
TYPES:
⚬ Electrolytic plating
⚬ Mechanical plating
⚬ Chemical plating
Electrolytic plating
• Metal frames are platted with gold & other metals
• Thickness is affected
MECHANICAL PLATING :
• Best known for production of “ Rolled gold” frames
• A relatively hard , impermeable gold layer is produce
CHEMICAL PLATING :
• Called as “Gold washing”
• This is good as electro plating
• Used on Spectacle frames
METALS FOR PLATING METAL FRAMES:
• Gold
• Palladium,rhodium,ruthenium
• Chromium
• Nickel,silver,copper
LACQUERING OF FRAMES :
• To reduce surface corrosion or for cosmetic effect
• Applied as liquid or as a powder then heated
PARTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF A SPECTACLE
LENS AND FRAME
System for measuring lens
• DATUM SYSTEM
• BOXING SYSTEM
DATUM SYSTEM
DATUM SYSTEM
• It is a system of reference points for frames and lenses to facilitate accurate placement of lens
optical centers and bifocal segment heights
• With the lens placed as it should sit in the frame, horizontal lines tangent to the highest and
lowest edges of the lens are drawn
• A line drawn halfway between the two horizontal lines parallel to them becomes a reference and
is known as the datum line
• The width of the lens along this line is known as the datum length or eyesize
• The point along the datum line halfway between the edges of the lens is known as the datum
center
• The point along the datum line halfway between the edges of the lens is known as the datum
center
• The depth of the lens, measured as the vertical depth thought the datum center, is the mid-
datum depth.
BOXING SYSTEM
• It is the improved form of the datum system

• In this additionally vertical line parlleling to each other and tangent to either side of the lens
GEOMENTRICAL CENTRE
It is the centre of lens becomes the point on the datum line halfway between the two vertical
lines and is known as the geomentric centre
BOXING SYSTEM
SIZE
• Size is the length and depth of the box containing the lens
A-size:
The horizontal length is now commonly referred as the A –size, Eye size, Lens size.
B-size:
The vertical measure of the box enclosing the lens
SIZE
• C-size:
It the circumference of the lens
• EFFECTIVE DIAMETRE:
It is found by doubling the distance from the geometric centre to the apex of the lens
• FRAME DIFFERENCE (OR) LENS DIFFERENCE
The distance between the horizontal and vertical measurements
EFFECTIVE DIAMETER
PARAMETERS
DISTANCE BETWEEN LENSES (OR) BRIDGE SIZE:
It is the distance between the two boxes when both lenses are boxed off in the frame.it is measured
in millimeters.
GEOMENTRIC CENTRE DISTANCE:

⚬ The distance between the two geometrical center distance
⚬ The GCD is also known as the distance between center the frame center distence, and the
frame PD
⚬ Frame PD has no relationship IPD
SEG HEIGHT
⚬ The distance below or above the datum line (seg drop or seg raise)
⚬ The distance from the lower line of the boxing system rectangle enclosing the lens shape (seg
height)
FRAME
• Portion of spectacles that holds the lenses, containing ophthalmic prescription, in their proper
position before the eyes
• Consists of
⚬ Front
⚬ Temples
FRAME FRONTS
• Bridge
• Rim or eye wire
• End piece
• Hinges
• Nose pads
• Guard arms
TEMPLES
• Butt portion/end
• Bend
• Shank/shaft
• Ear piece/bent-down portion/curl
• Dowel hole
THE FRAME FRONT
PARTS OF A TEMPLE
Hardware
• Hinges and temple screws
• A hinge consists of three main parts
⚬ The two halves of the hinge barrel
⚬ A pivot pin or screw.
￭ One barrel half is mounted in the frame front, the other mating barrel half is mounted in the
temple piece.
￭ The pivot pin or screw secures the two halves of the hinge barrel together.
⚬ The hinges permit the temples to fold easily
TEMPLE LENGTH
• Most temples are currently marked with the total, or over all, temple length
• It is expressed in millimeters
• It may be measured in one of the following ways
⚬ Over all temple length
⚬ Length to bend
⚬ Front to bend
OVERALL TEMPLE LENGTH
OVERALL TEMPLE LENGTH

• It is the distance from the middle of the center barrel screw hole to the posterior end of the
temple, measured along the center of the temple
• Comfort cable temples are measured in terms of over all length
LENGTH TO BEND
It is measured from the center of the barrel to the middle of the bend
LENGTH OF DROP
It is the distance from the middle of the temple bend to the end of the temple
FRONT TO BEND
• If the end pieces wrap around in a swept-back manner ,there is a distance between the plane of
the frame front and the actual beginning of the temple
• It is slightly longer than LTB
FRAME MARKING
• Most frames are now marked according to size, givingeye-size, DBL,and the temple length
• Older metal frames that are manufactured from ‘rolled gold’ are also marked as to the amount
of gold found in the frame
EYE SIZE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN LENSES

50£20, it means eye size is 50mm and the distance between lenses is 20mm the box represent
that the eyes is measured according to the boxing method
LOCATION OF MARKINGS OF PLASTIC FRAME
• It may be printer on the inside of the nosepad, or it may be found on the upper, outer section of
the eyewire
• Some frames have the size printer on the back side of the end piece
• Sometimes eyesize is printed on one end piece and the DBL on the other, temple length is printed
on the inner side of the temple
• Sometimes all the three measurements is put on the temple
LOCATION OF MARKING ON METAL FRAME
• The eyesize and DBL are usually on the inside of the bridge
• FRAME MANUFACTURER NAME, COLOR, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
• Frame should also be marked as to country of origin, manufacturer, and frame name
• Many frame manufacturers use a number rather than a name
SAFETY FRAME MARKINGS
Frames that are suitable for use as safety glasses must have ‘Z87’ and the name or logo of the
manufacturer stamped on the frame front and on both temples as specified by ANSI
GOLD CLASSIFICATIONS FOR METAL FRAMES WITH SUBSTANTIAL GOLD
CONTENT
TYPES OF TEMPLES
• SKULL TEMPLE
• LIBRARY TEMPLE
• RIDING BOW TEMPLE
• COMFORT CABLE TEMPLE
• CONVERTIBLE TEMPLES
SKULL TEMPLE
• Is the most commonly used for plastic frames.
• It is bent downward behind the ear, and conforms to the contours of the skull
• Most common type
• Most comfortable for those people who wear their eyeglasses for long periods of time
LIBRARY TEMPLE
• It extends straight back over the ear, having no bend.
• This type of temple is difficult to fit
• This type of temple is convenient for a person who wears glasses only occasionally, usually
wearing them only for brief periods of time.
RIDING BOW/ CABLE BOW
• It encircles the back and lower part of the wearer’s ear
• It is a plastic temple with a metal core and is used for children’s frames and safety frames.
COMFORT CABLE TEMPLE
• This type of temple also encircles the back and lower part of the ear, but differs from the riding
bow temple in that all or part of the temple is made of a coils metal cable rather than plastic.
• Metal frames and mountings usually have comfort cable temples
TEMPLE MOUNTINGS IN RIMLESS
• Regular mounting-when the temples are attached at the same level as the bridge
• Fulvue mounting-when the temple is attached up in the corner
BRIDGE AREA
• The bridge of the frame front serves two functions
⚬ Supports the glasses on the nose
⚬ Connects the two lens containers
• Constructed using either plastic or metal
• Material consistent with frame
TYPES OF BRIDGES
1.A saddle bridge
2.A keyhole bridge
SADDLE BRIDGES
• It rests directly on the crest of the nose, having no pads to contact the sides of the nose,
• A very few metal frames(mainly older styles) have saddle bridges
• Follows the bridge of the nose smoothly
• Spreads the weight of the frame evenly over the sides & crest of the nose
MODIFIED SADDLE/SEMI SADDLE

• Bridge looks the same as the saddle from the front
• Nose pads attached to the back of the bridge, carry some weight of the frame
KEYHOLE BRIDGE
• It makes contact only on the sides of the nose.
• The contact is made by means of fixed, non adjustable pads, made of the same material of which
the frame is made
• Shaped like old fashioned keyhole at the top, flares out slightly
Nose bridge – METAL frame
• Metal saddle bridge
• High crest bridge begins at level of the pad attachment & arches up.
• Low crest bridge has little or no arch
• Bar bridge has no crest area
• Wraparound bridge follows the curve of the nose & minimally clears the crest area
• Semi wraparound bridge follows nose curve only at crest
• Arched bridge does not follow the curve of nose
• Comfort bridge
FRAME MOUNTINGS MOUNTINGS
FRAMES
⚬ Full
⚬ Rimless
⚬ Supra / Half frame
RIMLESS MOUNTINGS
• Holds the lenses in place by cement, screws, clamps, solder plug
• Have 2 points of attachment per lens, one nasally, one temporally
• Regular mounting-when the temples are attached at the same level as the bridge
• Fulvue mounting-when the temple is attached up in the corner
SEMIRIMLESS MOUNTINGS
• Has a metal reinforcement arm, which follows the upper posterior surface of the lens and joins
the centerpiece of the frame to the endpiece
• Centerpiece of mounting consists of bridge, guard arms, pads
• Also known as Rimway mounting
NUMONT MOUNTINGS
• Holds the lenses in place only at their nasal edge.
• The lenses are attached at the bridge area
• The temples are attached to a metal arm that extends along the posterior surface temporally
• Thus, there is only one point of attachment per lens
BALGRIP MOUNTINGS
• Secure the lens in place with clips attached to a bar of tensile steel that fits into a nasal and
temporal slot on each side of the lens
• The lens can be easily removed by puling the clips back from the lens
• ILLFORD MOUNTING
WILS-EDGE MOUNTINGS
• Secure the lens in place by means of a grooved arm that grips the top of the lens
• The lens is grooved and cemented to match the form of the arm
NYLON SUPRA FRAMES
• Holds the lenses in place by means of a nylon cord that fits around the edge of the lens
• Gives the glasses an appearance of being rimless
• Top of lens fitted into upper rim of frame
• Rest of lens has small groove cut into a flat edge
NOSE PAD
• One of a pair of protuberances attached to the bridge of a spectacle frame or mounting that
rests against the side of the nose.
MATERIALS
SILICON
⚬ Soft plastic material
⚬ Very flexible
⚬ Most popular style
PVC
⚬ A medium plastic material
⚬ It is not as hard and not as soft
⚬ It have two types,
⚬ Soft PVC
⚬ Rigid PVC
Contd……
It have two types
Soft PVC:
⚬ Quite flexible.
⚬ Similar to silicone nose pads.
Rigid PVC:
⚬ Firm but not totally rigid.
⚬ ACETATE:
⚬ A hard plastic material.
⚬ Very firm.
BOHEMIAN CRYSTAL:
⚬ Hypoallergenic
⚬ Clear glass material.
TYPES OF NOSE PADS
It is classified into 10 types
⚬ Primadonna type
⚬ Slide in type
⚬ Clip on type
⚬ “D” shape
⚬ Screw type
⚬ Plug in type
⚬ Soft wing type
⚬ Strap type
⚬ Push in type
⚬ Combination type
PRIMADONNA TYPE
• Base has a “T” shaped hook
• Looks like a snap-in type and functions like a push-on type
SLIDE IN TYPE
• Round protrusion on back slides into a nose pad mounting arm on glasses
• Often seen on rimless and semi-rimless frames
CLIP ON TYPE
• It is used for B&L frames
• Two metal fasteners wraps around metal nose pad mount on bridge of glasses
“D”SHAPE
• Shaped like a “D”
• Right and left are mirror images of each other and not inter changeable.
• Flat front edge and curved back edge.
SCREW TYPE
It is mount with hole for screw to hold in place
PLUG IN TYPE
Plug in type nose pads are special in design and way they mount on a frame ,you may consider these
a slide in type of nose pad.
SOFT WING TYPE
• The most common type of soft wing nose pad mounts to the eyeglass frame by means of two nose
pad screws.
• This nose pads for glasses that have a fully formed shape and conform to the contour of the
eyeglasses wearer nasal area are called softwing nose pads
STRAP TYPE
• This type of nose pads that have a right nose pad attached to a left nose pad by means of a thin
flexible strip material.
• Strap type nose pads provide excellent comfort to the spectacle or sunglasses wearer.
PUSH IN TYPE
• Push in type nose pads have a flange that presses into the mating end of a glasses frame
mounting strem….by an elongated rectangular shaped tab on the back of the nose pad.
COMBINATION TYPE
• This type of nose pads are looks like a push in type nose pads and the functions are like a slide in
type nose pads.
FITTING PRINCIPLES
Measuring the Interpupillary
Distance
DEFINITION
• The anatomic PD is the distance from the center of one pupil to the center of the other pupil,
measured in millimeters.
• Before ordering prescription glasses or even before doing a visual examination, the distance
between the pupils must be determined.
• It can be measured in a variety of ways.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If_haY7bzJc
BINOCULAR PD
• The most common method used to measure the PD also requires the least amount of equipment.
• The technique uses a simple millimeter ruler, commonly referred to as a PD rule.
Steps in Measuring the Binocular Distance PD
1. Examinerpositions at 40 cm (16 in).

2. Examiner closes right eye, subject fixates on dispenser’s left eye.
3. Examiner lines up zero point on subject’s right eye at the pupil center, left pupillary border, or left
limbus.
4. Examiner closes left eye, opens right eye; subject fixates right eye.
5. Examiner reads off scale directly in line with left pupil center, left pupillary border, or left limbus.
6. Examiner closes right eye, opens left; subject fixates left eye.
7. Examinerchecks to make sure zero point is still correct.
PD measurement using
Ruler
MONOCULAR PD
Procedure for Measuring Monocular PDs
Using a Ruler
The monocular PD is best taken using a pupillometer. When a pupillometer is not available,
monocular PDs are taken by measuring from the center of the nose to the center of the pupils. The
procedure consists of the following three steps:
1. Measure the binocular PD as described previously. Use the center of the pupil as the reference
point.
2. Before moving the ruler, note the scale reading on the ruler at the center of the nose. This is the
right monocular PD.
3. Subtract this reading from the binocular reading to obtain the left monocular PD.
EXAMPLE
• The binocular PD is 66.
• The scale reading at the center of the nose is 32.
• The monocular PD for the right eye is then 32.
• To calculate the monocular PD for the left eye?
- Subtract 32 from 66, to get a reading of 34.
• The procedure is the same as in taking a binocular PD measurement, except that the two readings
are independent of one another and, for purposes of measuring, the center of the pupil is always
used.
NEAR PD
• The near PD is required for single vision reading glasses or for multifocals.
• For single vision reading glasses, the lenses are set so that their optical centers will be in the lines
of sight of the eyes when the eyes are converged for reading.
• Multifocals, bifocal or trifocal portion is decentered inward to be properly situated for near vision.
• The near PD can be either measured or calculated.
NEAR PD
• To measure the near PD with the PD rule, the examiner is positioned at the subject’s working
distance; that is, at the distance for which the reading portion is prescribed.
• Closing his or her poorer eye, the examiner aligns his or her better eye directly before the
subject’s nose and instructs the subject to look into that open eye.
• The PD rule is lined up with the zero point corresponding to the center of the subject’s right pupil.
It should also be held in the same place that the subject’s new frames will rest because this will
also affect the reading.
• The examiner then notes the mark corresponding to the center of the subject’s left pupil.
• The subject is not required to shift gaze, and the examiner is not required to change eyes during
the procedure.
• It should be added that it is also possible to use the edge of the pupil or the limbus for reference
points in taking the near PD, as long as only the right or only the left edges are used, and not both
outer or both inner edges.
• In practice, many who use a PD rule to measure the binocular distance PD, measure the near PD
at the same time.
MONOCULAR PD
Steps in Measuring Monocular PDs Using the Sample Frame
1. The selected frame is adjusted in exactly the same manner as it will be when worn.
2. Dispenser positions at 40 cm from the wearer and at the same level.
3. Dispenser opens left eye, closes right eye, and instructs wearer to look at dispenser’s open (left)
eye.
4. Dispenser marks location of wearer’s right pupil center on glazed lens.
5. Dispenser opens right eye, closes left eye, and instructs wearer to look at dispenser’s open (right)
eye.
6. Dispenser marks location of wearer’s left pupil center on glazed lens.
7. Dispenser rechecks the locations of the marked crosses by repeating steps 3 and 5 and notes the
positions of the marked crosses.
8. If one or both crosses are wrong, the frames are removed and the cross(es) erased using a damp
cloth.
9. When crosses are accurate, monocular PDs are measured from frame center to cross center.
FITTING PRINCIPLE
• Connection of only three point upon which
pressure may be exerted.
• These points are:
a. Crest of nose
b. Root of both ears
• When a person look straight 2/3ʳᵈ of weight of
spectacle is borne by crest of nose and 1/3ʳᵈ by
ears.
• In case if pressure is exerted on other part of face
except end point of fitting triangle the temple
spread angle should be adjusted
FITTING TRIANGLE
Adjustments to be done on fitting triangle
• Pressure of temple against side of head should be increased in library temple.
• Entire surface of nose pad should make contact with nose.
• In plastic frame nose pad must provide large area of contact with nose as possible.
• Patient with wide, protruding nose bridge --- saddle bridge
• Patient with narrow or flat, recessed bridge --- key hole or adjustable bridge
PANTOSCOPIC TILT
Definition- amount of inward tilt of front, away from the vertical
PANTOSCOPIC TILT
MERITS
• increased filed of view
• Protection from flying object
• Improves appearance of glasses
DEMERITS
• Optic axis of lens and centre of rotation of eye gets misaligned which induces astigmatism in
lens
REMEDY
• optical centre(in mm) is lowered by one half of pantoscopic tilt (in degrees)
PANTOSCOPIC TILT
Requirements of pantoscopic tilt

⚬ Eyes at optical centre - No pantoscopic tilt
⚬ Eyes above optical centre - Pantoscopic tilt required
⚬ Eyes below optical centre - Retroscopic tilt required
FITTING ALIGNMENT
Procedures for frame alignment:
⚬ Alignment of front
⚬ Alignment of temple
FITTING ALIGNMENT
Alignment of front
a) Verify the horizontal alignment of front
• Hold the frame horizontally
• Place straight edge against the back of the frame below the end piece
• Left and right end pieces should be at equal distances
b) Verify the vertical alignment of the front

• Hold the frame vertically with temple extending upward
• Straight edge is placed along the back of the frame underneath the pads
FITTING ALIGNMENT
• 4 point touch to be expected:
• Straight edge should touch eye wire above each lens at nasal and temporal edges
• It cannot be seen in face form
⚬ Horizontal alignment of front
⚬ Vertical alignment of front
FITTING ALIGNMENT
Misalignment of front
• X-ing: When two lens are not in same vertical plane, one lens being tilted inward (or
outward) with respect to other
• Face form: when front of spectacle is bowed outward
• This can be corrected by using adjusting the bridge
Face form
x-ing
FITTING ALIGNMENT
• Alignment of temple
⚬ It is done according to pantoscopic tilt and temple angle
⚬ Properly aligned frame should have:
Small amount of pantoscopic tilt(< 10 degrees)
⚬ Temple angle of each should be slightly greater than 90 degree(on the border of 95 degree)
To see if both sides of frame have same amount of pantoscopic tilt:
⚬ Place the frame on table top with temple downward
⚬ If one temple fails to make contact with the table, the end piece on that side has a greater
amount of pantoscopic tilt than one on other side
⚬ The temple angle can be verified by inspection
Facial Wrap
Frame front conforms closely to the curve of the face

BRIDGE POSITION
• Determines the horizontal position of the frame front, in relation to the eyelashes.
• A positive projection is on the frame front.
• A negative projection is built up on the back of the frame
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
FITTING FOR HIGH MINUS LENS
USE AVOID
• Rounded corners • Squared off corners
• High index of lenses • Low index lenses
• Polished edges • Non polished edges
• Low density(light weight) lenses • Crown glass lenses
FITTING FOR HIGH PLUS LENS
USE AVOID
• Round lenses • Unusual shapes and long corners.
• Sturdy construction • Flimsy construction
• Short vertex distance • Large vertex distance
• Adjustable bridges • Fixed bridges
• High index plastic lenses • Glass and CR-39 lenses
FRAME SELECTION FOR CHILDREN
USE AVOID
• Sturdy frames • Lightly constructed frames
• Deeply grooved frame front • Frame with shallow grooves
• Quality spring temples • Nylon cord frames.
• High impact lenses such as polycarbonate or • Any lenses that are not highly impact
trivex resistant.
Ordering and Verification
JOB SHEET
1. ORDER NUMBER:
It is very important to avoid confusion between two order.
2. PRESCRIPTION:
Power:
￭ For fitting lens in the frame which selected by customer
Prescribed by:
￭ Who (or) where the power prescription is given
JOB SHEET
3. FITTING INSTRUCTION
⚬PD
⚬Eye size
(A) PD
Monocular PD
⚬ Now a days monocular PD are taken because right PD and left PD is not equal for the all person
⚬ It is important in progressive lens
Binocular PD
Gives total PD of patient which is measure pupilometer by principle corneal reflection when
total PD is divide two give monocular PD
JOB SHEET
(B) EYE SIZE
A – Size
Horizontal width of lens according to customer face
B – Size
Vertical height of lens according to customer face
Bridge size (or) D – Size
Distance between the two lens
• FRAME CODE
Which form will have particular code
• FRAME DETAILS
Brand name of the frame selected
Cont..
• FRAME TYPES
⚬ Rimless
⚬ Semi – Rimless
⚬ Full frame
⚬ Shell frame, Should be mentioned
• TEMPLE LENGTH
⚬ Temple length is written in the temple side of frame it should be noted.
• LENS DETAILS
⚬ Material of lens
⚬ Refractive index, One pair (or) one lens should be made
LENS COATING
Type of coating is noted like;
a. ARC (Anti Reflex Coating)
b. Tinted
c. Brand coating
Example:
For particular brand, particular name are available for coating
ESSILOR - Crizal UV
Crizal Fort UV etc..
SPECIAL INFORMATION
SPECIAL INSTRUCTION: PRISM: Amount of prism and base of prism should be noted.
LAB INSPECTION:Should be done in order to know defect like:
￭ Bubbles
￭ Hole
￭ Scratch
￭ Dig
￭ Sleek etc.
QUALITY CONTROL : Power and optic center should be checked in lensometer.
⚬ PD and segment height should be checked.
⚬ Scratch and edge chips should be checked after fitting in the frame
OTHER DETAILS
• Booked date
• Booked by
• Delivery date
Personal detail
• Name
• Age
• Address
• Mobile no
Duplication of the spectacle without the prescription
• When the person want to duplicate the pair of spectacle without the correct prescription.
• In this case, the optometrist should take new facial measurement like PD that should be match
with old glasses, if not some amount of prism may be present in glasses
• To verify it, we can take new measurements (or) the prism power can be measured with
automated lensometer
• To know the power of lenses, the lensometer can be used
IDENTIFICATION OF LENS MATERIAL:
Lens material can be identified by taping the lens by metal ring by the sound glass (or) plastic can be
known.
IDENTIFICATION OF BASE CURVE:
When a person having more than one pair of spectacles it is advice to use the same base curve for
that new spectacles.
Radius gauge (lens clock)
ORDERING LENSES ONLY
• When a new lens for older frame
• Customer must keep frames in the laboratory
• Danger in ordering lens only by just frame name and size
• So, the lens is removed from the frame and by the use of remote frame tracer that is connected to
the computer in optical laboratory so the lens cut according to the size and shape
• And the new lens fixed in frame
ORDERING BY C-SIZE
If the remote tracer is not available the lens measured with help of circumference gauge to the lens
size
Verification of spectacle
• After the spectacle return from the lab power ,optical center and prism amount should checked by
the lensometer
• Segment height and segment size should be checked.
• Lens should be checked for bubble, sleek, waves, chips,….etc,
• we should be must carefull while fitting the lens into the frames
Repairing of spectacles
TOOLS - SPECTACLE REPAIRING
Common tools used for spectacle repairing

Angling pliers:
⚬ Used for pantoscopic and retroscopic angle
⚬ Adjustments
Nose pad pliers:

⚬ Used for nose pad adjustments
Hot air frame warmer:
Used for warming plastic frames
Nut screw driver:

Used for loosen and tighten the screws in rimless frames
Screw driver pleirs:
used to remove the screws
Star screw driver:

used to remove star screws
Screw driver set:
used for removing and replacing screws
Nut driver set:

used for removing and replacing nuts
Double nylon jaw pliers:
Used for adjusting bridges, end pieces and temples
Snipe nose pliers:

Used for fine eyewire adjustments
Compression pliers:
Used for rimless eyeglass frames
Reading from Text Book
• System for Ophthalmic Dispensing: Brooks and Borish
⚬ Chapter: 1, 2, 4
• Clinical optics: Fannin

⚬ Chapter 9 (up to 9.13 only)
Thank
You!
Get In Contact!
+61 416 424 106
+91 80452 17836
www.academically.com
[email protected]

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• Spectacle lens material

• Spectacle frame material

• Parts and measurement of spectacle

• Ordering and verification

• To prevent impaired vision

• Add or Near Addition power is • Pupillary distance (IPD) is an important

14th century- Riveted nail spectacle 15th century - Scissor glass:

• Made by leather, soft metal and bone

Natural media Glass Plastics

• Not used in optical instruments since it is doubly refracting material.

• BARIUM CROWN GLASS

• HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX GLASS

• Specific gravity = 2.54

• U.v absorption 280nm

⚬ DENSE BARIUM CROWN GLASS

• Extra dense flint :

• Available in 1.6 , 1.7 , 1.8 , 1.9

• Contents – high % of titanium oxide

• Transmission less than 92%

• Useful for reducing thickness of high powered lenses.

• Specific gravity 1.45

• CR39 OR ALLYL DIGLYCOL CARBONATE

• HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX PLASTICS

• Also known as perspex

• Refractive index of PMMA =1.49

• Density is 1.19 (half the weight of crown glass)

• New lens material

• Used in before dying any lenses

• Lamination also used in tinted and polarising lenses

• Tinted lens available in glass and plastics

• Eye-wire runs completely around lens

• Chassis includes the eyewire and centre or bridge section

• Frame with plastic eyewires, metal bridge, temples

• Tolerably light, stable at normal temperature, flexible

• Bridge & temples become whiten in contact to patients body fluid

• Black Acetate : Fronts and Temples

• Acetate Granules : Injected molded

CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE :

• Occasionally used for safety spectacle

CELLULOSE PROPIPNATE / CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE :

• Clinical quality - Hypoallergenic

• Shrink with excessive heat

• Co - polyamide: mixture of other plastic materials

• Very fine, very strong fibers

• Stable & retain their elastic properties

NICKEL & COPPER NICKEL ALLOYS:

• Adapts to lens curves

• Are copper tin alloys

STAINLESS STEEL : An alloy

• Is relatively difficult to work & to plate

• Light & soft

• Easily worked, flexible

• Core material for rolled gold

• Cause an allergic reaction

• More of a problem with females

• It is the improved form of the datum system

GEOMENTRIC CENTRE DISTANCE: