At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
• Introduction
• Classification
• Examples
2 Content Unorganized drugs
Introductions
Definition
Classification
Uses
3 Unorganized drugs Introduction •Obtained from plant and animals by extraction such as decoction, e.g agar; expresion, e.g olive oil and natural secretion like resin, oleo resin, exudates, gums; dried juices, e.g aloe •Drugs can be identified and characterised by their colour, odour, fracture, solubilities in organic solvents (ether, chlorofrom or alcohol)and by specific chemical tests Definition Unorganized drugs are solid, semi-solid or liquid in nature. They do not have specific shape, size and structure and are without cellular structure Unorganized drugs Classification 1.Dried juice, e.g. Aloe 2. Latex, e.g Opium 3. Extracts, e.g Catechu, agar 4. Oil and fats, e.g Olive oil, cod liver oil, almond oil, lard wool fat 5. Gums, e.g Tragacanth, acacia gum 6. Resins, e.g Colophony, myrrh 7. Waxes, e.g Spermaceti, beeswax 8. Volatile oils, e.g Clove oil, cinnamon oil 9. Balsams, e.g Storax, tolu, benzoin Unorganized drugs Dried juice Aloe •Dried form of juice •Residue obtained by dryness by draining from leaves cut from various species of Aloe •Aloe ferox Mill yield Cape aloe •Aloe vera Linn. var officinalis, family Liliaceae •Aloe contain aloin and other water-soluble components •It is an anthraquinone containing drug used as laxative, and in skin disease and as inflammatory Unorganized drugs Latices (Latex) •Milky aqueous liquid formed in certain plants in tube-like structures which are either known as vessels or special cells called coenocytes (laticiferous cells) formed by breakdown of the dividing cell walls formed by nuclear division •Plant belong to family of Euphorbiaceae •Opium is the only official latex, occurs in lacticiferous vessels in the trunk of unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, family Papaveraceae •Gutta-percha is the dried purified occurs in laticiferous vessels in the trunk of species of Palaquinone and Payena tree indigenous to Sumatra, Ceylon and Peninsula Unorganized drugs EXTRACT •Extracts are the water soluble components leftover after evaporation •For the extraction usually decoction is employed to isolate the constituents drug, e.g catechu and agar Catechu Synonyms: Pale catechu, Gambier Botanical source: Dried aqueous of extract prepared from the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria gambier (Hunter) Roxb, family Rubiaceae. It contains, an astringent substance •Available as reddish brown coloured or pale brown coloured cubes about 2-5 cm along edges •Readily broken down to reduced powder. Taste is astringent and give positive test for tannins Unorganized drugs
Agar •Dried , hydrophilic, colloidal substances extracted from: (i)Gelidum cartilagineum (Linn) Gaillon, family Gellidaceae (ii)Gracilaria conifervoides (Linn) Greville, family Gracilariaceae (iii) Red alge (class Rhodophyceae) •Aagr is light yellowish orange, yellowish grey to pale yellow to colourless, brittle, odourless with mucilaginous taste •Chemically, it is calcim salt of strongly ionised, acidic polysaccharides •Contain two major compounds agarose and agropectin •Used as laxative and as suspending agent Unorganized drugs Exudates •Gums are formed by degenerative changes in cell walls by enzymatic action, the process is called gummosis •Gums are insoluble in alcohol and organic solvents but they swell and form mucilaginous mixture with water •Gums exude from tree and shrubs in tears like striated dodules or amorphorus lumps •On drying they become hard, glassy, in different colours. For example: •Gum acaia: White to pale amber •Karaya Gums: Pale grey to dark brown •Tragacanth: White to dark brown Unorganized drugs
• Gums exudes from plant by making incision, injury or stripping the bark of the tree or shrub • Excretion of exudation is affected by temperature and humidity
Uses: Used as thickening, emulsifying and stabilising agents, e.g Gum acacia, Gum tragacanth Gum acaia Synonyms: Gum acaia, Gum tragacanth Source: Dried gummy exudation from the stem and branches of Acacia senegal wild and other species of Acacia 11 Unorganized drugs
• Family : Leguminosae • Gum acaia tears are rounded or ovoid 0.5-0.6 com in diameter or even sometimes are angular fragments • They are clourless or pale yellow in clour but freshly broken pieces are opaque and glassy in appearance • Used as emulsifying agent, suspending agent and binding agents • Indian (ghatti) gum is exudated from the stem of Aniogeissus latifolia Walliach family Combretaceae
12 Unorganized drugs
Tragacanth Synonym: Gum Dragon Source: Dired gummy exudation obtained by incision from Astragalus gummifer Labill and some other species of Astragalus (Persian tragacanth) Family: Leguminosae •They are white or pale yellow, more or less translucent; Fracture is short and horny and hae no coloured Uses: Emulsifying, suspending and thickening agent in pharmaceutical formulation •It is partially soluble in water •Soluble portion is called tragacanthin •Insoluble portion is called bassorin
13 Unorganized drugs
Resin, Gum resin and Oleo resin:
•Resin are used in pharmacy are obtained from living natural sources. • Most of them are plant product except shellac an insect •Resins are solid amorphhous substance obtained from plants, produced in special tubes (Resin ducts) •Resin are insoluble in water and petroleum ether but dissolve all most completetly in alchol, chlorofrom and ether •On heating, they soften and finally melt •Chemically, they are made-up of comlex mixture of resin acids, alcohols (resinol) phenols (resinotannols), esters (consisting of mostly of resinols and cinnamic, benzoic and ferulic acids) and also contain neutral substance known as resenes
14 Unorganized drugs
• A solution of resin in volatile , when they painted on smooth surfaces,
they immediately evaporates leaving behind hard transparent film • Classification of resinous exudates • The resinous exudates may contain resin only, e.g benzoin • Resin and volatile oil together, i.e. oleo resin, e.g turpentine and copaiba, may be associated with gum and volatile oil together known as oleo gum resin, e.g myrrh • When gum resin or oleo-gum resin contains benzoin or cinnamic acid alone or combined form the resin are known as balsams, e.g balsam of tolu, balsam of peru and storax 15 Summary
Introductions
Definition
Classification
Uses
16 Disclaimer
All data and content provided in the presentation are taken from the reference books, internet-websites and links for informational purpose only
